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46-493: The Maximilianeum was initially an educational foundation set up by King Maximilian II of Bavaria in 1852 to prepare gifted students for the civil service. Construction of the building was the initiative of King Maximilian II in 1857, with Friedrich Bürklein the lead architect. The Maximilianeum sits grandly and as a focal point on the bank of the Isar River above Maximilian Bridge at the eastern end of Maximilianstrasse ,

92-529: A "historical gallery" and the royal page school. The building was significantly damaged by bombing during the Second World War, but was rebuilt. The foundation still exists. Each year six to eight male students receive scholarships, free room and board at the Maximilianeum, and the opportunity to study abroad and take part in language courses. In 1980, Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria established

138-494: A brief and unexpected illness, King Maximilian died at Munich on 10 March 1864. He is buried in the Theatinerkirche there. Maximilian offered Paul Heyse and other writers from North Germany large stipends. Hans Christian Andersen visited "King Max" (as he called him) in his castle Starnberg , and wrote of him as a young, highly amiable man. The King, having read his novels and fairy tales , let Andersen know that he

184-404: A comparable scholarship for female students. The Maximilianeum has an exchange program with Balliol College, Oxford . The Bavarian state government took up occupancy in 1949. The much less visible rear of the edifice has been extended in motley fashion to provide new parliamentary office space, in 1958, 1964, 1992, and again in 2012, each time with a different architectural approach. In June 2015,

230-505: A journey on foot through his country, which began in Lindau . However, because of frequent rain, he repeatedly had to be carried physically. In government policy, the King repeatedly requested the advice of his ministers and scholarly experts before making a decision, which led to long delays. In addition, King Maximilian often traveled to Italy and Greece, which also led to long delays. After

276-579: A model for future folklore collectors. Maximilian II responded also to the demands of the people for a united German state by attending the Frankfurt Assembly which intended to create such a state. The progress of the 1848 Revolution, however, gave him pause. The king strenuously opposed the unionist plans of the Frankfurt Parliament , refused to recognize the imperial constitution devised by it and assisted Austria in restoring

322-764: A pope from beyond the mountains (the Alps ). Foreign students at medieval Italian universities also were referred to as ultramontani . After the Protestant Reformation in France , the concept was revived but with its directionality reversed to indicate the man "beyond the mountains" in Italy: the Pope. The term ultramontain was used to refer to Catholics who supported papal authority in French affairs – as opposed to

368-505: A royal avenue dotted with Neo-Gothic palaces influenced by the English Perpendicular style. Weight problems delayed completion until 1874, and the façade, which had been conceived as Neo-Gothic, needed to be altered; Gottfried Semper was entrusted with the adjustments, resulting in the final quasi- Renaissance appearance decorated with arches, columns, mosaics, and niches filled with busts. Until 1918, it also housed

414-465: A royal cradle, his choice would have been to become a professor. As crown prince, in the chateau of Hohenschwangau near Füssen , which he had rebuilt, he gathered about him an intimate society of artists and men of learning and devoted his time to scientific and historical study. The Wittelsbacher Palais was built for Maximilian as a Crown Prince Palace in Munich but was completed only when he ascended

460-651: Is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope . It contrasts with Gallicanism , the belief that popular civil authority—often represented by the monarch 's or state 's authority—over the Church is comparable to that of the Pope. The term descends from the Middle Ages , when a non-Italian pope was said to be papa ultramontano –

506-573: Is part of the concept of primus inter pares . In the joint agreed statement "The Gift of Authority" (1999) the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion were agreed on the collegial nature of the life and work of bishops. Similarly both churches acknowledged the role of episcopal primacy within the college of bishops. On the question of the universal primacy of the Pope, the joint report found common ground, and stated that

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552-670: The Gallican and Jansenist factions, who did not – and was intended as an insult implying lack of patriotism. From the 17th century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the Jesuits . In the 18th century the term came to refer to supporters of the Church in any conflict between church and state. In Austria ultramontanists were opposed to Josephinism , and in Germany to Febronianism . In Great Britain and Ireland ultramontanists resisted Cisalpinism , which favored concessions to

598-650: The Old Catholic Church , or the Church of the East . These churches regard the pope as having been primus inter pares when the churches were united in full communion, and generally still acknowledge that status today, albeit in an impaired form due to disunity; similarly they do not recognize the doctrines of infallibility or the pope's alleged universal jurisdiction over patriarchates and autocephalous churches other than that of Rome itself, except insofar as this

644-693: The apostolic primacy conferred on Peter , the perpetuity of this primacy in the Roman pontiffs, the meaning and power of the papal primacy, and Papal infallibility . [W]e teach and declare that, by divine ordinance, the Roman Church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other Church, and that this jurisdictional power of the Roman Pontiff is both episcopal and immediate. Both clergy and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by

690-538: The federal diet and in carrying out the federal execution in Hesse-Kassel and Holstein . In the aftermath of the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly , Prussia and Austria continued to debate which monarchy had the inherent right to rule Germany. The dispute between Austria and the Electoral Prince of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) was used by Austria and its allies, including Bavaria, to promote

736-499: The Bavarian Parliament named the entrance hall of the Maximilianeum after Friedrich Bürklein. Periodically exhibitions are hosted. 48°08′10″N 11°35′38″E  /  48.136°N 11.594°E  / 48.136; 11.594 Maximilian II of Bavaria Maximilian II (28 November 1811 – 10 March 1864) reigned as King of Bavaria between 1848 and 1864. Unlike his father, King Ludwig I , "King Max"

782-643: The Bavarian kingdom's alliance with Austria against Prussia. In his German policy, Maximilian was guided by the desire to maintain the union of the princes. During the cold warfare between Austria and Prussia, King Maximilian and his ministers favoured the former, which was a policy enthusiastically supported by the Catholics and the Protestants of the Bavarian Kingdom. Simultaneously, however,

828-534: The Bavarian peasantry. That was done to promote a separate national identity against Prussian-inspired Pan-Germanism. The King was assisted in that by his Personal Private Secretary, Franz Xaver von Schönwerth . A native of the Oberpfalz region of the Bavarian Kingdom, Schonwerth's work collecting the folklore and traditions of his native district won him the admiration of the Brothers Grimm and made him

874-537: The Catholic Church and both Lutherans and Anglicans . The joint Anglican-Roman Catholic International Consultation published The Gift of Authority in 1999, highlights agreements and differences on these issues. Ultramontanism is distinct from the positions adopted by the other traditional churches, particularly the Anglican communion, Eastern Orthodox communion, the Oriental Orthodox communion,

920-649: The Catholic Church and papacy before the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) for use in their propaganda. These extreme tendencies, however, were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of 1870 of papal infallibility and primacy, but were rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Catholic laymen who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See. At the Second Vatican Council 's Dogmatic Constitution on

966-399: The Catholic Church, imposing state supervision of Catholic schools and seminaries and government appointment of bishops with no reference to Rome. The response was a condemnation of Gallicanism as heretical: [W]e condemn and reject the opinions of those who hold that this communication of the supreme head with pastors and flocks may be lawfully obstructed; or that it should be dependent on

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1012-600: The Church Lumen gentium , the Catholic Church's teaching on the authority of the pope, bishops and councils was further elaborated. The post-conciliar position of the Apostolic See did not deny any of the previous doctrines of papal infallibility or papal primacy ; rather, it shifted emphasis from structural and organizational authority to doctrinal teaching authority (also known as the magisterium ). Papal magisterium , i.e. papal teaching authority,

1058-768: The European one." After Italian Unification and the abrupt (and unofficial) end of the First Vatican Council in 1870 because of the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War , the ultramontanist movement and the opposing conciliarism became obsolete to a large extent. However, some very extreme tendencies of a minority of adherents to ultramontanism – especially those attributing to the Roman pontiff, even in his private opinions, absolute infallibility even in matters beyond faith and morals, and impeccability – survived and were eagerly used by opponents of

1104-573: The French Revolution and its anti-clerical bias and looked to Rome for both spiritual and political guidance. There were many laymen and laywomen who supported these ideals as key to preserving Canadian institutions and values. For this reason they were called ultramontanists. The ultramontanes distrusted both the Protestant anglophone and francophone politicians, but the Church found it easier to deal with British governors, who appreciated

1150-520: The King and his Ministers also attempted to preserve Bavaria's independence by trying to play both powers against each other. That policy continued under his son, King Ludwig II. In 1863, however, the King supported the project of reform proposed by Austria at the Frankfurt Fürstentag  [ de ] . Attempts by Austria to reorganise the loose and entirely-decentralised German Confederation were opposed by Prussia and therefore

1196-516: The Protestant state in order to achieve Catholic emancipation . In eighteenth-century Spain , the Bourbon monarchs began implementing policies of regalism , which expanded the power of the monarchy and sought to bring the Catholic Church under its jurisdiction in all matters except the spiritual sphere. Charles III of Spain 's ministers, Count of Floridablanca and the Count of Campomanes rejected

1242-766: The architect Eduard Riedel to redesign Berg Castle in neo-gothic style with several towers and a crenellate. Maximilian II was the principal of the Maximilianstrasse and the Bavarian National Museum in Munich. Compared to his father, Maximilian preferred a new architectural style with strong reference to the Gothic Revival architecture which would combine the best features of historical models combined with then modern building technology. The neo-gothic Royal Mansion in Regensburg

1288-595: The arguments of the ultramontanists that the Church had inalienable rights in the secular sphere. The regalist reforms that the Spanish crown sought to implement were not completely successful, and the resistance to them were attributed to support for the Society of Jesus, which had been expelled from the Spanish Empire in 1767, but prior to that were educators. In Canada, the majority of Catholic clergy despised

1334-415: The church were of the utmost importance in protecting the church and advancing its interests in a liberal, democratic state, and so he was one of the strongest advocates of the ultramontane position." The English bishops at the council were characterized by their ultramontanism and described as "being more Catholic than the Pope himself". Other Christian groups outside the Catholic Church declared this as

1380-517: The civil power, which leads them to maintain that what is determined by the apostolic see or by its authority concerning the government of the church, has no force or effect unless it is confirmed by the agreement of the civil authority. The council also asserted papal primacy . In July 1870, it issued the Dogmatic constitution Pastor aeternus , defining four doctrines of the Catholic faith:

1426-573: The distinction between the models found in France and the separation of church and state in the United States in the mid-twentieth century. He considered the US model of that time to be more amicable because it had both "sharp distinction and actual cooperation" between church and state, what he called "an historical treasure" and admonished the United States, "Please to God that you keep it carefully, and do not let your concept of separation veer round to

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1472-569: The duty of hierarchical subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the Church throughout the world. Von Arx compares this to "the great empires and national states of the 19th century, which used new means of communication and transportation to consolidate power, enforce unity and build bureaucracies". "Cardinal Henry Edward Manning in Great Britain thought unity and discipline within

1518-575: The isolation of Prussia in German political affairs. That diplomatic insult almost led to war when Austria, Bavaria and other allies moved troops through Bavaria towards Hesse-Kassel in 1850. However, the Prussian Army backed down and accepted the principle of dual leadership. The event was known as the Punctation of Olmütz but also as the "Humiliation of Olmütz" by Prussia. The event solidified

1564-680: The other German princes did not act on the reform proposals. The failure of those plans and the attitude of the Austrian Court towards the Confederation and the Schleswig-Holstein Question disillusioned King Maximilian. The last days of his reign were spent attempting to deal with the new situation created by the outbreak of the war with Denmark. In the summers of 1849 and 1855, King Maximilian travelled his kingdom. Between 24 June and 27 July 1858, he undertook

1610-479: The pope, liberals across Europe were outraged by the doctrine of infallibility and many countries reacted with laws to counter the influence of the church. The term "ultramontanism" was revived during the French Third Republic (1870–1940) as a pejorative way to describe policies that went against laïcité , a concept rooted in the French Revolution. The French philosopher Jacques Maritain noted

1656-431: The role of the Church in containing dissent, than with the francophone liberal professionals who were secularists. According to Catholic academic Jeffrey P. von Arx , The threat to the Catholic Church and the papacy through the 19th century was real, and the church’s reaction to that threat was understandable. Indeed, the church remained threatened on all sides. On the left, secular liberals sought to reduce or eliminate

1702-400: The role of the church in public life and civil society (by suppressing church schools, for example, and expelling religious congregations). The more radical heirs of the revolution and the socialists and communists into whom they evolved remained committed to the church’s utter destruction. But the threat was also from the nationalist right. Otto von Bismarck’s Kulturkampf was aimed directly at

1748-441: The so-called " Ultramontanes ". In his attempts to transform Bavaria into a centre of culture, education, and the arts, he enraged conservative Catholics and Protestants by inviting a number of celebrated men of learning (such as Geibel , Liebig , Heyse and Sybel ) to Munich , regardless of their religious views. Devoted to his family and his people, the King also financed studies of the art, costumes, dialects and customs of

1794-608: The throne. When the abdication of Ludwig I (20 March 1848) called him suddenly to the throne, his choice of ministers promised a liberal regime. In 1849 an uprising in the Bavarian Palatinate was broken down with the support of the Prussian Army . Though from 1850 onwards his government tended in the direction of absolute monarchy , King Maximilian steered a moderate course between the extremes of classical liberalism , Prussian-inspired Pan-Germanism, and

1840-775: The triumph of what they termed "the heresy of ultramontanism". It was specifically decried in the "Declaration of the Catholic Congress at Munich", in the Theses of Bonn, and in the Declaration of Utrecht , which became the foundational documents of Old Catholics ( Altkatholische ) who split with Rome over the declaration on infallibility and supremacy, joining the Old Episcopal Order Catholic See of Utrecht , which had been independent from Rome since 1723. As with previous pronouncements by

1886-463: Was born in Munich and was the eldest son of the Crown Prince of Bavaria (later King Ludwig I) and his wife Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen . After studying at Göttingen and Berlin and travelling in Germany, Italy and Greece, he was introduced by his father into the council of state (1836). From the first, he showed a studious disposition and declared on one occasion that had he not been born in

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1932-720: Was built for Maximilian 1854–1856, the Royal Mansion in Berchtesgaden and the Royal Villa on Rose Island already in 1853. The hiking path in Upper Bavaria called Maximiliansweg is named after him, as he made a longer hike in the Bavaria alps in the summer of 1858. The Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art was first established on 28 November 1853 by King Maximilian II. While king, Maximilian

1978-548: Was deeply impressed by The Improvisatore , En Digters Bazar , The Little Mermaid and Paradisets Have . During the visit Andersen also read The Ugly Duckling . Later Andersen visited the King at the Schloss Hohenschwangau . Next to Hohenschwangau Castle also the Hambach Castle was reconstructed from 1844 for Crown Prince Maximilian by August von Voit . In 1849 King Maximilian II instructed

2024-718: Was defined in Lumen gentium No. 25 and later codified in the 1983 revision of Canon Law . Some, such as the former Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger , have claimed the Catholic social teaching of subsidiarity can overrun ultramontanism and has the potential to decentralize the Catholic Church, whereas others defend it as merely a bureaucratic adjustment to give more pastoral responsibility to local bishops and priests of local parishes. Challenges to ultramontanism have remained strong within and outside Roman jurisdiction. Ultramontanism has particularly overshadowed ecumenical work between

2070-513: Was hampered by constant ill health which often compelled him to travel abroad and, when at home, to live much of the time in the countryside. The relationship with his father, who had persisted in his architectural projects even after his abdication, was mostly tense. By his wife, Marie Friederike Franziska Hedwig , daughter of Prince William of Prussia , who he married in 1842, he had two sons: Both of his sons became king, were declared insane, and deposed. Ultramontanes Ultramontanism

2116-497: Was very popular and took a greater interest in the business of Government than in personal extravagance. Ascending the throne during the German Revolution of 1848 , King Maximilian restored stability in his kingdom. The rest of his reign was characterized by attempts to maintain Bavarian independence during the wars of German Unification and to transform his capital city of Munich into a cultural and educational city. He

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