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43-518: Somali linguistic varieties are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benadir , and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle ( Rahanweyn ) clans in the southern regions of Somalia , particularly in South West . Its speech area extends from the southwestern border with Ethiopia to a region close to

86-406: A definiteness suffix, whose form depends on the gender of the head noun, and possessive suffixes. Maay Maay exhibits SVO and SOV word orders, apparently in fairly free variation. When the object is postverbal, the prefix maay appears on the verb. Within the noun phrase, the head noun is generally initial. Possessors, adjectives and some strong quantifiers follow the head noun. Numerals and

129-596: A concerted response from the clans of the inter-river areas under the charismatic leadership of the Geledi Sultan, Yusuf Muhamud and drew the ire of the Sultan of Witu Bwana Mataka whose state was suffering due to the ivory trade disruption. In 1843, the Geledi Sultanate mobilized an expedition force of 40'000, mostly of Digil warriors under the leadership of the Sultan of Geledi, Yusuf Mahamud and defeated

172-1177: A few others, addressed to the current leader Sultan Subuge. It evoked the memories of the mighty Geledi Sultanate of years prior and was a sharp contrast to their current situation. Here the richest selection of the poem Ganaane gubow gaala guuriow Gooble maahinoo Geelidle ma goynin Gembi iyo waran guraantiis aa loogu soo gayooday, Gooble Gacalkiisa guri curad aa looga soo guuray Haddana nin walba aa Soo gamgamohaayo, goofka beereed waa la goostay, gelgeshii Gaashada daaqeysana waa la goostay, gunta intee la geyn doonaa? Gobroontii soo gaartay Gobroontaan ma ahayn, gargooye Ibraahim Cumar Xaaji goodaalka adunyada markii joogeen, Awow Gaduud Cali - Mahinoo - Awow Gaduud Cali Abukar, Yusuf Maxamuud iyo goodaalka Addunka markii joogeen, ganuunka ganuunkan ma ahayn, Awow Gudgudoome Cumar Adeerow goodaalka aduunka markii joogeen Ganuunka ganuunkan ma ahayn. Beereed waa la goostay, gelgeshii Gaasha la la goostay, gaasha intee loola guuraa ? Ganaane gubowow, gaala guuriow-aa Gelgeshii la goostay go'aan maad ka gaart-aa (gaartay) ? You who burnt Ganaane and chased away

215-493: A letter and give it to my nephew Hasan-ben-Ali ... Be sure the Ferenji do not set out [for Afgooye] before having received a letter from me ... You know the phrase do not deceive those who put their confidence in you' . Now I have placed my confidence in you; don't deceive me. The briefest words and the clearest words are the best. The second extremist group Sultan Yusuf Mahamud confronted was Sheikh Ali Abdirahman belonging to

258-514: A policy of indirect administration to manage such a diverse territory allowing the local Malaks, Islaws (tribal chiefs), Imams, Sheikhs (religious figures), and Akhiyaars (notable elders) of the community to play significant roles in the administration of the Sultanate. Not only the political head of the Sultanate, but also was portrayed as the religious leader. The Sultanate during his reign was very prosperous economically and politically. Afgooye ,

301-424: Is contrastive; minimal pairs such as bur ' flour ' and buur ' mountain ' are attested. Maay Maay is fairly agglutinative . It has complex verb forms, inflecting at least for tense/aspect and person/number of both subject and object. There is also a prefix indicating negation. In addition, verbs exhibit derivational morphology, including a causative and an applicative . Nominal morphology includes

344-566: Is no relation between us, and your blood will not be saved from us." The hardline stance of Sheikh Ali, to the propagation of Islam among his people, his mobilization of armed followers, and his siding with the Bimaal clan against Geledi Sultanate all indicates that he belonged to a militant ideology akin to the Bardera Jama, new militant tendencies that were emerging across the Muslim world at

387-719: Is spoken on the Benadir coast, from Adale to south of Merca including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes that do not exist in Standard Somali. Benadiri Somali is also referred to as Coastal Somali or Af-Reer Xamar ("Language of the People of Hamar"). Blench (2006) structures the dialect into three general subdivisions: Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim#Conquest of Bardera Omar hassan farah( Somali : Omar Hassan farah , Arabic : يوسف محمود ابراهيم ; died 1848)

430-566: The Bimaal constituted a major threat to his Sultanate. In 1847 Yusuf's army stormed Merca, overpowering its defenses and the inhabitants would surrender. Despite the capture of the city, most of the Bimaal were located outside of the Merca and in May of the following year, he resolved to eliminate the remaining resistance. Departing to meet the Bimaal the two forces clashed at Adadday Suleyman in 1848,

473-557: The Darod tribes who migrated from the Ogaden region had settled onto the upper Jubba valley and taken control over the agricultural settlements there, including the major center of trade, Luuq , which happened to be the most important trading place between Kismayo and Harar . In the late 1830s, the Jama'a had grown to almost 20 thousand professional soldiers and from 1836 armed detachment of

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516-709: The Majerteen tribe (1787–1852) who arrived in Merca in 1846. Sheikh Ali Abdirahman was born in Nugaal during Majerteen Sultanate period. He travelled to Mecca and Baghdad for further studies where he met and studied with the disciplines of Muhammad Abdulwahhab and returned to Majerteenia. He established an Islamic education center at Haalin wells near Taleex in Nugaal Valley . However, he emigrated from his home after getting into conflict with his clan and moved to

559-443: The Majerteen tribe and annihilated them. Mungiya was burnt to the ground and the threat to the sultanate ended. The doctrine of Sheikh Ali is evident in the letter he sent to the people of Barawa prior to the battle, showing that he considered the Geledi Sultanate a polity led by a kafir . Following his defeat, Sheikh Ali stated that "in reality, our [death] and if you are among the deviated sect which Sultan Yusuf leads, there

602-713: The Benadir Coast, with Yusuf ultimately being the dominant force with the Omanis having a nominal presence and being forced to pay tribute to him. Mogadishu under Abgaal control had been in a period of decline and disarray near the end of the Hiraab Imamate although trade remained significant. French explorer Charles Guillain arrived in 1846 and visited the Banadir coast and stayed mainly in Mogadishu. He noted

645-480: The Bimaal clan and sent a letter to Sultan Yusuf requesting that he accepts his reconciliation proposal. However, when Sultan Yusuf refused his offer disrespected that a newcomer would dare interfere with his internal affairs. Sheikh Ali was furious and declared war against him and his men raided a string villages near Afgooye . Yusuf and the Geledi army confronted Sheikh Ali's well-armed followers which were mainly from

688-529: The Jama'a triggered the formation of a coalition of opponents in the region. Geledi Sultanate resented the embargo imposed by the Jama'a on long-distance trade through Luuq , as well as the destabilization of agricultural activities in the Jubba and Shabelle valleys. Runaway slaves who had fled to the Sultanate of Witu and formed a community near Bardera were despised by the Jama'a leaders. This action provoked

731-737: The Siyu Somalis drew their strength. Both states were interested in ivory trade through the Jubba river continuing to flourish as a great source of revenue for the region. Later following their victory at Siyu over the Salafi Somalis the Witu Sultan sent aid before Yusuf engaged and ultimately lost against the Omani aligned Bimaals in 1848 at the Battle of Adaddey Suleyman. Bardera was a city part of Geledi Sultanate but eventually,

774-503: The assumption that Maay is not mutually comprehensible with Northern Somali it was done so without it being tested for. A more recent study by Deqa Hassan tested the mutual intelligibility between Af-Maay and Af-Maxaa speakers (Northern Somali). The study found that Af-Maay is partially mutually intelligible to Af-Maxaa (Northern Speakers) and that intelligibility increases with increased understanding of Standard Somali. Which implies understanding of standard Somali (Northern Somali) increases

817-522: The attack and Bardera came under Geledi Sultanate rule once again and the city eventually re-built its status. After his victory over the Jama'a of Bardhera, Sultan Yusuf Muhamud became the paramount political leader in the region after restoring stability in the region and revitalized the East African ivory trade. The Geledi and the Omani Empire vied over who would be the superior power on

860-541: The audience. Geledi Laashins during Luling's 1989 stay in Afgooye sang about the ever-present issue of land theft by the Somali government. The Sultan in these poems was asked to help the community and reminded of his legendary Gobroon forefathers of the centuries prior. The poem The law then was not this law was performed by the leading Laashins of Afgooye, Hiraabey, Muuse Cusmaan and Abukar Cali Goitow alongside

903-652: The capital of the Sultanate, was the meeting point of the caravan routes in southern Somalia. Afgooye had some thriving industries such as weaving , shoemaking , tableware , jewellery , and pottery . It was also the center for the annual Istunka festival, which marked the new and remains a tourist attraction in Afgooye today. The Sultanate of Witu was a kingdom based in Witu near Lamu . Its rulers had strong ties with Sultan Yusuf as they both were mutually antagonistic towards Zanzibar and had shared commercial interests. On

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946-464: The chance of understanding Af-Maay. This accounts for the most significant linguistic factor that ties both language variations together. Therefore Af-Maay is categorized as a Type 5 dialect for the overlapping common cultural history it shares with Af Maxaa speakers which explains its somewhat mutual intelligibility. Maay Maay exhibits significant amounts of epenthesis , inserting central or high-central vowels to break up consonant clusters. Vowel length

989-440: The city. Yusuf's rule marked the start of the golden age of the Geledi and was the most powerful ruler of the Sultanate. Well versed in knowledge of Islam and a skilled warrior his Sultanate covered all Digil and Mirifle territories of Somalia. The state constituted the 'Geledi Confederacy', also incorporating other Somalis such as the Bimaal , Sheekhaal , and Wacdaan who were not Digil or Mirifle. Yusuf Mahamud promoted

1032-464: The coastal strip between Mogadishu and Kismayo , including the city of Baidoa . Maay is not mutually comprehensible with Northern Somali or Benadir , and it differs considerably in sentence structure and phonology. It is also not generally used in education or media. However, Maay speakers often use Standard Somali as a lingua franca . It is learned via mass communications, internal migration, and urbanisation. Although past scholars have maintained

1075-475: The consent of the Bimaal clan and began his activities and education programs. It is established that Sheikh Ali had secret plans for himself to form a colony at the port of Mungiya (the point where Shabelle River was closest to the Indian Ocean coast), and had obtained permission from Sultan Yusuf of Geledi. However, initially, he attempted to play the role of a peacemaker between Sultan Yusuf of Geledi and

1118-457: The defeat of Bardera Jama'a by the dominant Geledi Sultanate that ruled over vast territories of the southern Somali regions. However, the Bimaal clan, the major clan of Merca was rebelling against the Geledi Sultanate and had refused to participate in the Bardera campaign a few years prior. Sheikh Ali arrived in Merca in alliance with the Bimaal clan. He settled in the area near Merca with

1161-512: The dispute. Yusuf is even referred to as the Governor of Mogadishu in some sources, highlighting the power he exerted over the city. Guillain tried and ultimately failed to arrange an audience with Yusuf himself who was not at Afgooye at the time, but he corresponded with his brother Haji Ibrahim through an influential Bravanese merchant named Sid-Qoullatin. Ibrahim himself was not at Afgooye but Bardera and replied to his friend Sid inquiring

1204-630: The eastern region under the tutelage of Majerteen Sultan Nur Osman. Here also, Sheikh Ali found it unacceptable to live with the overt violation of Islamic Sharia by the Sultan Nur of Majerteen and formed an alliance with Haji Farah Hirsi, a pretender Sultan of the Majerteen. Haji Farah attempted to establish a new dynasty to overthrow his cousin. Under the arrangement of Sheikh Ali and Haji Farah, Haji Farah would take political responsibility and Sheikh Ali would administer religious affairs but their plot

1247-472: The forces of Jama'a, mostly Darod warriors led by Shaikh Abd Al-Rahman and Shaikh Ibrahim, and the citadel of Bardera was besieged and then burned to the ground. The leaders of the Jama'a were captured and killed, and the immigrant Darod nomads were expelled from the Upper Jubba region, and trade through Luuq reopened. The cities of Geledi Sultanate such as Barawa and Baidoa quickly recovered from

1290-412: The giver of judgment Ibraahim Cumar Xaaji the pillar of the world was alive and Aw Gaduud Cali Is it not so ? - Aw Gaduud Cali Abukar, and Yusuf Maxamuud the pillar of the world While they were alive the law was not this law When the giver of decisions Aw Cumar Adeerow was in the world the law was not this law Now everyone crowds in, they have taken the cleared farmland, They have taken

1333-450: The governor of Bardera was overthrown by an extremist group called the Jama'a. The Jama'a group was founded in 1819 by Sheikh Ibrahim Yabarow, introducing some reforms such as outlawing tobacco and popular dancing and prohibiting the ivory trade. The Jama'a began to implement some elements of Islamic Sharia such as the wearing of decent Islamic dress for women. In the mid-1830s, after receiving strong adherents among new pastoral immigrants from

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1376-491: The indefinite quantifier precede the head noun. Maay has retained a rich oral tradition and evocative poetry that differs from the more well-known northern style. In southern Somalia, the poet and reciter would be one and the same. British ethnologist Virginia Luling noted during her visit to Afgooye that poetry was to be conceived and recited simultaneously with no prior preparation. The poets or Laashin relied on their wit and memory to construct beautiful poems and entertain

1419-466: The infidels Did you not separate from the Geelidle and come to Gooble (Afgooye)? We endured war and the point of the spear For the love of Gooble we left our first home And now everyone crowds in here, they have taken our cleared farmland They have taken the pasture where the herds grazed - where will the people be led ? The Gobroon who first arrived here are not these Gobroon When

1462-405: The island of Siyu the Sultan of Witu Bwana Mataka had been faced with an insurrection and was deposed in the 1820s. The defiant islanders alongside some Somalis who were more loyal to the prior administration called for Omani aid. Yusuf would intervene and Witu would prove victorious as it would bring the Sultan to engage a newly emerging militant group in Bardera which was a key trade hub and where

1505-535: The jama'a started to raid villages in the region and force people to perform the daily prayers. By 1840, the Jama'a opened a rebellion against the Geledi Sultanate and the Jama'a warriors reached Baidoa and sacked Barawa an important port for Geledi Sultanate and the historic seat of the Qadirriyah order where Sultan Yusuf Mahamud and Sultan Mahamud Ibrahim had studied. The quick expansion of

1548-570: The pasture of the herds where will we move the herds? You who burnt Ganaane and chased away the infidels Have you reached a decision about the stolen pastures? Benadiri Somali Benadiri Somali , also referred to as "Coastal Somali" ( Somali : Af Reer Xamar ), is a dialect of the Somali language . It is primarily spoken by the Benadiri people , who inhabit the southern Banaadir coast of Somalia and into Kenya . Benadiri Somali

1591-541: The strife and that the Shingani quarter of the city was tense due to two murders committed there and a state of war was present between the Shingani and Hamarweyn quarter. Hiraab Imam Ahmed was the ruler of the city and Guillain delivered a message to him from Said bin Sultan of Oman . Sultan Said paid tribute to Yusuf in order to have the right to have Omani commercial representatives stay in Mogadishu. Imam Ahmed

1634-455: The time. The Bimaal clan were once part of the Geledi Sultanate and Merca served as an important port for the kingdom. They reasserted their independence after refusing to join Yusuf's prior campaigns (Bardera) and even allied against him at Mungiya. Sultan Yusuf was incensed by their hostility and sought to reincorporate their territory as he had in Bardera and Mungiya prior realizing that

1677-737: The true meaning why Guillain would want to meet Yusuf. Guillain did receive a document detailing the lineage of Yusuf back fifteen generations to Gobroon the patriarch of the ruling dynasty of the Geledi . Now, O Sid-Qoullatin, do not deceive me on account of the Ferenji [Guillain and his party], and serve as my other self. You were in Mogadishu at their arrival, while I am far away in Bardheere. Today, do not deceive me. I will wait for what you have to say. Inform yourself of their secret purposes. Fear God, your master. Search out their secrets, and write me

1720-567: Was a Somali ruler. He was the third and most powerful Sultan of the Geledi sultanate , reigning from 1798 to 1848. Under the reign of Sultan Yusuf, his kingdom entered its apex, he managed to modernize his economy and his kingdom quickly became one of the wealthiest states in East Africa. Yusuf frequently toured the sultanate and built rapport with his many clients and allies. He successfully consolidated Geledi power during conquest of Bardera and expelling extremist ideology from his region. It

1763-556: Was foiled. Following the unsuccessful overthrow of Sultan Nur Osman, the Sheikh was then exiled from Majerteen Sultanate . He travelled to India and then Zanzibar and remained there for 15 months under the custody of Said Bin Sultan (the father of Sayyid Barghash ). Planning to establish an Islamic Emirate, Sheikh Ali arrived in Merca in 1847 with five boats, 150 followers, substantial quantities of firearms and ammunitions estimated to be 40 rifles and 4 cannons just four years after

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1806-460: Was struggling with a pretender who had a support base in Hamarweyn and was the cause of the unrest and violence. To end this chaos in Mogadishu, Sultan Yusuf marched into the city with an 8,000 strong army breaking the stalemate & ruled in favour of Imam Ahmed in Shingani, with the pretender fleeing the city. Yusuf selected a relative of the pretender to lead the Hamarweyn quarter and this ended

1849-497: Was under his rule he manage to establish many trading partners and allies such as the Sultanate of Witu . He also exacted tribute from Sultan Said of the Omani Empire starting from 1843. Yusuf was the son of Sultan Mahamud Ibrahim and as a youth was sent to Barawa to study Islam . Barawa was a renowned hub of the Qadiriyya sufi tariqa in East Africa and it was traditional practice for Geledi leaders to send their sons to

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