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92-477: Three islands form the eastern edge of the Straits of Mackinac; two are populated— Bois Blanc Island and Mackinac Island , while the third, Round Island , is uninhabited and a designated wilderness area. The Straits of Mackinac are major shipping lanes, providing passage for raw materials and finished goods and connecting, for instance, the iron mines of Minnesota to the steel mills of Gary, Indiana . Before

184-451: A "commuting" distance to an island that has enough resources to be sustainable. The presence of an island is marked by seabirds , differences in cloud and weather patterns, as well as changes in the direction of waves. It is also possible for human populations to have gone extinct on islands, evidenced by explorers finding islands that show evidence of habitation but no life. Not all islands were or are inhabited by maritime cultures. In

276-514: A "rafting event". This phenomenon is known as oceanic dispersal . Tropical storms have the capacity to transport species over great distances. Animals like tortoises can live for weeks without food or water, and are able to survive floating on debris in the sea. One case study showed that in 1995, fifteen iguanas survived a 300 km journey to Anguilla in the Caribbean , an island which no iguana had lived on previously. They survived floating on

368-634: A 2016 study published by the University of Michigan , in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , a leak in Enbridge 5 near the Straits of Mackinac could affect roughly 700 miles of shoreline. Key areas recognized for the highest potential risk include Mackinac Island , Bois Blanc Island , Mackinaw City , and areas on the northern shore and southern shore of

460-535: A French Catholic mission to the Indians, founded in 1671. The eastern end of the straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781. A French Catholic mission to the Indians was founded at St. Ignace in 1671. In 1715, Fort Michilimackinac was built by the French on the south end of the straits' narrow. Michilimackinac

552-487: A car ferry to Bois Blanc Island . The straits are shallow and narrow enough to freeze over in the winter. Navigation is ensured for year-round shipping to the Lower Great Lakes by the use of icebreakers . The straits were an important Native American and fur trade route. The Straits of Mackinac are named after Mackinac Island . The local Ojibwe Native Americans in the Straits of Mackinac region likened

644-491: A continent. Oceanic islands can be formed from volcanic activity, grow into atolls from coral reefs , and form from sediment along shorelines, creating barrier islands . River islands can also form from sediment and debris in rivers. Artificial islands are those made by humans, including small rocky outcroppings built out of lagoons and large-scale land reclamation projects used for development. Islands are host to diverse plant and animal life. Oceanic islands have

736-664: A detachment of the United States Coast Guard based at Graham Point, St. Ignace. A shipping channel through the winter ice is maintained by the Coast Guard's Great Lakes icebreaker , USCGC Mackinaw , based in Cheboygan near the eastern edge of the Straits. This vessel went into service during the 2005/06 ice season. Two ferry companies operate out of Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, connecting tourists and commuters to Mackinac Island : Shepler's Ferry and

828-426: A detailed review of 1,288 islands found that they were home to 1,189 highly-threatened vertebrate species, which was 41 percent of the global figure. Coral bleaching is expected to occur with more frequency, threatening marine ecosystems, some of which island economies are dependent on. Some islands that are low-lying may cease to exist given high enough amounts of sea level rise. Tuvalu received media attention for

920-614: A few meters high, and are usually temporary. Changes in the flow speed, water level, and sediment content of the river may effect the rate of fluvial island formation and depletion. Permanent river islands also exist, the largest of which (that is completely inland) is Bananal Island in the Tocantins of Brazil, which has a maximum width of 55 kilometers. Lakes form for a variety of reasons, including glaciers , plate tectonics, and volcanism. Lake islands can form as part of these processes. The field of insular biogeography studies

1012-402: A higher carrying capacity also have more genetic diversity , which promotes speciation . Oceanic islands, ones that have never been connected to shore, are only populated by life that can cross the sea. This means that any animals present on the island had to have flown there, in the case of birds or bats , were carried by such animals, or were carried in a sea current in what is known as

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1104-477: A loss of almost all the infrastructure in Dominica. Sea level rise and other climate changes can reduce freshwater reserves, resulting in droughts . These risks are expected to decrease the habitability of islands, especially small ones. Beyond risks to human life, plant and animal life are threatened. It has been estimated that almost 50 percent of land species threatened by extinction live on islands. In 2017,

1196-458: A major Line 5 spill at Crystal Falls in 1999, as well as the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill on Line 6. In 2014, it was found that Enbridge had failed to comply with the spacing requirement for supporting anchors for the pipeline; anchors should be placed at least every 75 feet. In a statement, Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette requested that Enbridge to comply with the safety regulations, "We will insist that Enbridge fully comply with

1288-403: A mass of uprooted trees from a storm. Plant species are thought to be able to travel great distances of ocean. New Zealand and Australia share 200 native plant species, despite being separated by 1500 km. Continental islands, islands that were at one point connected to a continent, are expected to share a common history of plant and animal life up until the point that the island broke away from

1380-837: A minimum. Some islands became host to humans due to a land bridge or a continental island splitting from the mainland. Today, up to 10% of the world's population lives on islands. Islands are popular targets for tourism due to their perceived natural beauty, isolation, and unique cultures. Islands became the target of colonization by Europeans, resulting in the majority of islands in the Pacific being put under European control. Decolonization has resulted in some but not all island nations becoming self-governing , with lasting effects related to industrialisation , invasive species , nuclear weapons testing , and tourism . Islands and island countries are threatened by climate change . Sea level rise threatens to submerge nations such as Maldives ,

1472-743: A minority. Cultural attitudes related to communal ownership of land as well as a lack of individualistic decision-making may make some island cultures less compatible with the global capitalist economy, causing these nations to experience less economic growth. Islands have long been a popular target for tourism , thanks to their unique climates, cultures, and natural beauty. However, islands may suffer from poor transportation connectivity from airplanes and boats and strains on infrastructure from tourist activity. Islands in colder climates often rely on seasonal tourists seeking to enjoy nature or local cultures, and may only be one aspect of an island's economy. In contrast, tourism on tropical islands can often make up

1564-613: A permanent caisson , a steel or concrete structure built in a closed loop and then filled with sand. Some modern islands have been constructed by pouring millions of tons of sand into the sea, such as with Pearl Island in Qatar or the Palm Islands in Dubai. These islands are usually created for real estate development , and are sold for private ownership or construction of housing. Offshore oil platforms have also been described as

1656-524: A phenomenon where new oceanic crust is formed, pushing away older crust. Islands sitting on the continental shelf may be called continental islands. Other islands, like those that make up New Zealand , are what remains of continents that shrank and sunk beneath the sea. It was estimated that Zealandia , the continent-like area of crust that New Zealand sits on, has had 93% of its original surface area submerged. Some islands are formed when coral reefs grow on volcanic islands that have submerged beneath

1748-408: A plan to build a multi-purpose tunnel that would house multiple utility lines, to remove the old Enbridge Line 5 and to construct a new line. The MSCA approved the transfer of a property right, allowing Enbridge to construct the new tunnel in the bedrock beneath the Straits of Mackinac . The project has faced fierce opposition from environmentalists and several Tribal Authorities. In late June 2019,

1840-423: A press conference publicizing the ongoing submerging of the island country. Tuvalu signed a cooperation agreement with Australia agreeing to annually allow 280 of its citizens to become permanent residents of Australia. The Marshall Islands, a country of 1,156 islands, have also been identified as a country that may be existentially threatened by rising seas. Increasing intensity of tropical storms also increases

1932-483: A priority target of conservation efforts, to prevent the extinction of these species. Despite high levels of endemism, the total species richness , the total number of unique species in a region, is lower on islands than on mainlands. The level of species richness on islands is proportional to the area of that island, a phenomenon known as the species-area relationship . This is because larger areas have more resources and thus can support more organisms. Populations with

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2024-411: A restricted set of natural resources. However, these nations control some of the largest fisheries in the world, deposits of copper , gold , and nickel , as well as oil deposits . The natural beauty of island nations also makes them a magnet for tourism . Islands also have geopolitical value for naval bases , weapons testing , and general territorial control. One such example is French Polynesia ,

2116-476: A selection pressure for smaller animals that require less food. Having fewer predators would mean these animals did not need not be large to survive. Charles Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection through the study of island ecology. The species he observed on the Galápagos Islands , including tanager birds, contributed to his understanding of how evolution works. He first traveled to

2208-509: A specific property known as adaptive radiation . In this process, a species that arrives on a group of islands rapidly becomes more diverse over time, splitting off into new species or subspecies. A species that reaches an island ecosystem may face little competition for resources, or may find that the resources that they found in their previous habitat are not available. These factors together result in individual evolutionary branches with different means of survival. The classical example of this

2300-414: A territory that receives substantial military expenditure and aid from France. Since the first discoveries of Polynesian, Micronesian , and other islands by Westerners, these nations have been the subject of colonization. Islands were the target of Christian missionaries . These missionaries faced resistance, but found success when some local chiefs used European support to centralize power. Beginning in

2392-519: A tree that is present in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South American, and New Guinea, places that today are geographically distant. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that these landmasses were once all part of the continent Gondwana and separated by tectonic drift. However, there are competing theories that suggest this species may have reached faraway places by way of oceanic dispersal. Species that colonize island archipelagos exhibit

2484-616: A type of island. Some atolls have been covered in concrete to create artificial islands for military purposes, such as those created by China in the South China Sea . These atolls were previously low-tide elevations, landmasses that are only above water during low tide . The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea indicates that these islands may not have the same legal status as a naturally occurring island, and as such may not confer

2576-515: Is Darwin's finches , a group of up to fifteen tanager species that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands. These birds evolved different beaks in order to eat different kinds of food available on the islands. The large ground finch has a large bill used to crack seeds and eat fruit. The Genovesa cactus finch prefers cacti as a food source, and has a beak adapted for removing pulp and flowers from cacti. The green warbler-finch (in

2668-598: Is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue , and more distantly related to Latin aqua (water). The spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a false etymology caused by an association with the Old French loanword isle , which itself comes from the Latin word insula . Islands often are found in archipelagos or island chains, which are collections of islands. These chains are thought to form from volcanic hotspots , areas of

2760-503: Is the apple snail , initially introduced to the U.S. by aquarium owners. It has since been transported by hurricanes across the Gulf Coast and neighboring islands. These species compete for resources with native animals, and some may grow so densely that they displace other forms of existing life. For hundreds of years, islands have been created through land reclamation . One of the first recorded instances of this when people of

2852-634: Is the giant tortoise of the Seychelles , though it is unknown if it grew in size before or after reaching the island. Larger animals such as the hippopotamus tend to become smaller, such as in the case of the pygmy hippopotamus . This is known as insular dwarfism . In the case of smaller animals, it has been hypothesized that animals on islands may have fewer predators and competitors, resulting in selection pressure towards larger animals. Larger animals may exhaust food resources quickly due to their size, causing malnutrition in their young, resulting in

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2944-542: The Atlantic Ocean in search of an alternate route to the East Indies . These historians theorize that successful explorers were rewarded with recognition and wealth, leading others to attempt possibly dangerous expeditions to discover more islands, usually with poor results. About 10% of the world's population lives on islands. The study of the culture of islands is known as island studies . The interest in

3036-566: The Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians whose land is intersected by the pipeline. The WDNR hosted a public hearing on February 2, 2022, that lasted nearly 10 hours and was host to a number of arguments over the environmental, economic, and public health ramifications of the project. Congressman Tom Tiffany spoke in favor of the pipeline expansion and former Bad River Band chairman Mike Wiggins Jr.

3128-686: The Lewiston pumping station, US sweet crude may be injected. From Lewiston, Line 5 loops around Saginaw Bay , then runs southeast to the St. Clair River . Just before the St. Clair River, Line 5 reaches the Marysville pumping station. Volumes destined for Michigan and Ohio refineries such as BP Husky and Marathon Detroit are offloaded there, and transferred to a Sunoco pipeline that runs from Marysville to Toledo . The line then proceeds east across

3220-577: The Marshall Islands , and Tuvalu completely. Increases in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones can cause widespread destruction of infrastructure and animal habitats. Species that live exclusively on islands are some of those most threatened by extinction . An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides that is distinct from a continent. There is no standard of size that distinguishes islands and continents . Continents have an accepted geological definition – they are

3312-805: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources announced that the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority (MSCA), with outgoing Governor Rick Snyder , had approved Enbridge's plan to replace the underwater segment of Line 5 and with a new pipeline segment housed in a tunnel. The Line 5 pipeline runs between Superior, Wisconsin , and Sarnia, Ontario , two major nodes of the Enbridge Pipeline System . The Enbridge terminal at Superior conveys western Canadian crude oil from various incoming pipelines (including lines 1–4) to Line 5 and Line 6 , which go around

3404-687: The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration does not divulge the materials actually carried on major US pipelines, including Line 5. Public concerns have particularly focused on the risk of a spill under the Straits of Mackinac, and the difficulty of controlling any spill that might occur. According to Enbridge, the pipes under the straits have never leaked, are continuously monitored, and are regularly inspected by underwater autonomous vehicles . However, there have been numerous spills elsewhere in Michigan from Enbridge pipelines, including

3496-507: The Polynesians . Many of the previous island settlements required traveling distances of less than 100 km (62 mi), whereas Polynesians may have traveled 2,000–3,200 km (1,200–2,000 mi) to settle islands such as Tahiti . They would send navigators to sail the ocean without the aid of navigational instruments to discover new islands for settlement. Between 1100 and 800 BC, Polynesians sailed East from New Guinea and

3588-891: The Solomon Islands and reached the islands that make up the modern-day Fiji and Samoa . The furthest extent of this migration would be Easter Island in the East, and New Zealand in the South, with New Zealand's first settlements between 1250 and 1300. Historians have sought to understand why some remote islands have always been uninhabited, while others, especially in the Pacific Ocean , have long been populated by humans. Generally, larger islands are more likely to be able to sustain humans and thus are more likely to have been settled. Small islands that cannot sustain populations on their own can still be habitable if they are within

3680-499: The Solomon Islands created eighty such islands by piling coral and rock in the Lau Lagoon . One traditional way of constructing islands is with the use of a revetment . Sandbags or stones are dropped with a barge into the sea to bring the land level slightly out of the water. The island area is then filled with sand or gravel, followed by a construction of this revetment to hold it together. Islands have also been constructed with

3772-488: The Star Line Ferry . Most of the Straits have been set aside by the state of Michigan as the Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve , a riparian public space dedicated to those personnel who were lost aboard the boats and ships that sank in these dangerous shipping lanes. Lighthouses in the Straits of Mackinac include: West of the iconic Mackinac Bridge is Enbridge 's pipeline, called Enbridge Line 5 , which

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3864-621: The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) closed the public comment period for its draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) after multiple extensions prompted by overwhelming numbers of public comments received. The current working draft of the EIS was released by the WDNR on December 16, 2021. The 369-page first volume of the document almost immediately drew sharp criticism from environmental advocates and tribal leadership of

3956-414: The lithosphere where the mantle is hotter than the surrounding area. These hotspots would give rise to volcanoes whose lava would form the rock the islands are made of. For some islands, the movement of tectonic plates above stationary hotspots would form islands in a linear chain, with the islands further away from the hotspot being progressively older and more eroded , before disappearing under

4048-647: The railroads reached Chicago from the east, most immigrants arrived in the Midwest and Great Plains by ships on the Great Lakes . The straits are five miles (8 km) wide at their narrowest point, where they are spanned by the Mackinac Bridge . Before the bridge was built, car ferries transported vehicles across the straits. Today passenger-only ferries carry people to Mackinac Island , which does not permit cars. Visitors can take their vehicles on

4140-450: The sea as a natural barrier to the introduction of new species, causing the species that do reach the island to evolve in isolation. Continental islands share animal and plant life with the continent they split from. Depending on how long ago the continental island formed, the life on that island may have diverged greatly from the mainland due to natural selection . Humans have lived on and traveled between islands for thousands of years at

4232-537: The 16th century, European states placed most of Oceania in under colonial administration . Pohnpei was colonized by Spain as early as 1526. It changed hands from Germany to Japan to the United States before joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1982, maintaining a "free association" status with the U.S. Guam was a Spanish territory until 1898, and now is a unincorporated territory of

4324-801: The Environmental Permit Review Commission inside the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy re-instated a petition from the Bay Mills Indian Community , who challenged a permit Enbridge needs to build its tunnel. The 2013 expansion, coupled with the anticipated expansion of the Alberta Clipper pipeline , led to concerns from the National Wildlife Federation and other groups over

4416-511: The Hawaiian islands being home to irrigated fields of taro, whereas in some islands, like Tahiti, breadfruit was more widely cultivated and fermented in order to preserve it. There is archeological evidence that Canary Islanders would chew the roots of ferns for sustenance, a practice that wore heavily on their molars . These islanders would also grow barley and raised livestock such as goats . Many island nations have little land and

4508-510: The Michigan Environmental Protection Act since it may become the source of pollution. The news report adds that "it is unclear if Line 5 could operate without the Straits segment". On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority, which is charged with overseeing the construction and operation of a tunnel to hold a new Enbridge Line 5 under

4600-682: The Origin of Species . The first evidence of humans colonizing islands probably occurred in the Paleolithic era, 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Reaching the Indonesian islands of Flores and Timor would have required crossing distances of water of at least 29 km (18 mi). Some islands, such as Honshu , were probably connected to the mainland with a land bridge that allowed humans to colonize it before it became an island. The first people to colonize distant oceanic islands were

4692-464: The St. Clair River to Ontario, where it rejoins Enbridge Line 6 and terminates at Sarnia . Any volumes not destined for Sarnia-area refineries are then pumped into tanks for transfer to Enbridge Line 7 . The construction of Line 5 was completed in 1953. The pipelines from western Canada to Superior had been completed in 1950. Prior to the construction of Line 5, the crude oil was conveyed from Superior to southern Ontario by oil tankers. In 2013,

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4784-557: The Straits of Mackinac. There the pipeline divides into two separate 20-inch (51 cm) lines, which reunite when they reach McGulpin Point on the southern side of the straits. The lines are buried until they reach a depth of 65 feet (20 m). The lines descend to a depth of approximately 270 feet (82 m) under the straits. Once on land again in the Lower Peninsula , Line 5 runs near Interstate 75 to Bay City . At

4876-436: The Straits with 3,528 square miles (15%) of Lake Michigan's open water and roughly 13,611 square miles (60%) of Lake Huron's open water possibly impacted by visible oil. In addition, highly turbulent flowing currents found within the Straits of Mackinac, combined with the degrading enzymes secreted by zebra mussels , and aging pipe welds and coal tar enamel, increases the risk for corrosion and potential fissures to occur in

4968-481: The U.S. The decolonization era saw many island states achieve independence or some form of self-governance . Nuclear weapons testing on the Marshall Islands left many atolls destroyed or uninhabitable, causing the forced displacement of people from their home islands as well as increases in cancer rates due to radiation . Colonization has resulted in a decline of observance of traditional cultural practices in places such as Hawaii, where Native Hawaiians are now

5060-408: The United States". The basis of the suit is the claim that the pipeline is a public nuisance and violates the Michigan Environmental Protection Act since it may become a major source of pollution. The news report added that "it is unclear if Line 5 could operate without the Straits segment". Attorney General Dana Nessel commented: "We cannot prevent accidental or emergency anchor deployments in one of

5152-525: The busiest shipping channels in the Great Lakes. And it only takes one such incident to cause an environmental and economic catastrophe. That is a risk no one should be willing to take". Michigan Senate Republicans expressed concern about the potential shutdown of the pipeline, which they said could create other problems: "the loss of thousands of construction jobs expected from the tunnel construction, an increase in costs at Detroit and Toledo refineries and

5244-504: The conditions of the Straits Pipeline Easement to protect our precious environmental and economic resources and limit the risk of disaster threatening our waters." By the end of 2015, eight Michigan counties or municipalities were calling for the retirement of Line 5 including Cheboygan, Cheboygan County, Emmet County, Genesee County, Mackinaw City, Mentor Township, Munising Township, and Wayne County. According to

5336-406: The continent. For example, the presence of freshwater fish on an island surrounded by ocean would indicate that it once was attached to a continent, since these fish cannot traverse the ocean on their own. Over the course of time, evolution and extinction changes the nature of animal life on a continental island, but only once it splits from the mainland. An example is that of the southern beech ,

5428-451: The deposition of sediment by waves . These islands erode and grow as the wind and waves shift. Barrier islands have the effect of protecting coastal areas from severe weather because they absorb some of the energy of large waves before they can reach the shore. A fluvial island is an island that forms from the erosion and sedimentation of debris in rivers; almost all rivers have some form of fluvial islands. These islands may only be

5520-426: The distances and frequency with which invasive species may be transported to islands. Floodwaters from these storms may also wash plants further inland than they would travel on their own, introducing them to new habitats. Agriculture and trade also have introduced non-native life to islands. These processes result in an introduction of invasive species to ecosystems that are especially small and fragile. One example

5612-400: The ecological processes that take place on islands, with a focus on what factors effect the evolution , extinction , and richness of species. Scientists often study islands as an isolated model of how the process of natural selection takes place. Island ecology studies organisms on islands and their environment. It has yielded important insights for its parent field of ecology since

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5704-502: The habit of true warbler species) consumes spiders and insects that live on plants. Other examples of this phenomenon exist worldwide, including in Hawaii and Madagascar, and are not limited to island ecosystems. Species endemic to islands show a common evolutionary trajectory. Foster's rule (also known as the island rule), states that small mammals such as rodents evolve to become larger, known as island gigantism . One such example

5796-457: The islands as a naturalist on HMS Beagle in 1835, as part of a five-year circumnavigation of Earth. He wrote that "the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a different set of beings". Through the study of the finches and other animals he realized that organisms survive by changing to adapt to their habitat. It would be over twenty years before he published his theories in On

5888-477: The lake bed in the straits. Snyder also appointed its first members: Geno Alessandrini of Iron Mountain, Anthony England of Ypsilanti, and Michael Zimmer of Dimondale, who serve six-year terms. Island An island or isle is a piece of land, distinct from a continent, completely surrounded by water. There are continental islands, which were formed by being split from a continent by plate tectonics , and oceanic islands, which have never been part of

5980-643: The largest landmass of a particular tectonic plate . Islands can occur in any body of water, including lakes , rivers , seas . Low-tide elevations , areas of land that are not above the surface during a high tide , are generally not considered islands. Islands that have been bridged or otherwise joined to a mainland with land reclamation are sometimes considered "de-islanded", but not in every case. The word island derives from Middle English iland , from Old English igland (from ig or ieg , similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary meaning. Old English ieg

6072-399: The line's capacity was increased by 50,000 barrels (7,900 m ) per day, from 490,000 to 540,000 barrels (78,000 to 86,000 m ). The upgrade involved US$ 100 million in improvements to pumping stations, but with no upgrades to the actual pipes. As of 2017, Line 5 had spilled at least 1.1 million gallons since 1967. In 2018, a tugboat anchor hit the pipeline and caused minor damage to

6164-421: The lines to 540,000 bbl (86,000 m) per day". In selling the idea of the pipeline to residents living near the Straits, the pipeline developers claimed, it was "essential to the defense of the United States and the whole North American continent". A University of Michigan study studied the risks of a leak, leading to experts and local governments calling for the shutdown of the pipeline. In late June 2019,

6256-526: The loss of a significant mode of propane transportation in Michigan. It is estimated that replacing the propane lost by closing the line would require an additional 30,000 truckloads and 9,600 rail cars annually". In June 2020, the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the emergency response for the pipeline was adequate to protect wildlife in the Straits of Mackinac and the Michigan Court of Appeals sided with its ruling. Enbridge has stated that

6348-404: The mainland, they had no need for boats. The motivation for island exploration has been the subject of research and debate. Some early historians previously argued that early island colonization was unintentional, perhaps by a raft being swept out to sea. Others compare the motivations of Polynesian and similar explorers with those of Christopher Columbus , the explorer who sailed westward over

6440-589: The majority of the local economy and built environment . These islands sometimes also require consistent foreign aid on top of tourism in order to ensure economic growth. This reliance can result in social inequality and environmental degradation . During tourism downturns, these economies struggle to make up the lost inflow of cash with other industries. Climate change threatens human development on islands due to sea level rise , more dangerous tropical cyclones , coral bleaching , and an increase in invasive species . For example, in 2017 Hurricane Maria caused

6532-476: The northern and southern shores of Lake Michigan respectively. From Superior, Line 5 travels east to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan , then runs southeast to Rapid River , near Escanaba . At Rapid River, natural gas liquids (NGL) are side stream delivered for stripping, and the stripped NGLs are reinjected. From Rapid River, the pipeline runs near the northern shore of Lake Michigan until it reaches

6624-529: The past, some societies were found to have lost their seafaring ability over time, such as the case of the Canary Islands , which were occupied by an indigenous people since the island's first discovery in the first century until being conquered by the Spanish Empire in 1496. It has been hypothesized that since the inhabitants had little incentive for trade and had little to any contact with

6716-485: The pipe. Also in 2018, Enbridge and the State of Michigan agreed to build a tunnel beneath the Straits of Mackinac that will contain the pipeline. Line 5 in the Straits consists of two 20-inch pipelines, an east leg and a west leg, running parallel to each other for the 4.5 miles across the lakebed. On June 18, 2020, a screw anchor support on the east leg was found to have shifted from its original position. The shift

6808-608: The pipeline and summarized key concerns (anomaly digs, two helicopter crashes on their land, pipeline exposure within the Denomie Creek subwatershed and odor investigations). In August 2022, the Canadian government again invoked a 1977 treaty with the United States in order to prevent the shutdown of the pipeline in Wisconsin, citing concerns about jobs, energy security, and the economy. Canada, which backs Enbridge, invoked

6900-457: The pipeline is in good condition even though the outer coating has worn away in some places and steel braces are placed at places hit by erosion. It plans the construction of a utility tunnel in the bedrock under the Straits of Mackinac-the connector of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron , to house the Line 5 pipeline and to replace its six-kilometer underwater segment. Enbridge intends to begin work on

6992-505: The pipes. Due to these issues, expert reports concluded that Line 5 should be shut down in the Straits pending a full review under state public trust law. Although the U of M study showcased worst case scenarios, experts recommend completing a risk analysis that includes, "1) analysis of environmental impacts, 2) cleanup costs, 3) restoration and remediation measures, 4) a natural resource damage assessment, and 5) Economic damage to public and private sector interests." On April 15, 2022,

7084-508: The plan. Enbridge CEO Al Monaco responded to Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer to confirm that Enbridge was committed to sharing what is learned about the incident with the screw anchor assembly on the east leg with PHMSA and the State of Michigan. On December 19, 2018, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources announced that the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority (MSCA), in correspondence with outgoing Governor Rick Snyder , had approved

7176-561: The possible shipment of diluted bitumen from the Alberta oil sands through Line 5. However, Enbridge has denied any plans to pump such materials. Line 5 ships nearly 23 million gallons of crude oil and petroleum products every day. A 2011 toll agreement describes the materials as "condensate, light synthetic, sweet, light sour and NGL," as does a 2013 summary of the Mainline System. Due to national security concerns, however,

7268-710: The same legal rights. Enbridge Line 5 Enbridge Line 5 is a 645-mile oil pipeline owned by the Canadian multinational corporation Enbridge . Constructed in 1953, the pipeline conveys crude oil from western Canada to eastern Canada via the Great Lakes states. Line 5 is part of the Enbridge Lakehead System and passes under the environmentally sensitive Straits of Mackinac , which connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron . The 30-inch pipeline carries 540,000 barrels (86,000 m ) of synthetic crude , natural gas liquids , sweet crude , and light sour crude per day as of 2013. In December 2018

7360-789: The sea entirely. An example is the Hawaiian Islands , with the oldest island being 25 million years old, and the youngest, Hawaii , still being an active volcano . However, not all island chains are formed this way. Some may be formed all at once by fractures in the tectonic plates themselves, simultaneously creating multiple islands. One supporting piece of evidence is that of the Line Islands , which are all estimated to be 8 million years old, rather than being different ages. Other island chains form due to being separated from existing continents. The Japanese archipelago may have been separated from Eurasia due to seafloor spreading ,

7452-467: The shape of the island to that of a turtle, so they named the island Mitchimakinak , meaning "Big Turtle". When the British explored the area, they shortened the name to its present form: Mackinac. Located on the southern side of the straits is the town of Mackinaw City , the site of Fort Michilimackinac , a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715, and on the northern side is St. Ignace , site of

7544-486: The state of Michigan filed a lawsuit asking the Ingham County Court to compel the decommissioning of the segment of Line 5 that runs under the Straits of Mackinac. A Reuters news report defined Line 5 as "a critical part of Enbridge’s Mainline network, which delivers the bulk of Canadian crude exports to the United States". The basis of the suit is the claim that the pipeline is a public nuisance and violates

7636-407: The state of Michigan filed a lawsuit asking the Ingham County Court to compel the decommissioning of the segment of Line 5 that runs under the Straits of Mackinac. The dual pipes, in use since 1953, were then shipping 540,000 barrels of oil and propane per day. A Reuters news report defined Line 5 as "a critical part of Enbridge's Mainline network, which delivers the bulk of Canadian crude exports to

7728-549: The study of islands is due to their unique cultures and natural environments that differ from mainland cultures. This is for a few reasons: First, the obvious political and geographic isolation from mainland cultures. Second, unique restraints on resources and ecology creating marine-focused cultures with a focus on fishing and sailing. Third, a lasting historical and political significance of islands. The Polynesian diet got most of its protein from fishing. Polynesians were known to fish close to shore, as well as in deep water. It

7820-450: The surface. When these coral islands encircle a central lagoon , the island is known as an atoll . The formation of reefs and islands related to those reefs is aided by the buildup of sediment in shallow patches of water. In some cases, tectonic movements lifting a reef out of the water by as little as 1 meter can cause sediment to accumulate and an island to form. Barrier islands are long, sandy bars that form along shorelines due to

7912-438: The time of Charles Darwin . In biology, endemism is defined as the phenomenon where species or genus is only found in a certain geographical area. Islands isolate land organisms from others with water, and isolate aquatic organisms living on them with land. Island ecosystems have the highest rates of endemism globally. This means that islands contribute heavily to global biodiversity . Areas with high lives of biodiversity are

8004-447: The tunnel once it received all the necessary permits and expected to complete construction by 2024. In May 2021, citing a 1977 treaty with the United States on the uninterrupted flow of oil and gas across the border, the Canadian government asked a U.S. court to stop Michigan from shutting down the pipeline, thus triggering a bilateral negotiation with Washington. The pipeline supplies fuel to much of Ontario and Quebec. In June 2022,

8096-415: Was built in 1953 as an extension of the 1,150-mile (1,850 km) Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line bringing oil from Alberta to Lake Superior . The 1953 pipeline enters the Straits of Mackinac water on the north shore at St. Ignace, Michigan and lies along the bottom of the Straits which is nearly two hundred and fifty feet (76 m) in places. By 2013 Enbridge had increased the "maximum capacity on

8188-504: Was caused by Enbridge's seasonal maintenance work, which affected the anchor support and not the pipeline itself. On June 20, 2020, Enbridge reported that a June 19 remote-operated vehicle inspection of the west leg of Line 5 in the Straits had detected no issues or damage to the anchor structures or pipeline. Operations resumed on that line on the same day. The east leg was to remain shut down. The federal regulator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration raised no objections to

8280-536: Was one of many speaking against it. In the course of the comment period, the DNR reportedly received over 32,000 comments. Parallels have been drawn between this controversy and the similar controversy surrounding Enbridge's Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota. Bad River Band opposes Line 5 because of leak risks and expired easements. Its Mashkiiziibii Natural Resources Department has responded to numerous threats posed by

8372-468: Was replaced in 1781 by a British fort, Fort Mackinac, on Mackinac Island. Enbridge Line 5 was built in 1953 as an extension of the 1,150-mile (1,850 km) Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line west of the iconic Mackinac Bridge, bringing oil from Alberta to Lake Superior . On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority and appointed its first members. The straits are patrolled by

8464-470: Was reported that Rapa Nui people were known to fish as far as 500 km (310 mi) from shore at coral reefs. Spear , line , and net fishing were all used, to catch tuna as well as sharks and stingrays . Island cultures also cultivate native and non-native crops. Polynesians grew the native yam , taro , breadfruit , banana , coconut and other fruits and vegetables. Different island climates made different resources more important, such as

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