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111-1072: Prior to European contact, the Wangunk spoke Quiripi , which is part of the large Algonquian language family and had strong connections with other of the many Algonquian nations , whose territory was along the Atlantic coast and rivers leading to the sea. Currently, no Wangunk political organization is a state-recognized tribe by Connecticut or federally recognized as a Native American tribe ; however there are contemporary Wangunk descendants living in Middletown who maintain kinship connections and cultural traditions. According to 2023 statements from Wangunk Elder Red Oak (Gary O'Neil), "hundreds of Wangunks" are living today, including in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. In October 2023, City of Middletown Mayor Benjamin Florsheim presented

222-682: A Native American people of Connecticut . The modern Pequot are members of the federally recognized Mashantucket Pequot Tribe , four other state-recognized groups in Connecticut including the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation , or the Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin . They historically spoke Pequot, a dialect of the Mohegan-Pequot language , which became extinct by the early 20th century. Some tribal members are undertaking revival efforts. The Pequot and

333-472: A proclamation in recognition of Indigenous Peoples' Day to Wangunk Elder Red Oak (Gary O'Neil). A press release from the Mayor's office read, "The Wangunk people are the native inhabitants and caretakers of the land in and around Middletown, and have lived in this area for thousands of years. The Wangunk people have persisted to this day through their resiliency and spirit.” A November 2023 press release from

444-715: A 1672 deed concerning land at Durham, and two deeds during 1673 concerning land at Wethersfield and Eastbury. Additionally, Turramuggus was kept as a hostage in a prison at Hartford during King Philip's War. Turramuggus likely died sometime before 1704. His son Peetoosh succeeded him as a sachem among the Wangunk, but little was recorded about Peetoosh in surviving colonial documents. Sowheage had another son, Seacutt, and three daughters: Wawarme (aka Wawaloam ), Towwehashque, and Sepunnamoe. Towwehashque (died c.  1693 ), sister of Turramuggus, reigned as Saunks Squaw over Haddam and its surrounding territory, including Thirty Mile Island. Towwehashque (also spelled Townhashque, Towkishk)

555-800: A European ethnic group in censuses, and as such are subjective (especially in the case of mixed origins). Nations and regions outside Europe with significant populations: In the first Canadian census in 1871, 98.5% chose a European origin with it slightly decreasing to 96.3% declared in 1971. In the 2016 census , 19,683,320 self-identified with a European ethnic origin , the largest being of British Isles origins (11,211,850). Individually, they are English (6,320,085), Scottish (4,799,005), French (4,680,820), Irish (4,627,000), German (3,322,405), Italian (1,587,965). The 2020 United States census data revealed that English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%) and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were

666-519: A bloody harvest here. There are many records of settlers being interested in this land and asking the courts to purchase small section of land at different points in time. In his analysis of land distribution, Timothy Ives noted that "Indians tended to hold upland communally while village plots and scattered meadowland were occupied and used by individual settler households." Ives describes the process of dispossession of small plots of land, which he said resulted in different farming areas being cultivated by

777-421: A communal relationship to land. No single person or group had definite claim to a particular piece of land, and land could therefore not be bought or sold. English colonial law did not recognize Native ways of owning land. Therefore, in order to keep claim to their lands amongst settler expropriation, Wangunk worked within the system of land proprietorship, at least for the purposes of legal documentation. After

888-593: A dramatic demographic transition in 19th-century Europe, subsequent wars and political changes on the continent. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the end of World War I in 1918, millions of Europeans emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America , 21% to Central and South America and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese. In Brazil,

999-466: A few hundred self-identified Pequot descendants. Pequot is an Algonquian word whose meaning is disputed among language specialists. Considerable scholarship on the Pequot claims that the name came from Pequttôog , meaning "the destroyers" or "the men of the swamp". Frank Speck was a leading specialist of the Mohegan-Pequot language in the early twentieth century, and he believed that another term

1110-667: A new tribe. The Farmington Indians were Christian Indians who later moved to Oneida, New York , where they were given space on the Oneida Reservation. Later, as European Americans encroached on this land, they removed to Brotherton, Wisconsin Territory, named for the people known as the Brotherton Indians . A large number of Wangunk moved to Farmington; many of them participated in the tribe's later movements to new settlement. Despite increased geographic distance,

1221-471: A reservation called "Lantern Hill." The Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation is recognized by the state of Connecticut . The 800+ Mashantucket Pequot or Western Pequot gained federal recognition in 1983 and have a reservation in Ledyard . The Poospatuck Reservation on Long Island is also home to a few hundred self-identified Pequot descendants. Nearly all individuals who are identified as Pequot live in

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1332-549: A reservation. The Mashantucket Pequot Tribe received federal recognition in 1983 through a settlement of a land claim. In 1986, they founded the Foxwoods Resort Casino on their land. Located in proximity to the New York City metropolitan area , it has become one of the country's most successful Native American casinos . The Pawcatuck River Pequot formed the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation , which

1443-593: A series of conflicts with the English. Harboring animosity for the English, Sowheage has been linked to the Pequot War: he incited the Pequot to attack the colonists and sheltered Pequot warriors. Sowheage died in approximately 1649; he was survived by many children who as adults occupied positions of power long past his death. Among these children were Montowese, a leader among the Quinnipiac and Wangunk. Another

1554-500: A series of land transactions, culminating in a written reservation deed in 1673. Land transactions between the Wangunk and settlers took place within the European legal system of land ownership. This is based on concepts of individual property and land improvement – to be a proprietor is to own land individually and to work to "improve" it. Settlers often did not recognize Native communal ways of farming as "improvement". The Wangunk had

1665-469: A series of laws during this period limiting Indian economic opportunities and access to weapons, and demanding hostages from tribes. During and after King Philip's War, some Wangunk sold land to colonists, often to pay debts. The English population of Middletown grew, and in the late 17th century colonists began building homes on Wangunk Meadows on the east bank of the river next to the reservation. In 1714 this group of settlers split from Middletown and formed

1776-496: A total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole. As of 2016 , the majority of Australians of European descent are of English (36.1%), Irish (11.0%), Scottish (9.3%), Italian (4.6%), German (4.5%), Greek (1.8%) and Dutch (1.6%) ancestries. A large proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as 'Australian', however the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of old Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Europeans historically (especially Anglo-Celtic ) and presently are still

1887-503: Is estimated by the government in 2010 as 47% of the population (56 million) using phenotypical traits (skin color) as the criteria. The use of skin color palettes as the primary criteria to estimate the ethnoracial groups that inhabit a given country has its origin in the investigations produced by Princeton and Vanderbilt Universities, which found it to be more accurate than self-identification particularly in Latin America, where

1998-465: Is noted in the colonial record for selling a piece of Wangunk meadowland to John Clark in 1691. Although she attempted to sell land at Thirty Mile Island to Samuel Wyllys in 1662, this transaction was nullified. Her daughter Pampenum became responsible for the land in 1697. As sovereign of the island, Pampenum (d. 1704) attempted to keep control over her land for future Wangunk generations through two separate wills, naming Cheehums (aka Wampeawask), wife of

2109-551: Is recognized by Connecticut but is not federally recognized. Additionally, Pequot descendants are enrolled in the federally recognized Mohegan Tribe , as well as the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation and Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation of Connecticut, and the Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin, which also have degrees of state recognition. The Poospatuck Reservation on Long Island is home to

2220-518: Is thought by some to be another son of Sowheage, but this is unlikely. He was married to the daughter of Chiamugg. In the 1660s, Robin appears in the court records to have lived in Wethersfield. In 1704 Robin, Mashoot, and Sarah Onepenny the Younger inherited small sums from Sarah Hopewell, a Native woman of Wethersfield. She was the daughter of Thomas Hopewell and Ocinne. Robin is listed as one of

2331-622: The Age of Discovery , different ethnic European communities began to emigrate out of Europe with particular concentrations in Australia , New Zealand , the United States , Canada , Argentina , Uruguay , Colombia , Venezuela , Cuba , Costa Rica , Brazil , Chile , and Puerto Rico where they came to constitute a European-descended majority population. It is important to note, however, that these statistics rely on identification with

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2442-548: The Great Lakes area, settling in Wisconsin . Others went to Indian Territory , which later became part of the state of Oklahoma . Like other Algonquian groups, the Wangunk political leadership rested with an individual leader called a sachem , based on English settler documentation. Most Algonquian social structures were known to be based on a matrilineal kinship system, by which inheritance and property passed through

2553-614: The Mashantucket Pequot Reservation where many members of the tribe continue to live. The Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation was recognized in 2002. Since the 1930s, both Pequot tribes had serious tension over racial issues, with some people claiming that darker-skinned descendants should not be considered fully Pequot. Two groups of Eastern Pequots filed petitions for recognition with the BIA, and they agreed to unite to achieve recognition. The state immediately challenged

2664-765: The Mohegan were formerly a single group, but the Mohegan split off in the 17th century as the Pequot came to control much of Connecticut. Simmering tensions with the New England Colonies led to the Pequot War of 1634–1638, which some historians consider to be a genocide under modern day terms, which dramatically reduced the population and influence of the Pequot; many members were killed, enslaved, or dispersed. Small numbers of Pequots remain in Connecticut, receiving reservations at Mashantucket in 1666 and at

2775-583: The Narragansett tribes sided with the colonists. Around 1,500 Pequot warriors were killed in battles or hunted down, and others were captured and distributed as slaves or household servants. A few escaped to join the Mohawk and the Niantic tribes on Long Island . Eventually, some returned to their traditional lands, where family groups of friendly Pequots had stayed. Of those enslaved, most were awarded to

2886-593: The Pawcatuck River in 1683; others lived in different areas and with other tribes. In the 18th century, some Christian Pequot joined members of several other groups to form the Brothertown Indians in western New Hampshire . They relocated to western New York in the 19th century, where they were allowed land by the Oneida people of the Iroquois League , and later to Wisconsin, where they were granted

2997-655: The Philippines , a genetic study by the National Geographic , shows that about 5% of the ancestry of Filipinos comes from Southern Europe (mostly Spanish ) that had arrived during the Spanish colonisation of the archipelago. Additionally, an estimated 250,000 Filipino Amerasians descend from American servicemen stationed in the country. Pequot people 1637: 3,000 (est.) 1910: 66 1972: 21 The Pequot ( / ˈ p iː k w ɒ t / ) are

3108-494: The United States (32.5 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5 million), Brazil (4.5 million), Venezuela (2.2 million), Cuba (1.3 million), Chile (728,000), Uruguay (713,000). Other countries that received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10 percent of total European emigration to Latin America ) were: Mexico (226,000), Colombia (126,000), Puerto Rico (62,000), Peru (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000). After

3219-639: The "heirs and descendents of Sowheag" in the 1673 confirmatory deed reserving 300 acres of land for the Wangunk on the east side of the Connecticut River. Robin's son, "Old Robin," was a medicine man in the tribe and acquired the title of "Doctor" among the English for his and his family's ability to heal scrofula . Doctor "Old" Robin died in 1757 and is buried in the Ancient Burying Ground in Hartford. Many of his heirs appear over

3330-775: The 1630s and the American Revolution came under indentures. The practice was sufficiently common that the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 , in part, prevented imprisonments overseas; it also made provisions for those with existing transportation contracts and those "praying to be transported" in lieu of remaining in prison upon conviction. In any case, while half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies had been indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Free wage labor

3441-570: The 1756 "Memorial of Selectmen of Middletown," the Selectmen of Middletown explain to the Connecticut General Assembly that Cushoy did "not having any [relative] to help him, as his children, all being dead, his grandchildren young." They claim that Cushoy had "been unable to support himself and would have perished for hunger and want of clothing had he not been relieved by the selectmen of said town." Specifically, they tell

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3552-475: The 18th century alone. From 1700 until 1760, over half a million Portuguese immigrants entered Brazil. In the 18th century, thanks to the gold rush, the capital of the province of Minas Gerais , the town of Vila Rica (today, Ouro Preto ) became for a time one of the most populous cities in the New World. This massive influx of Portuguese immigration and influence created a city which remains to this day, one of

3663-756: The 1970s and 1980s, especially the Mashantucket Pequot tribe which opened a casino in the same timeframe, and tribal chairman Richard A. Hayward encouraged them to return to their tribal homeland. He worked for Federal recognition and economic development. In 1976, the Pequots filed suit with the assistance of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) and the Indian Rights Association against landowners and residents of North Stonington to get their land, which

3774-660: The 20th century, it welcomed more than 100,000 Europeans, mainly from Spain and Italy. It is estimated that about 50,000 Spaniards and Italians, 10,000 Germans and 40,000 Europeans of other nationalities, especially from France, Poland and England. Costa Rica had the greatest European migratory impact in Central America. When Costa Rica became independent, the population was barely 60,000 inhabitants. The 2022 Dominican census showed that 1,611,752 people or 18.7% of those 12 years old and above identify as white , 731,855 males and 879,897 females. In El Salvador 12.7% of

3885-445: The 21st century, the Mashantucket Pequot are undertaking aggressive efforts to revive the language. They are conducting careful analysis of historical documents containing Pequot words and comparing them to extant closely related languages. So far, they have reclaimed more than 1,000 words, though that is a small fraction of what would be necessary for a functional language. The Mashantucket Pequots have begun offering language classes with

3996-841: The Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas. Alexander the Great 's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period , which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt , southwest Asia , and Northwest India . Many Greeks migrated to

4107-524: The Canary Islands. The Canarian people include long-tenured and new waves of Spanish immigrants, including Andalucians , Galicians , Castilians , Catalans , Basques and Asturians of Spain; and Portuguese , Italians , Dutch or Flemings , and French . As of 2019, 72.1% or 1,553,078 were native Canary islanders with a further 8.2% born in mainland Spain. Many of European origins including those of Isleño (islander) lineage have also moved to

4218-733: The Caucasus (900,000 of whom 2/3 remained the rest going to Syria, Jordan and Cyprus) and Syria (500,000 mostly as a result of the Syrian Civil War) arrived in Ottoman Anatolia and modern Turkey from 1783 to 2016 of whom 4 million came by 1924, 1.3 million came post-1934 to 1945 and more than 1.2 million before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. Today, between a third and a quarter of Turkey's population of almost 80 million have ancestry from these Muhacirs. In

4329-476: The English (corresponding with Middletown). Other villages include Pocowset (Portland), Cockaponet (Haddam), Coginchaug, Cononnacock, and Machamodus. The Wangunk are also sometimes referred to as "the River People" because of their positioning within the fertile Connecticut river valley. When the English settled and established Middletown on the west side of the river, the designated Wangunk reservation land

4440-676: The General Assembly that they paid about 57 shillings for the care of Cushoy and his son Tom over a year-long period, and that this debt would happily be settled in exchange for the land in question. This petition to the assembly was denied, but the selectmen eventually acquired the land and settled the debt amongst themselves. Cushoy and his wife Asquasuttock (also called Tike or Mary Cushoy), and his sons, Ben and Tom, all died of various illnesses or ill health in 1763, 1771, 1746, and 1755, respectively. Shortly before his death in 1746, Ben Cushoy (alt. sp. Cushaw) bought up many Native rights in

4551-524: The Mashantucket Pequot tribe, enabling them to buy the land covered in the Settlement Act and place it in trust with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) for reservation use. In 1986, they opened a bingo operation, followed by the first phase of Foxwoods Resort Casino in 1992. Revenue from the casino has enabled the development and construction of a cultural museum which opened on August 11, 1998, on

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4662-536: The Mayor's office added that "all of the Middletown area" "is Wangunk land," and highlighted the importance of "bring[ing] awareness and recognition to the Wangunk people, who are sometimes referred to as a “lost tribe.'” These statements from local government mark important steps in combating the popular erasure and extinction narrative of the Wangunk as a continued people. Wangunk people lived in and near present-day Middletown, Haddam , and Portland, Connecticut, at

4773-529: The Mohegan reservation. Some Wangunk served in the Revolutionary War. Connecticut historian John William De Forest (1826–1906), wrote that after the sale of the last Wangunk lands: "Mary Cushory was living on the town of Chatham as late as 1771. Three years later, the number of Indians residining in that township was two. In 1785, a committee was appointed by the Legislature to collect all of

4884-523: The Mohegan sachem Mahomet I, as her successor Saunks Squaw. In addition, she prohibited her descendants from selling the land to any non-Indians. Ultimately, this land was sold in the closing decades of the 18th century, along with other Wangunk reservation land, but Pampenum is noted for her resolve and determination in retaining these lands by using the colonial court system. Robin Robin (Robbins, Robins, sometimes confused with his son Doctor Robin or Puccaca)

4995-584: The Native Americans of the eastern coast of New England, but it did not reach the Pequot, Niantic, and Narragansett tribes. In 1633, the Dutch established a trading post called the House of Good Hope at Hartford . They executed the principal Pequot sachem Tatobem because of a violation of an agreement. After the Pequot paid the Dutch a large ransom, they returned Tatobem's body to his people. His successor

5106-661: The Palmer family line has survived into the present and many members continue to live in Middlesex County. When colonists first entered the Connecticut River Valley in the early 17th century, Sowheage (also spelled Sequin, or Sowheag) was the grand sachem presiding over all the Wangunk territory, including lands at Pyquag, Wangunk, and Mattabesett. While he was living at Pyquag during this time, Sowheage relocated his seat of power to Mattabessett following

5217-492: The Pequot had already attained a position of political, military, and economic dominance in central and eastern Connecticut. They occupied the coastal area between the Niantic tribe of the Niantic River of Connecticut and the Narragansett in western Rhode Island . The Pequot numbered some 16,000 persons in the most densely inhabited portion of southern New England. The smallpox epidemic of 1616–1619 killed many of

5328-609: The Pequot had invaded the region sometime before the establishment of Plymouth Colony , rather than originating in the region. In the aftermath of King Philip's War , Hubbard detailed in his Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England the ferocity with which some of New England 's tribes responded to the English. Hubbard described the Pequot as "foreigners" to the region; not invaders from another shore, but "from

5439-402: The Pequot in their attack on Wethersfield, where he resided at the time. Around the same time, Sowheage relocated to Mattabesett, later to be developed as Middletown. This movement and the confusion of the war may be reasons why Middletown was not founded until 1650, later than other towns in the region. During this period, Natives and settlers living at Middletown are documented as engaging in

5550-480: The Pequot received at the hands of the colonists was remembered almost two centuries later by other Native American tribes such as some groups of Shawnees . It was commonly thought that they had disappeared entirely due to violence against Native Americans provoked by American colonists, although this was not true. The 1910 census numbered the Pequot population at 66, and they reached their lowest number several decades later. Pequot numbers grew significantly during

5661-577: The Pequots claimed had been illegally sold in 1856 by the State of Connecticut, and they settled after seven years. The Connecticut Legislature passed legislation to petition the federal government to grant tribal recognition to the Mashantucket Pequots, and the "Mashantucket Pequot Indian Land Claims Settlement Act" was enacted by Congress and signed by President Ronald Reagan on October 18, 1983. This settlement granted federal recognition to

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5772-554: The Spanish Empire from 1650 to 1800 and Portuguese immigration to Brazil from 1760 to 1800. While the absolute number of European emigrants during the Early Modern period was very small compared to later waves of migration in the 19th and 20th centuries, the relative size of these early modern migrations was nevertheless substantial. Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies between

5883-598: The Third Society of Middletown, which had its own meetinghouse and separate leadership. By 1713 the Wangunk had been forced to vacate the Mattabessett portion of the reservation, which was in central Middletown. Settler encroachment on Indian land accelerated in 1732 when the Third Society got a new pastor, who built his home on the reservation. Some Wangunk began converting to Christianity during this period, resulting in migration to Christian communities. In 1746

5994-404: The Third Society petitioned the Connecticut General Assembly for a new meeting house, and were granted land on the Wangunk reservation. The meeting house served to justify increased settler claims to reservation land, which they said the Wangunk were not putting to proper use. In 1757, after two petitions from settlers to the Connecticut General Assembly, Wangunk Richard Ranney, who lived away from

6105-946: The Wangunk and the colonizers by the late 1600s. European emigration European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent. From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60–65 million people left Europe, of which less than 9% went to tropical areas (the Caribbean , Asia , and Africa ). From 1815 to 1932, 65 million people left Europe (with many returning home), primarily to areas of European settlement in North and South America , in addition to South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and Siberia . These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than

6216-414: The Wangunk continued to identify as Wangunk, sign land deeds, and return to Middletown for important occasions after moving away. Bette Nepash, or Old Betty, a Wangunk, held yearly tribal gatherings until the 1810s. These gatherings helped continue a longstanding Wangunk connection to the region. After Nepash's death, Jonathan Palmer was identified as the last Indian in Middletown when he died in 1813. But,

6327-473: The age of 25. The age of legal adulthood for men was 24 years; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years. Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that, "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen , who paid their passage in return for their labour once in America." Figures for immigration in the Spanish Empire in 1650–1800 and in Brazil in 1700–1800 are not given in

6438-411: The allied tribes, but many were also sold as slaves in Bermuda. The Mohegans treated their Pequot captives so severely that officials of Connecticut Colony eventually removed them. Connecticut established two reservations for the Pequots in 1683: the Eastern Pequot Reservation in North Stonington, Connecticut and the Western Pequots (or Mashantucket Pequot Reservation) in Ledyard . The poor treatment

6549-455: The association of Indian Hill as having been central to Wangunk life. The gates to the cemetery include an image of a stereotypical "noble savage"; this is one of the only markers of the land's colonial history and present. The meaning of Indian Hill for the settlers' descendants developed in the context of the 19th-century rural cemetery movement. As Kavanagh states: "as American citizens realized that their experiment in republican government had

6660-450: The best examples of 18th century European architecture in the Americas. However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and emigration increased: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil. Roughly one and a half million Europeans settled in the New World between 1500 and 1800 (see table). The table excludes European immigrants to

6771-430: The census showed that 42.9 percent were native born and 27.4 percent were born in the U.K. (the second largest birthplace) for a total of more than 70 percent. The Falkland Islands were entirely unoccupied and were first claimed by Britain in 1765. Settlers largely from the United Kingdom, especially Scotland and Wales arrived after the 1830s. The total population of then islands grew from a 287 estimate in 1851 to 3,200 in

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6882-467: The context of the internal mobility in the European Union ( intra-EU mobility ) or mobility within the Eurasian Union . In Archaic Greece , trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the Black Sea , Southern Italy (the so-called " Magna Graecia ") and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture , religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Europe, northern Libya and

6993-426: The continent. The European exploration of the Americas stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe. About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American provinces prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas . During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal sent a steady flow of government and church officials, members of

7104-448: The country ( Chüy Region , Bishkek and the Issyk-Kul Region ), where they constitute approximately 1/5 of the population. In Japan and China , there's a sizeable community of ethnic Russians as well, which are Russians in Japan and Russians in China . Approximately 5–7 million Muslim migrants from the Balkans (from Bulgaria 1.15 million-1.5 million; Greece 1.2 million; Romania, 400,000; Former Yugoslavia, 800,000), Russia (500,000),

7215-428: The decision, and the Department of the Interior revoked their recognition in 2005. That same year, it revoked recognition for the Schaghticoke tribe who had gained recognition in 2004. The Connecticut state government and Congressional delegation opposed the BIA's recognition because residents were worried that the newly recognized tribes would establish gaming casinos. The 1130-member Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation has

7326-402: The different discourses that exist in regards to national identity have rendered previous attempts to estimate ethnic groups unreliable. If the criterion used is the presence of blond hair, it is 18% - 23%. According to the 2012 census, white people in Cuba make up 64.1% or 7,160,399 of the population. Cubans of European origin ( primarily Spanish ) reached its highest proportion during

7437-415: The early to mid twentieth century. In 1943 the census showed 74.3% or 3,553,312 self-identify as white . In Costa Rica 83.7% of the population is White and Mestizo. Other sources estimate different results between whites and mestizos. Most are of Spanish and Italian descent, however there are also German, Polish and French communities. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of

7548-542: The east side of the Connecticut River. Reservation land was specified as belonging to Wangunk heirs forever. In Wangunk Meadow, next to the reservation land on the east side of Connecticut River, individual Wangunk households owned plots amounting to 9 acres. Wangunk land ownership remained largely communal into the reservation period. Those who signed deeds did not necessarily "own" the land, and therefore sales were often contested by other Wangunk. Most Wangunk in this period were unable to read English deeds. The establishment of

7659-412: The establishment of Middletown in 1650 , Connecticut's government reserved approximately 350 acres of land on the east side of the Connecticut River for the descendants of Wangunk sachem Sowheage and the Wangunk tribe. The reservation remained undefined until 1673, when 13 of Sowheage's heirs signed a document which created two parcels, one of fifty acres at Indian Hill and another of 250 acres upland, on

7770-539: The four largest self-reported European ancestry groups at 62.4% of the white alone or in combination population, reflecting the early settlement. At the time of the first U.S. census in 1790, 80.7% of the American people self-identified as White, where it remained above that level, even reaching as high as 90% prior to the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . However, numerically it increased from 3.17 million (1790) to 199.6 million exactly two hundred years later (1990). The European Mexican population

7881-448: The highest proportion of Peruvians with self-identified European or white origins was in the La Libertad Region (10.5%), Tumbes Region and Lambayeque Region (9.0%). Most are descendants of early Spanish settlers with substantial numbers of Italians and Germans . Using data from the 2016 census, it was estimated that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins,

7992-439: The interior of the continent" who "by force seized upon one of the goodliest places near the sea, and became a Terror to all their Neighbors." Much of the archaeological, linguistic, and documentary evidence now available demonstrates that the Pequot were not invaders to the Connecticut River Valley but were indigenous in that area for thousands of years. By the time of the founding of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies,

8103-527: The islands, such as those from Venezuela and Cuba. Presently there are 49,170 from Italy, 25,619 from Germany, United Kingdom (25,521) and others from Romania, France and Portugal. In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians ), predominate in North Asia and some parts of northern Kazakhstan . They are also a significant minority in Kyrgyzstan , predominantly in the northern part of

8214-546: The largest ethnic group in New Zealand . Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the 1916 census where they formed 95.1 percent. The 2018 official census had over 3 million people or 71.76% of the population were ethnic Europeans, with 64.1% choosing the New Zealand European option alone. Canary Islanders are the descendants of Spaniards who settled

8325-534: The lesser nobility , people from the working classes and their families averaging roughly three-thousand people per year from a population of around eight million. A total of around 437,000 left Spain in the 150-year period from 1500 to 1650 mainly to Mexico , Peru in South America , and the Caribbean Islands . It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to South America in

8436-422: The maternal line. Children were considered born to their mother's family and clan. The women shared responsibilities and power within the tribe. The Wangunk seem to be consistent with this type. They lived off the seasonal economies of the region. Contemporary scholars think they migrated between two villages: one for winter and spring, another for summer and fall. The first known Wangunk interaction with Europeans

8547-692: The money due on the Indian lands at Wangunk, and pay it over to the proprieters, who seem, at that time, to have entirely left the place. Thus ended the national existence of the Wangunks, or, as they were sometimes called, the Wangums." Other Wangunk joined the Farmington Indians in Connecticut, a group that formed when the Tunxi invited other Native Americans to move to their reservation and become

8658-446: The most recent 2016 census. The Origins of Falkland Islanders historically had a Gaucho presence. In Peru the official 2017 census , 5.9% or (1.3 mil) 1,336,931 people 12 years of age and above self-identified their ancestors as White or of European descent . This was the first time a question on race or ancestors had been asked since the 1940 census. There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. The region with

8769-535: The new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait . The European continent has been a central part of a complex migration system, which included swaths of North Africa, the Middle East and Asia Minor well before the modern era . Yet, only the population growth of the late Middle Ages allowed for larger population movements, inside and outside of

8880-498: The next Sunk Squaw should be. Cushoy's wife, Asquasuttock, called herself "a native sunksquaw" and "suck squaw of Woongum" in 1718 and 1722, respectively. She was the daughter of Massecuppe and granddaughter of the Narragansett grand sachem, Miantonomoh and his spouse, Wawarme. In the written record of the surveillance and construction of a highway in 1728, colonists attested that Cushoy spoke "in behalf of ye other Indians." In

8991-410: The next stages of its journey. Today the remains are lost. Lake Pocotopaug is a site that has been mentioned in many different accounts of the Wangunk people as an area that they frequented for fishing and hunting. It is located in what is now called East Hampton, and is approximately 9 miles in circumference. Many arrowheads have been found along the banks of the river. The Wangunk did not record what

9102-765: The period between 1492 and 1824, one million in the 18th century, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. Between 1500 and 1700, 100,000 Portuguese crossed the Atlantic to settle in Brazil . However, with the discovery of numerous highly productive gold mines in the Minas Gerais region, the Portuguese emigration to Brazil increased by fivefold. From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, 600,000 of whom arrived in

9213-459: The population identifies as "white", 86.3% of the population were mestizo or people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry. The majority being Spanish descendants from Galicia and Asturias . In El Salvador, settlement peaked between 1880 and 1920, when 120,000 European and Arab immigrants entered the country, the Europeans being mostly Italians, Spanish and Germans. In Guatemala , 5% of

9324-921: The population is of European descent, primarily of either Spanish and German origins. Many German, Italian and Spanish Families arrived in Guatemala, the Germans for their part were the largest group, Immigration had a massive character In Argentina , 85% of the population or 39,137,000 are estimated to be of European descent . In Brazil , according to the 2022 census, 88.8% (180 million) of Brazilians are of full or partial European descent. 43.46% (88 million) are of European descent only and identify as White . 45.34% (92 million) are descendants of Europeans mixed with Africans or indigenous people and declare themselves as Pardo . The Falkland Islanders are mainly of European descent, especially British , and can trace their heritage back 9 generations or 200 years. In 2016,

9435-617: The populations of Africa and Asia . As a result, on the eve of World War I , 38% of the world's total population was of European ancestry. Most European emigrants to the New World came from mainly Italy , Germany , Ireland , United Kingdom , Spain , Poland , and Portugal , as well as France , Hungary , the Netherlands , Austria , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Armenia , Greece , Lithuania , Russia , and Ukraine . More contemporary, European emigration can also refer to emigration from one European country to another, especially in

9546-474: The potential for a "limitless future," they were faced with the daunting task of constructing for themselves an "immemorial past. For the 1850 founding of the cemetery this poem was read: On this high place, that swells so fair, O'er town and river, grove and lea, We stand, O God, with song and prayer. To give these grounds to Death and Thee. To Death, thy servant, who, of old, With tomahawk and arrowy spear, As by our fathers we are told, Hath reaped

9657-403: The proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller. Immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, at just 7 percent or 2 million people, mostly Italians, Portuguese, Germans and Spaniards. However, the influx of 4 million European immigrants between 1870 and 1920 significantly altered

9768-517: The purchase of 10 acres of Wangunk land from Cushoy, and was granted his appeal in 1758. After that point Ranney drops from any Wangunk records until 1775, when he enlisted in Capt. William Goodrich's Company of Indians. Onepenny family Onepenny's name first appeared on a deed in 1660 at Stratford Ferry, Connecticut; he is also listed on the deed for Coginchaug, signed in January, 1672/73. In 1678, he

9879-456: The racial composition of the country. From 1901 to 1920, immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth, but in the years of high immigration, from 1891 to 1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26 percent in the 1880s). The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from 1820s to the early 1930s were:

9990-403: The reservation about 1771, saying they had paid to support her family, and aided other Wangunk. They paid themselves back by the sale of the land. In the 18th century many Wangunk moved away from the reservation. Some of these individuals married members of other Native tribes, including Quinnipiac and Mohegan . Individual Wangunk are known to have lived into old age and to have had children on

10101-514: The reservation was economically harmful to the Wangunk, who needed a larger area of land to carry on their traditional agricultural and hunting practices. The lack of economic opportunities led to poverty and debt. During this period some Wangunk were enslaved by or became indentured to English colonists. King Philip's War broke out in 1675 as a united Indian resistance movement. The Wangunk, along with many other tribes, remained neutral. This neutrality may have been coerced, as English people passed

10212-457: The reservation, made a land claim and was granted 10 acres. Settlers petitioned twice more for the privilege to buy the reservation lands. In 1762 a group of male Wangunk submitted a memorial to the assembly requesting that the entire reservation be sold. A committee approved this request, citing the fact that only women and children were left on the reservation. The group of Wangunk left on the reservation were unable to support themselves, so part of

10323-669: The reserved lands. Sarah Onepenny the Younger was the daughter of Sarah Onepenny the Elder and Pewampskin. Deeds and a declaration by her son Mamooson to the Middletown town clerk in 1726 show she was married to a man named Kickemus (aka Kembosh and Keepamug). She signed a deed known as the "Eastbury deed" (Glastonbury), which ceded hundreds of acres east of the Connecticut River to the representatives of Wethersfield. She had three sons, Mamooson, Long Simon and Peter Sanchuse (d. 1729), as well as one nephew, Scipio. She willed her entire estate to her nephew Scipio Twoshoes in 1727. The land she deeded

10434-498: The sale of their land went to payment of debts. During this time, several Wangunk men are known to have served in the French and Indian War in order to gain employment. In 1767, the Third Society officially became the town of Chatham (later Portland). The last piece of Wangunk reservation land was sold somewhere between 1772 and 1784. The aged widow Mary Cushoy was living there with three children. The town selectmen persuaded her to sell

10545-479: The site meant to their people. But English settlers told many "Indian stories" about the lake since the 1700s; these are uncorroborated. During the Reservation period, the territory of what became Indian Hill Cemetery was a part of the initial Wangunk reservation. In the mid-19th century, the mostly ethnic English residents, who dominated the population, created the cemetery for their own use, in part to change

10656-458: The table. In North America , immigration was dominated by British , German , Irish and other Northern Europeans. Emigration to New France laid the origins of modern Canada , with important early immigration of colonists from Northern France. There was mass European emigration to the Americas , South Africa , Australia and New Zealand in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of

10767-479: The time the English arrived. Originally located around Hartford and Wethersfield, but displaced by settlers there, they relocated to the land around the oxbow bend in the Connecticut River . Before English settlement, there were at least half a dozen villages around the area on both sides of the river. Of these, Mattabassett (or Mattabesseck, Matabesset) was the name most associated with the Wangunk by

10878-524: The two above-named communities. Historically, the Pequots spoke a dialect of the Mohegan-Pequot language , an Eastern Algonquian language . The Treaty of Hartford concluded the Pequot War in 1637, when the colonists made speaking the language a capital offense. Within a generation or so, it became largely extinct. Pequot from both the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation and the Mashantucket Pequot now speak English as their first language. In

10989-419: The years in the colonial record. For instance, his son Samuel Robin, who was living at Tunxis at the time, signed a 1762 petition to the General Assembly indicating that he, his wife Moll, and the other Indian signatories, wished to sell their tribal lands under pressure from the colonists. Richard Ranney Richard Ranney was born September 8, 1732, to a daughter of Doctor Robin. He died sometime after 1775. He

11100-406: Was Sassacus . In 1633, an epidemic devastated all of the region's tribes, and historians estimate that the Pequot suffered the loss of 80 percent of their population. At the outbreak of the Pequot War , Pequot survivors may have numbered only about 3,000. Members of the Pequot tribe killed a resident of Connecticut Colony in 1636, John Oldham , and war erupted as a result. The Mohegan and

11211-437: Was Sequassen, sachem of Suckiog (Hartford,) who navigated a tense relationship with the colonists in Hartford and challenged the Mohegan leader Uncas for power in the region, removing to Massachusetts after his defeat. Sowheage's son Turramuggus (b. 1623) assumed leadership in the Wethersfield area and was involved in several large land transactions with the English colonists, signing a 1668 deed of 300 acres to Richard Beckley,

11322-514: Was a Wangunk man who lived in East Hampton. His descendants still reside there. In 1818, a local doctor, Dr. John Richmond, sough "a complete human skeleton with which to demonstrate to his students the fine points of anatomy." He reportedly thought, "What a fine skeleton Jonathan Indian would make!" Richmond offered Jonathan "a pint of rum every month" in exchange for "the possession of his body after death for medical purposes." By 1819, Jonathan

11433-636: Was called Wongog and was in or near Middletown. Members of the Onepenny Family are featured in a pamphlet by Joseph Barrett, "Indian Proprietors of Mattebeseck and Their Descendants (n.d., ca. 1850)," that has many errors. Barrett incorrectly understood Mamooson's genealogy, for example. He identified the man Pewampskin as the "sunksquaw," when the sunksquaw was a woman, Sarah Onepenny the Elder. Any reliance on Barrett, therefore, should be with caution. Jonathan Palmer Jonathan Palmer (?-1819), referred to improperly by Carl Price as "Jonathan Indian,"

11544-574: Was dead, likely as a result of alcoholism. As his family began to mourn the loss of their "lamented grandfather," Doctor Richmond arrived at their door with the "ratified contract" for his possession of their grandfather's body. Though Palmer's family protested, when Doctor Richmond threatened to "have the law on them," they relented, and Richmond took the body. Richmond "fondly [dissected] the Indian before his students . . . each organ or muscle or bone [coming] to light under his skillful knife. Palmer's skeleton traveled to different universities and museums in

11655-617: Was in 1614 with traders from the Dutch East India Company . The Wangunk's proximity to the Connecticut River made their homeland desirable for European fur traders, leading to conflicts with the Pequot tribe over the area. The Wangunk allied with Narragansett and reached out to English settlers as defensive strategies against the Pequot. Alliances may have shifted with the outbreak of the Pequot War in 1636. Colonial accounts suggest that Wangunk sachem Sequassen' assisted

11766-729: Was mainly on the East side of the river bend, with a small parcel on the West side, an area near where Indian Hill Cemetery was developed in 1850. Wongunk is also used to describe a meadow in Portland that was part of the Wangunk reservation. As the Wangunk felt pressure from the settlers for the land, they sold off portions of this land and joined either neighboring tribes such as the Tunxis (Farmington, CT). The people formed new communities of Christian Indians, relocating to central New York, and then to

11877-468: Was more common for Europeans in the colonies. Indentured persons were numerically important, mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey . Other colonies saw far fewer of them. The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000–550,000; of these, 55,000 were involuntary prisoners . Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured . About 75% were under

11988-492: Was more plausible, meaning "the shallowness of a body of water", given that the Pequot territory was along the coast of Long Island Sound . Historians have debated whether the Pequot migrated about 1500 from the upper Hudson River Valley toward central and eastern Connecticut . The theory of Pequot migration to the Connecticut River Valley can be traced to Rev. William Hubbard, who claimed in 1677 that

12099-558: Was raised in Newtown, probably by a settler named Richard Ranney, who raised him as a Christian, taught him to speak and write the English language, and trained him as a joiner. While it is unclear what circumstances led Ranney to be raised in a settler family, the Yale Indian Papers Project suggests that he likely served as a type of indentured servant to the family. In 1756, Ranney petitioned the General Assembly for

12210-524: Was recorded as Noquittemaug on the list of persons who ceded their land at Shetucket. Sarah Onepenny the Elder (d. 1713), was the daughter of Onepenny and Sepunnamoe, the Saunks Squaw in Hartford and Middletown. Hannah Onepenny was her sister. Sarah married Pewampskin, a native man who lived in Wethersfield. They had a daughter, Sarah Onepenny the Younger (d. 1728), possibly another daughter Alice, and three sons: Cushoy, Nannamaroos, and Siana. Cushoy

12321-399: Was the son of Sarah Onepenny the Elder and Pewampskin, and great-grandson of Sowheage. Cushoy was understood by colonists to be the leader of the Wangunk tribe from as early as 1713, when he first signed a deed, until 1763 when he died. This caused controversy in the family, as there was a dispute over who should inherit Turramuggus's sachemship. Additionally, there was a family dispute over who

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