The Sivas massacre ( Turkish : Sivas Katliamı ) or Madımak massacre ( Turkish : Madımak Katliamı ) refers to an act of mob arson taking place on July 2, 1993 at the Hotel Madımak ( Otel Madımak ) in Sivas , Turkey , which resulted in the killing of 37 people, mostly Alevi intellectuals. Two perpetrators also died during the incident. The victims, who had gathered in the hotel for the Pir Sultan Abdal festival, were killed when a mob set fire to the hotel.
123-462: The attack took place not long after traditional Friday prayers , when the mob broke through police barricades to surround the Hotel Madımak, where artists, writers and musicians had gathered to celebrate the life of 16th-century Alevi poet Pir Sultan Abdal . The hotel was set alight, and the fire claimed 37 lives, including those musicians and poets attending the festival. Attending the conference
246-990: A 2012 survey by Pew Research Center , about 1% of the Muslims in Azerbaijan , 5% in Albania , 9% in Uzbekistan , 10% in Kazakhstan , 19% in Russia and 22% in Kosovo said that they attend mosque once a week or more. This was largely due to the religious restriction of Islam under communist rule , and attendance levels have been rising rapidly since the fall of the Soviet Union. Mosque attendance rates in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have seen precipitous increases over
369-479: A Communist Party member, his open criticism of PCI methods and policies on the stage led to conflict with the Party. In 1970, Fo and Rame began their third theatre group, Collettivo Teatrale "La Comune" with the musician Paolo Ciarchi and the administrator Nanni Ricordi. They based themselves at an abandoned workshop ( capannone ) in via Colletta in a working-class suburb of Milan for three years, converting it into
492-502: A bully. For the first time in 26 years, in April and May 1988, Fo and Rame collaborated on an original project, Transmissione forzata ( Forced Transmission ) on Italian television. Restricted to Rai 3 , the series featured ironic songs about RAI censorship and Italian politicians, dancing girls and satirical news bulletins, a ballet on Palestine and a "weather report" on national rape statistics. Also in 1988, Fo returned to film acting for
615-649: A chair and given electric shock treatment and portrayed Vladimir Putin being shot dead by Chechen rebels while visiting Berlusconi's luxury villa in Sicily . The title refers to the subsequent transplanting of Putin's brain into Berlusconi's head, and the play was performed amid debate over Berlusconi's business and political interests and media censorship, with RAI having barred Italian satirists Sabina Guzzanti and Paolo Rossi from its television channels. Fo spoke of receiving threats from politicians if he performed it. In 2005, Fo revealed plans to run for Mayor of Milan ,
738-593: A cure, and avoids various assassination attempts involving a toy car, poisoned parrot and Brazilian nun. Critics praised its comic inventiveness and it won an award for being the play seen by most people in Italy that season. Addressing themes such as AIDS , the Gulf War and genetic experiments , Fo wrote Zitti! Stiamo precipitando! ( Hush! We're Falling! ) in summer 1990, and it debuted at Milan's Teatro Nuovo that November. The titular character of Johan Padan and
861-411: A farcical tram journey in his wardrobe ending at a police station. Fiorenzo Carpi returned to collaborate with Fo on the play's music, the first time they had worked together since 1967. Fo returned to television in 1977 after 14 years off the air, RAI's administration having been changed following the previous year's general election . Fo was, however, limited to Rai 2 , the second channel, which had
984-506: A fast pace, sharp dialogue, and getting rid of the conventions of space and time. Working on screenplays gave me an apprenticeship as a playwright and I was able to transfer the lessons of the new technical means to the theatre". The foundation of the Compagnia Fo-Rame dates from this time. Fo wrote scripts, acted, directed, and designed costumes and stage paraphernalia. Rame took care of the administration. The company débuted at
1107-642: A lawsuit against the U.S. State Department , pledging any damages received to sacked workers and occupied workplaces, the disabled, families of prisoners and other favorite causes. Fo called a press conference in Milan to explain the grave offence U.S. authorities had caused himself and his wife: "We are Italian citizens who are supposed to have committed the crime of aiding and abetting terrorists in Italy. The Italian judicial authorities, however have never charged us or even made inquiries [...] nor have they accused us of any support of terrorism: in any case our position on
1230-655: A little girl with a doll who swears. The final monologue, Medea , based on an Italian version rather than the more famous Euripides version, had been performed in 35 countries by 1990. In 1980, the United States authorities blocked Fo and Rame from performing at the country's Festival of Italian Theatre, an act which has been compared with the country's similar treatment of Bertolt Brecht , Charlie Chaplin and Gabriel García Márquez . In May that year, "An Evening Without Dario Fo and Franca Rame", held in New York,
1353-430: A low profile because his family was active in the anti-fascist Resistance . Fo secretly helped his father to smuggle refugees and Allied soldiers to Switzerland by disguising them as Lombard peasants. His father is also thought to have helped smuggle Jewish scientists to the safety of Switzerland. As the end of the war approached, Fo joined an anti-aircraft division of the navy, anticipating an immediate discharge due to
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#17327934425031476-491: A machine and come out as mincemeat, which the nephew retained in a cupboard at home and often displayed to friends: this led to complaints from canned meat producers and "industrialists in general"—though none from aunts, Fo later observed. Nonetheless Canzonissima proved popular, attracting millions of viewers, and Rame maintained that taxi drivers in Italian cities would often say they had no work during broadcasts as everyone
1599-440: A more socialist and non-religious slant than the more conservative Rai 1 . Two cycles of his plays were broadcast; for political reasons these did not include Morte accidentale di un anarchico , Non Si Paga! Non Si Paga! or Il Fanfani rapito (although La Commune filmed them to have a permanent record of them). The Vatican still denounced Mistero buffo as "the most blasphemous show in the history of television". A new play for
1722-471: A neo-capitalist Milan of skyscrapers and modern technology". Other films followed. In 1958, the couple returned to Milan when Rame was offered roles in a series of farces at the Arlecchino Theatre. Fo and Rame were subsequently based there. Fo said, "For me the lesson of the cinema meant learning from a technical point of view what audiences had already grasped: a story divided into sequences,
1845-482: A revue called Il dito nell'occhio ( A finger in the eye ). In these early years, Fo has been influenced by the Italian tradition of the actor-author, just like Ettore Petrolini. The title of his first revue referred to that of a column in the Italian Communist Party (PCI) newspaper l'Unità . Il dito nell'occhio consisted of 21 sketches similar in style to Poer nano but dealing instead with
1968-443: A ritual washing. Participants wash their face first, then their arms, then wipe their head, then wash or wipe their feet, in this order according to certain rules prescribed by Islamic law . A Muezzin will recite a specific chant called an Adhan to call the congregation to the mosque, then to line up to begin the service. The imam will then get up and recite The Sermon for Necessities . The first call summons Muslims to enter
2091-417: A satirical history of the world. The last performance, in which Fo played a supporting role, was a box-office success and went on tour after 113 performances at Milan's Piccolo Teatro . 1953 also brought the beginning of Fo's songwriting. He collaborated with Fiorenzo Carpi ; all of Fo's plays as far as 1967 would feature Carpi's music. "La luna è una lampadina" ("The moon is a lightbulb"), their first song,
2214-648: A sermon were wrong and had lapsed (along with several other religious practices) until the return of their 12th Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi . However, among others, Shiite modernist Muhammad ibn Muhammad Mahdi al-Khalisi (1890–1963) demanded that Shiites should more carefully observe Friday prayers in a step to bridge the gap with Sunnis . Later, the practice of communal Friday prayers was developed, and became standard there-afterwards, by Ruhollah Khomeini in Iran and later by Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr in Iraq. They justified
2337-510: A shortage of munitions. He was mistaken and was instead dispatched to a camp in Monza at which Benito Mussolini himself arrived. Fo soon deserted with the aid of false documents and wandered for a while before joining a parachute squadron. He then deserted this as well, prompting a further unsuccessful search for the Resistance movement during which he slept rough in the countryside. After
2460-453: A solo Saturday evening comedy series Poer nano ( Poor thing ), airing after Parenti's Anacleto the Gas Man . Fo created 18 adult fairy tale monologues adapted from biblical and historical tales. The series also featured Shakespearean tales with various twists, such as a version of Hamlet in which the titular character kills his father to continue an affair with his mother ; Ophelia
2583-596: A sort of community centre and producing plays based on improvisation about contemporary issues. One such play was Vorrei morire stasera se dovessi pensare che non è servito a niente ( I'd Rather Die Tonight If I Had To Think It Had All Been In Vain ). Inspired by the Black September , with the title derived from a Renata Viganò poem, thousands of people came to see it. What followed was Morte accidentale di un anarchico ( Accidental Death of an Anarchist ), Fo's most internationally recognised play, described by
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#17327934425032706-507: A trick like this ... [Receiving the prize] would be like acting in one of my plays." Fo next turned to Italy's growing drug problem, summing it up as follows: "Rich people consume and use drugs, while poor people are used and consumed by drugs." La marijuana della mamma è la più bella ( Mother's Marijuana is the Best [ it ] ) features a character called Grandpa who mistakenly swallows LSD instead of aspirin and hallucinates
2829-625: A van. They raped her, beat her, burnt her with cigarettes, slashed her with razor blades and left her in a park. Fo and Rame continued to tour around Lombardy and Veneto throughout that year, despite a split in La Comune ; the short piece Mamma Togni dates from this time. In September 1973, after the suicide of Salvador Allende in Chile , Guerra di popolo in Cile ( The People's War in Chile )
2952-468: A variety show, Canzonissima , for RAI . Fo used the show to give Italians a glimpse of a type of television resembling the origins of theatre, far removed from the "junk TV" previously produced by the company. Canzonissima featured satirical songs and sketches depicting the lives of the working classes. However, it was frequently censored. One sketch featured a fat aunt who came to visit her nephew at his workplace (a canned meat factory) only to fall into
3075-407: A verdict was reached in the case of the 124 defendants: 15 years in prison for 22 suspects, 10 years in prison for 3 defendants, 3 years and 9 months for 54 suspects, 2 years and 4 months for 6 suspects, and the acquittal of 37 of the defendants. Another 14 suspects were sentenced to 15 years in prison. The remaining 33 defendants were charged with 35 counts of murder . After lengthy court proceedings,
3198-417: A week (including 56.0% of the population under 30 and 64.3% of men). The number of regular attendees is somewhat lower in the next largest Muslim-majority country, Pakistan , which has over 210 million Muslims making up over 95% of the population . The 2018 World Values Survey conducted there found that 46.1% of Pakistanis attended religious services at least once a week (including 47.0% of Pakistanis under
3321-518: A week on Fridays. All Muslim men are expected to participate at a mosque with certain exceptions due to distance and situation. Women and children can also participate but do not fall under the same obligation that men do. The service consists of several parts including ritual washing, chants, recitation of scripture and prayer, and sermons. Youm Jumu'ah ("day of congregation"), or simply Jumu'ah means Friday in Arabic . In many Muslim countries ,
3444-664: A window. The actual police arrested Fo in Sassari in November 1973, leading to nationwide uproar when it emerged that under Italian law the police could not enter the theatre during the performance; the outcry served only to boost attendances at future performances. In 1974, the company—which had now become Il Collettivo Teatrale "La Comune" diretto da Dario Fo —occupied and cleaned up an abandoned market building in Porta Vittoria (a working-class area of Milan) and dubbed it
3567-459: Is Wajib Takhyiri (at the time of Occultation ), which means that there is an option to offer Jum'ah prayers, if its necessary, conditions are fulfilled, or to offer Zuhr prayers. Hence, if Salat al-Jum'ah is offered then it is not necessary to offer Zuhr prayer. It is also recommended by Shiite Scholars to attend Jum'ah as it will become Wajib after the appearance of Imam al-Mahdi and Jesus Christ (Isa). Shiite (Imamite) attach high significance to
3690-567: Is also the day of the week when the Day of Judgment will occur and the world will end. There is also a belief that Allah is more likely to forgive and bless on Fridays. It is also believed to be the day that Islam was revealed to be perfected. There is consensus among Muslims regarding the Friday prayer ( salat al-jum'ah ) being wajib – required – in accordance with the Quranic verse, as well as
3813-703: Is in effect here as a more religious youthful contingent replaced a less religious contingent that grew up under the Soviet Union. In the Middle East and North Africa, mosque attendance at least once a week ranges from 35% in Lebanon to 65% in Jordan . Sub-Saharan African Muslim communities tend to have a high rates of mosque attendance, and ranges from 65% in Senegal to nearly 100% in Ghana . In South Asia , home to
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3936-468: Is not obligatory for old men, children, women, slaves, travellers, the sick, blind and disabled, as well as those who are outside the limit of two farsakhs . It is mentioned in the Quran : O you who have faith! When the call is made for prayer on Friday, hurry toward the remembrance of God, and leave all business. That is better for you, should you know. And when the prayer is finished, disperse through
4059-411: Is one of Fo's most famous. Fo met Franca Rame , daughter of a theatrical family, when they were working in the revue Sette giorni a Milano . They became engaged, and married on 24 June 1954. They had a son, Jacopo (born 31 March 1955), who would also become a writer. With the break-up of I dritti due to financial failure, Fo and family moved to Rome where he hoped to gain work as a screenwriter in
4182-498: Is portrayed as Hamlet's uncle 's trans mistress, while Horatio plays the ghost of Hamlet's father dressed up as a sheet and only appears when Hamlet is drunk. The series also featured an albino Othello and a sadistic Juliet who keeps Romeo in her garden with savage dogs. Scandalised authorities cancelled the show. Nevertheless, Fo performed it on stage at the Teatro Odeon in Milan in 1952, which allowed him to develop
4305-476: The State Security Court sentenced the 33 defendants to death on 28 November 1997 for their roles in the massacre ; 31 of these sentences were upheld in a 2001 appeal. When Turkey overturned the death penalty just over a year later in 2002, the sentences were commuted. Each defendant received 35 life sentences , one for each murder victim and additional time for other crimes. These 31 convicts were
4428-475: The indigenous peoples of the Americas . A video recording of Fo's performance exists. 1993 brought an important anniversary of Carlo Goldoni ; Fo, who was unimpressed, and, choosing instead to focus his attention on Angelo Beolco , planned a joint production between his company and Teatro dei Incamminati, a publicly funded company. However, with rehearsals well underway, a ministerial letter arrived to block
4551-478: The piccoli teatri (small theatres) movement, in which he began to present improvised monologues . He considered his artistic influences to include Beolco , Brecht , Chekhov , De Filippo , Gramsci , Mayakovsky , Molière , Shaw and Strehler . In 1950, Fo asked to work with Franco Parenti on a variety show performed by radio actors, beginning a collaboration that would last until 1954. Fo delighted audiences with stories of his upbringing, which Parenti
4674-405: The weekend is inclusive of Fridays, and in others, Fridays are half-days for schools and some workplaces. It is one of the most exalted Islamic rituals and one of its confirmed obligatory acts. The service consists of several parts including ritual washing, chants, recitation of scripture and prayer, and sermons. When entering the mosque all worshippers participate in a practice called wudu —
4797-644: The 2010s included the banks amid the European sovereign-debt crisis . Also in the 2010s, he became the main ideologue of the Five Star Movement , the anti-establishment party led by Beppe Grillo , often referred to by its members as "the Master". Fo's solo pièce célèbre , titled Mistero Buffo and performed across Europe, Asia, Canada and Latin America over a 30-year period, is recognised as one of
4920-515: The Amours . Set in 1502, the titular character of the play was Leonardo da Vinci . In 1997, he wrote Il diavolo con le zinne ( The Devil with Boobs ). Described by Fo as "a Machiavellian comedy, a gigantic late sixteenth-century intrigue, with judges and devils, housekeepers possessed by devils, hermits, gendarmes, torturers and even a monkey", it featured an homage to Fiorenzo Carpi who had died earlier that year. In 2001, Fo became Satrap of
5043-629: The Boss? ), considered by Rame to be Fo's best work apart from Morte accidentale and Mistero buffo . Morte e resurezione di un pupazzo ( Death and Resurrection of a Puppet ) was an updated version of Grande pantomima . Fedayn , first performed in January 1972, it consists of a series of autobiographical accounts from Palestine . In March 1973, five fascists, commissioned—according to some rumors—by high-ranking officials in Milan's Carabinieri , abducted Rame, held her at gunpoint and dumped her in
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5166-873: The Church, the People, Rebels and Peasants—included a giant puppet representing fascism which gave birth to representatives of the Church, the Monarchy, the Army and Industrialism. L'operaio conosce 300 parole, il padrone 1,000: per questo lui è il padrone ( The Worker Knows 300 Words, the Boss Knows 1000, That's Why He's the Boss ), Legami pure che tanto io spacco tutto lo stesso ( Chain Me Up and I'll Still Smash Everything ) and Mistero Buffo ( Comical Mystery Play ), also date from this time. Though Fo himself had never been
5289-490: The Collège de ‘Pataphysique. In 2004, Forza Italia senator Marcello Dell'Utri , on trial at the time for money laundering, sued Fo over references to him in his latest play. Fo was disgusted: "I have been doing satire for 40 years. It is paradox. It is grotesque." The play, titled The Two-Headed Anomaly and first performed in 2003, also poked fun at the shortness of then prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, had him strapped to
5412-536: The Discovery of the Americas , Fo's response to the 1992 quincentennial celebrations of the first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the Americas, is a Venetian fugitive who escapes from the Spanish Inquisition by joining the explorer and coloniser's fourth voyage. Forced to tend the animals on board, a storm casts him adrift in the ocean on the back of a pig until he reaches the coast and is rescued by
5535-581: The English language. To the backdrop of the June 1975 Italian elections , Fo wrote Il Fanfani rapito ( Fanfani Kidnapped )—a reference to Amintore Fanfani . Also in June 1975, Fo, Rame and other members of the company went to China—Fo later used his recollections of the trip in the monologue La storia della tigre ( The Tale of a Tiger ), with which he toured around Italy in 1978. The same year (1975) Fo
5658-651: The Friday prayer was given by Allah before hijrah, but the people were unable to congregate and perform it. The Prophet wrote a note to Mus'ab ibn Umayr , who represented the Prophet in Madinah to pray two raka'at in congregation on Friday (that is, Jumu'ah). Then, after the migration of the Prophet to Medina, the Jumu'ah was held by him. For Shiites, historically, their clergy discouraged Shiites from attending Friday prayers. According to them, communal Friday prayers with
5781-574: The Lady Out ) was the final play Fo put on in the mainstream establishment Italian theatre. Performed in 1967, it contained topical references to the Vietnam War , Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy . The play prompted the first English-language piece of criticism on Fo's work by U.S. critic A. Richard Sogliuzzo in 1972. He interpreted the titular lady as "representing American capitalism [... and who just before her death]
5904-542: The Minister of Work and Social Security announced that the money for buying the hotel had been transferred, and that the Ministry would provide additional resources for restoration. Following the court ruling on 23 November 2010, Hotel Madımak has become a public entity for a compensation of 5,601,000 TL to the hotel owners. Islamic-conservative newspaper Yeni Akit published a front-page story on 23 July 2012 declaring
6027-745: The Palazzina Liberty, a second version of Tutta casa, letto e chiesa opened at the Teatro Odeon, the first time in 16 years that Fo and Rame performed there. Also that year (January) Clacson, trombette e pernacchi ( Trumpets and Raspberries ) was first performed at Milan's Cinema Cristallo, and was Fo's first new play since La marijuana della mamma è la più bella five years previously. 50,000 people saw it performed 34 times in Milan, and it had soon been produced in 15 other countries. In 1983, Italian censors restricted Coppia aperta, quasi spalancata ( The Open Couple ) to audiences over
6150-497: The Palazzina Liberty. Political enmities intervened however, and Milan's council tried to remove them by court order. The council was unsuccessful; the company was allowed to stay temporarily and set about developing facilities such as a library, conference centre, theatre and audiovisual workshops. They began performing with Porta e Belli contro il potere ( Porta and Belli Against the Authorities ), in which Fo read sonnets by
6273-662: The Piccolo Teatro, and in 1959 began a series of six full-length plays that were performed each season at the Teatro Odeon. One of these, Gli arcangeli non giocano al flipper ( Archangels Don't Play Pinball ), brought Fo and Rame national and, later, international recognition. It would be the first Fo play to be performed outside Italy—in Yugoslavia , Poland , the Netherlands , Sweden and Spain . Other successes would follow. In 1962, Fo wrote and directed
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#17327934425036396-471: The Sivas massacre a "19 Year Lie", claiming the victims had been killed by gunshots rather than fire on the basis of morgue photos it claimed were previously unpublished. The claims were debunked, and widely condemned. Friday prayers In Islam , Friday prayer , or Congregational prayer ( Arabic : صَلَاة ٱلْجُمُعَة , romanized : Ṣalāh al-Jumuʿa ) is a community prayer service held once
6519-558: The TV series, Parliamo di donne ( Let's Talk About Women ), focused on topics such as abortion , sexism and the Holy Family . A series of five monologues collectively titled Tutta casa, letto e chiesa ( All House, Bed and Church ) also first appeared in 1977, and were performed by Rame. The first, Il risveglio ( Waking Up ), featured a working-class mother talking to her baby (a doll). Una donna tutta sola ( A Woman Alone )
6642-595: The Turkish government portrayed the attack as aimed at Aziz Nesin, Alevi commentators argue that the target were the Alevis, as the mob also destroyed a statue depicting Pir Sultan Abdal erected the day before. Many well-known Alevi intellectuals, poets and musicians were killed in the fire, including Hasret Gültekin , Metin Altıok , Asım Bezirci , Behçet Aysan , Nesimi Çimen and Muhlis Akarsu . Aziz Nesin managed to escape
6765-435: The U.S. authorities again refused Fo and Rame permission to enter the nation, and, to Fo's bewilderment, accused them of "belonging to organisations supporting terrorist groups." At this time Fo was the foreign writer whose plays were most widely produced in the United States. Famed producer Joseph Papp sent a telegram in their behalf to U.S. President Ronald Reagan , himself a former actor, but to no avail. Fo and Rame began
6888-581: The University of Rome, the seminars Fo conducted there included ones on; Harlequin and the commedia dell'arte . The pre-Christmas 1987 performance of The First Miracle of the Infant Jesus on Italian television's variety-lottery show Fantastico led to further accusations of blasphemy from the Vatican; Fo portrayed the titular character deploying bolts of lightning to save other children from
7011-597: The World Values Survey reported that 33.8% of Turks attended (including 29.0% of those under 30 and 56.4% of men). This shows that even though both countries have relatively low religious attendance, religiosity is stronger in Turkey than in Iran, especially among the youth. In several countries, such as in Central Asia and Balkans , self-reported Muslims practice the religion at low levels. According to
7134-492: The age of 18 when Rame included as a prologue her monologue The Rape (inspired by her own rape). Il candelaio ( The Candlestickmaker ), a monologue written by Fo in 1983, displayed Fo's increased interest in the English Elizabethan Theatre, and preceded Quasi per caso una donna: Elisabetta ( Elizabeth: Almost by Chance a Woman ), which Fo and Rame began work on in late 1984. In September 1983,
7257-485: The age of 30 and 52.7% of men). However, this was a large increase from the same survey conducted in 2012, where it was reported that only 28.9% of Pakistanis attended religious services at least once a week (including 21.5% of Pakistanis under the age of 30 and 31.4% of men). This is a testament to increasing religiosity in Pakistan, especially among the youth, who have gone from attending jumuah at rates far below that of
7380-455: The censorship issue being debated in the national parliament, teachers calling for it to be performed, and audiences and both Italian and foreign intellectuals signing a petition calling for the ban to be overturned. On 17 July 1995, Fo had a stroke. He quickly recovered and was well again by his seventieth birthday on 24 March 1996. In summer 1996, he wrote Leonardo: The Flight, the Count and
7503-565: The cinema. There they lived next door to Roberto Rossellini and Ingrid Bergman . Fo worked on many productions, including those of Dino De Laurentiis . Rame worked in Teatro Stabile of Bolzano. In 1956, Fo co-wrote and acted with Rame in the Carlo Lizzani 's film Lo svitato ( The screwball ), influenced by Jacques Tati , Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin . In the film, Fo plays "a disoriented hotel porter cast adrift in
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#17327934425037626-517: The country, according to the World Values Survey conducted in the country in 2018, 62.0% of Indonesians attend religious services at least once a week (including 54.0% of the population under the age of 30 and 66.1% of men). Most of these presumably would fall under the category of attending jumuah prayers. These numbers are stable from the same survey conducted in 2006, where 64.5% of Indonesians attended religious services at least once
7749-479: The daily newspapers and questions in the Italian parliament. RAI sued Fo and Rame and destroyed all the Canzonissima recordings. The dispute led to the effective banning of Fo and Rame from Italian television for 14 years. Fo returned to Milan's Teatro Odeon with the play Isabella, tre caravelle e un cacciaballe ( Isabella, Three Sailing Ships and a Con Man ), considered "an attempt to demystify and debunk
7872-411: The early 21st century until his death in 2016, Fo remained an active participant and campaigner on various political, social and cultural issues. He questioned the official accounts of the September 11 attacks and the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings in the film, Zero: An Investigation into 9/11 . In 2008, he was among the signatories of an open letter to la Repubblica which called on
7995-513: The eighteenth century but also making references to the Tangentopoli, and featuring music again by Fiorenzo Carpi. For the 1994 monologue Sesso? Grazie, tanto per gradire! ( Sex? Thanks, Don't Mind If I Do! ), Fo and Rame worked with their son Jacopo to produce a performance based on Jacopo's 1992 book Lo Zen e l'arte di scopare ( Zen and the Art of Fucking ), featuring educational pieces on topics such as AIDS, contraception, sex education and sexual repression. Thus came Fo's first run-in with
8118-470: The fire over a ladder. After the firefighters recognized who he was, they started to attack him, but he ran away. The response from the security forces at the time and afterwards was weak. The assault took place over eight hours without any intervention by the police, military or fire department. Alevis and most intellectuals in Turkey argue that the incident was triggered by the local government as flyers and leaflets were published and given out for days before
8241-414: The first rak'at and Surah al-Munafiqun in the second rak'at, after Surah al-Hamd . Although Friday is not a sabbath in Islam it is recognized as a superior and holy day. According to the Islamic scholar Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya there are 32 reasons that Friday is special. Some of the reasons include a belief that Friday was the day when Adam was created, entered into, and expelled from Jannah . It
8364-416: The first time since 1958, playing a retired professor in Musica per vecchi animali ( Music for Old Animals ). In 1989, in solidarity with those affected by the Tiananmen Square Massacre , Fo updated La storia della tigre and wrote two monologues Lettera dalla Cina ( Letter from China ) and The Story of Qu . The same year, Fo also wrote Il ricercato ( The Wanted Man ), an unperformed play about
8487-431: The following is a general outline of the steps of the prayer cycle. According to Shi'ite doctrine, two qunut (raising one's hands for supplication during salat) is especially recommended during salatul Jum'ah. The first Qunut is offered in the 1st rak'at before ruku' and the second is offered in the 2nd rak'at after rising from ruku'. According to Shiite doctrine, it is advisable (Sunnat) to recite Surah al-Jum'ah in
8610-418: The full reward of fasting all the days of a year and observing night-vigil on each of its nights for every step that he took towards the mosque." [Ibn Khuzaymah, Ahmad]. There are many hadiths reported on the significance of Jum'ah. The Muhammad has been reported saying: The Jum'ah prayer is half the Zuhr (dhuhr) prayer, for convenience, preceded by a khutbah (a sermon as a technical replacement of
8733-405: The gesture and action not required for radio. Also in 1952, Fo performed Cocoricò with Giustino Durano , which featured a 20-minute sketch focusing on the plight of black people in the United States . In 1953, Fo—in collaboration with Parenti and Durano in their own revue company which they called I Dritti (The Stand-ups)—co-wrote, co-directed and designed the sets and costumes for
8856-486: The incident, 35 people were arrested. Then the number of detainees increased to 190. A total of 124 out of the 190 defendants were charged with "attempting to establish a religious state by changing the constitutional order" and were indicted on charges. The first hearing of the case, publicly known as the Sivas Massacre Trial, Ankara State Security Court No. 1, was held on 21 October 1993. On 26 December 1994
8979-462: The incident. The Turkish government refers to the Sivas Madımak Hotel incident as an attack on intellectuals but refuses to see it as an incident directed towards Alevis. The events surrounding the massacre were captured by TV cameras and broadcast all over the world. Every year, during the anniversary of the massacre, various Alevi organizations call for the arrest of those responsible. Two of
9102-435: The khaṭīb takes his place on the minbar , a second adhan is made. The khaṭīb is supposed to deliver two sermons, stopping and sitting briefly between them. In practice, the first sermon is longer and contains most of the content. The second sermon is very brief and concludes with a dua , after which the muezzin calls the iqāmah . This signals the start of the main two rak'at prayer of Jum'ah. In Shia Islam, Salat al-Jum'ah
9225-465: The land and seek God's grace, and remember God greatly so that you may be successful. Narrated Abu Huraira : Muhammad said, "On every Friday the angels take their stand at every gate of the mosques to write the names of the people chronologically (i.e. according to the time of their arrival for the Friday prayer) and when the Imam sits (on the pulpit) they fold up their scrolls and get ready to listen to
9348-570: The largest Muslim communities in the world, mosque attendance at least once a week ranges from 53% in Bangladesh to 61% in Afghanistan . Surveys conducted in 1994 and in 1996 observed a decrease in religiosity among Muslims in Belgium based on lowering mosque participation, less frequent prayer, dropping importance attached to a religious education, etc. This decrease in religiosity
9471-514: The last decade. According to the World Values Survey, weekly attendance in Kazakhstan went from 9.0% in 2011 (including 8.7% among those under 30 and 9.6% among men) to 15.3% in 2018 (including 14.6% of those under 30 and 17.1% among men), while weekly attendance in Tajikistan climbed from 29.3% in 2011 (including 35.1% of those under 30 and 58.1% of men) to 33.2% in 2020 (including 35.1% of those under 30 and 58.1% of men). Generational replacement
9594-475: The mafia, and Il Papa e la strega ( The Pope and the Witch ), which debuted in late October. The latter portrayed a Pope overcome both by a phobia of being attacked by children and by an attack of arthritis which leaves his arms raised in blessing, and who, acting upon the advice of a woman disguised as a nun and claiming to be a witch, swings from a chandelier and injects himself with heroin during his search for
9717-557: The majority of Shiite and Sunni doctrine, the sermon must contain praise and glorification of Allah , invoke blessings on Muhammad and his progeny, and have a short quotation from the Quran in Arabic called a surah . It must also give the participants a sense of taqwa , admonition and exhortation. Juum'ah prayer consists of two rak'ats or prayer segments. Shia and Sunni sects of Islam prescribe slight differences in this pattern but
9840-470: The many traditions narrated both by Shi'i and Sunni sources. According to the majority of Sunni schools and some Shiite jurists, Friday prayer is a religious obligation, but their differences were based on whether its obligation is conditional to the presence of the ruler or his deputy in it or if it is wajib unconditionally. The Hanafis and the Twelver Imamis believe that the presence of
9963-536: The mechanisms of power, play games with the King and be cunning with power figures, only to end up reduced to a wretch." Fo received threatening letters, was assaulted in Rome with Rame by fascist groups who also threw rubbish at them, while another performance was disrupted by a bomb scare. He later recounted this event in the prologue of Johan Padan and the Discovery of the Americas . La signora è da buttare ( Throw
10086-402: The mosque and then a second call, known as the iqama , summons those already in the mosque to line up for prayer. The Imam will then get up and give a sermon called a Khutbah and recite prayer and scripture from the Quran in Arabic . The sermon is given in the local language and Arabic or completely in Arabic depending on the context. The imam performs the following: According to
10209-506: The mosque at similar rates (45% for men and 35% for women). A valid Jum'ah is said to fulfill certain conditions: Dario Fo Dario Luigi Angelo Fo ( Italian: [ˈdaːrjo ˈfɔ] ; 24 March 1926 – 13 October 2016) was an Italian playwright, actor, theatre director, stage designer , songwriter, political campaigner for the Italian left wing and the recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature . In his time he
10332-516: The most controversial and popular spectacles in postwar European theatre and has been denounced by Cardinal Ugo Poletti , Cardinal Vicar for the Diocese of Rome , as "the most blasphemous show in the history of television". The title of the original English translation of Non Si Paga! Non Si Paga! ( Can't Pay? Won't Pay! ) has passed into the English language, and the play is described as capturing "something universal in actions and reactions of
10455-431: The most economically important city in Italy, the following year. He said it was part of his ongoing fight to rid Milan of Berlusconi's political colleague Gabriele Albertini , the incumbent mayor. Ostracised by Italian television (both state—RAI having shunted his latest show off to a graveyard slot —and commercial—three quarters owned by Fo's long-time adversary Berlusconi), Fo instead elected to campaign on stage. Under
10578-443: The new government of Silvio Berlusconi . Berlusconi's government banned Italians under the age of 18 from seeing it over fears, it said, that the play could "cause offence to the common decency which requires respect for spheres of decency, and provoke distress among adolescent spectators, with possible effects on their behaviour in relation to sex", thus defeating the original purpose of the performance. Much free publicity ensued, with
10701-506: The number of Egyptians attended at least once a week had risen to 57.0% (including 52.9% of those under 30 and 89.4% of men). However, different patterns are found in the non-Arab Middle Eastern countries of Iran and Turkey . In these two countries, jumuah attendance is among the lowest in the world. The 2005 World Values Survey in Iran found 33.8% of the population attending (including 27.3% of Iranians under 30 and 38.9% of Iranian men). By 2020, all these numbers had fallen, as only 26.1% of
10824-452: The only ones still serving time for the crimes; the other defendants were paroled early or released after completing their sentences. In January 2020, Ahmet Turan Kılıc, who at first was sentenced to death for his involvement in the Sivas massacre, was granted a commutation of his sentence by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on the grounds of ill-health. As a result his sentence was commuted. Kılıç died in 2021. In September 2023, Erdoğan commuted
10947-734: The playwright as "a grotesque farce about a tragic farce". It opened in December 1970, Fo having written it after right-wing extremists and the Italian Secret Service carried out a "terrorist" attack on the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in Piazza Fontana in Milan in 1969. (See: Strategy of tension .) This farce subsequently toured Italy with Tutti uniti! Tutti insieme! Ma scusa, quello non è il padrone? ( United We Stand! All Together Now! Oops, Isn't That
11070-454: The population attended at least once a week (including 19.1% of Iranians under 30 and 29.3% of men). In Turkey, the 2012 World Values Survey found 33.2% of the population attending (including 28.6% of Turks under 30 and 54.0% of men). Similarly, According to a 2012 survey by Pew Research Center , 19% of Turkish Muslims say that they attend Friday prayer once a week and 23% say they never visit their local mosque. However, six years later in 2018,
11193-895: The practice under the newly promoted Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists doctrine. When al-Sadr installed Friday prayer imams in Shia-majority areas—a practice not traditional in Iraqi Shiism and considered "revolutionary, if not heretical" —it put him at odds with the Shia religious establishment in Najaf . Under both Khomeini and al-Sadr, political sermons would be heard. The world's largest Muslim population can be found in Indonesia , where over 240 million Muslims live making up nearly 90% of Indonesia's total population . In
11316-424: The presence of a just ruler or his representative or Faqih and in the absence of a just ruler or his representative and a just faqih, there exists an option between performing either the Friday or the zuhr prayer, although preference lies with the performance of Friday prayer. According to the history of Islam and the report from Abdullah bn 'Abbas narrated from the Prophet saying that: the permission to perform
11439-421: The project's completion with "an obscure law forbidding co-productions between public and private companies." Fo and Rame collaborated on the monologue Settimo: ruba un po' meno no. 2 ( Seventh Commandment: Steal a Bit Less No. 2 ), inspired by the corruption scandals ( Tangentopoli ) which were rife in Italy during the 1990s. They later performed Mamma! I sanculotti! ( Mummy! The Sans-culottes! ), set in
11562-463: The ruler or his deputy is necessary; the Friday prayer is not obligatory if neither of them is present. The Imamis require the ruler to be just (' adil ); otherwise his presence is equal to his absence. To the Hanafis, his presence is sufficient even if he is not just. The Shafi'is , Malikis and Hanbalis attach no significance to the presence of the ruler. Moreover, it has been stated that Jum'ah
11685-608: The sentence of Hayrettin Gül for the same reason. Each year on the anniversary of the massacre, demonstrators hold protests and vigils to commemorate the victims of the fire. Dario Fo remembered the massacre in his speech accepting the Nobel Prize in 1997. Many wish to see the hotel, which has since re-opened, declared a memorial and turned into a museum. In 2008 a government minister indicated that it would be turned into an Alevi cultural center, but this has yet to occur. In June 2010,
11808-467: The sermon." Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj an-Naysaburi relates that Muhammad used to read Surah 87 ( Al-Ala ) and Surah 88, ( Al-Ghashiya ), in Eid Prayers and also in Friday prayers. If one of the festivals fell on a Friday, Muhammad would have made sure to read these two Surahs in the prayers. Muhammad is quoted as saying "The best day the sun rises over is Friday; on it Allah created Adam . On it, he
11931-423: The slogan "I am not a moderate", he opposed the centre-right administration's plans to demolish parts of the city centre and vowed to chase out those "money-grabbing bastards who have run this city for decades". Securing 23.4% of the vote in the primary election of centre-left The Union in January 2006, he was ultimately unsuccessful, finishing second to Milan's former police chief Bruno Ferrante . Throughout
12054-585: The state structure. They asked the PCI for assistance and access to community centres and workers' clubs. In October 1968, they toured Fo's latest play Grande pantomima con bandiere e pupazzi piccoli e medi ( Grand Pantomime with Flags and Small and Middle-sized Puppets ), opening in Cesena . The play, which featured masks instead of characters—representing Capital, the Confederation of Industry, High Finance,
12177-454: The state to protect Roberto Saviano , whose life was under threat after exposing the clandestine activities of the Camorra in his 2006 book Gomorrah . Ahead of the 2013 Italian general election , Fo explained that the most recent targets of his satire included: "The banks mostly, and the big entrepreneurs. All those who hold the reins of 'the show within a show', i.e. those who – through
12300-644: The subject is well known. Now the Americans arrive on the scene and decide that we support terrorists, which means either that the Italian judicial authorities aren't doing their job or that they are in complicity with us." 1985 brought Hellequin, Harlekin, Arlecchino —based on Harlequin . 1986 brought Kidnapping Francesca [ it ] , in which bankrupt banker Francesca Bollini de Rill has herself kidnapped to divert from her imminent arrest—adapted as Abducting Diana in 1994 by Stephen Stenning for English audiences. Appointed Professor of Drama at
12423-487: The survey found that the number had dropped to 44.4% (including 41.3% of those under 30 and 48.8% of men). Meanwhile, in the Arab country of Egypt , jumuah attendance has risen massively in recent years. The 2012 World Values Survey found that 45.2% of Egyptians attended at least once a week (including 44.9% of Egyptians under the age of 30 and 60.1% of Egyptian men), but six years later the 2018 World Values Survey found that
12546-420: The suspects, including Cafer Erçakmak died while on trial. In March 2012, the Sivas massacre case against the remaining five defendants was dropped, owing to the statute of limitations. However, this case is still being appealed. The event was seen as a major assault on free speech and human rights in Turkey , and significantly deepened the rift between religious and secular segments of the society . A day after
12669-523: The total population to attending at rates higher than the total population. A different pattern is seen in the Muslim-majority country of Bangladesh (which has over 150 million Muslims making up over 90% of the population ). There the 2002 World Values Survey found that 56.1% of Bangladeshis attended religious services at least once a week (including 50.6% of Bangladeshis below the age of 30 and 61.7% of men), whereas sixteen years later in 2018,
12792-502: The traditional history-book image" of Christopher Columbus . Fo said: "I wanted to attack those Italian intellectuals who, with the centre-left and the Socialist Party in the government, had discovered power and its advantages and leapt on it like rats on a piece of cheese. I wanted to dismantle a character who had been embalmed as a hero in school history books, whereas he is in fact an intellectual who tries to keep afloat within
12915-409: The two reduced rakaʿāt of the ordinary Zuhr (dhuhr) prayer), and followed by a congregational prayer, led by the imām . In most cases the khaṭīb also serves as the imam. Attendance is strictly incumbent upon all adult males who are legal residents of the locality. The muezzin (muʾadhdhin) makes the call to prayer, called the adhan , usually 15–20 minutes prior to the start of Jum'ah. When
13038-687: The two titular 19th-century poets, described by him as "splendid texts, and when I recited them individually they worked marvellously, but not altogether in the same show." Next came the farce, Non Si Paga! Non Si Paga! ( Can't Pay? Won't Pay! ), documenting the autoriduzione (self-reduction) movement which had developed during the severe economic crisis Italy was experiencing, and in which people would take what they wished from markets, only paying for what they could afford. Regarded as Fo's best-known play internationally after Morte accidentale di un anarchico , it had been performed in 35 countries by 1990. The title Can't Pay? Won't Pay! has also passed into
13161-558: The war Fo returned to the Brera Academy, also taking up architectural studies at the Politecnico di Milano . He started a thesis on Roman architecture, but becoming disillusioned by the cheap impersonal work expected of architects after the war, he left his studies before his final examinations. He had a nervous breakdown; a doctor told him to spend time doing that which brought him joy. He began to paint and became involved in
13284-482: The working class". His receipt of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature marked the "international acknowledgment of Fo as a major figure in twentieth-century world theatre". The Swedish Academy praised Fo as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden". He owned and operated a theatre company. Fo was an atheist . An eldest child, Fo
13407-685: The world, including in Argentina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, India, Iran, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Yugoslavia. His work of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s is peppered with criticisms of assassinations, corruption, organised crime, racism, Roman Catholic theology , and war. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, he took to lampooning Forza Italia and its leader Silvio Berlusconi , while his targets of
13530-621: Was Porto Valtravaglia , a glassblowing colony in which, it has been claimed, resided the highest percentage of insane people in Italy. In 1942, Fo moved to Milan to study at the Academy Brera Academy . However, the Second World War intervened. At age 16, Fo was part of the last generation of soldiers drafted by the fascist army of Mussolini's Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Years later, when questioned about his affiliation, Fo explained that he initially opted to adopt
13653-413: Was "arguably the most widely performed contemporary playwright in world theatre". Much of his dramatic work depends on improvisation and comprises the recovery of "illegitimate" forms of theatre, such as those performed by giullari (medieval strolling players) and, more famously, the ancient Italian style of commedia dell'arte . His plays have been translated into 30 languages and performed across
13776-476: Was a station master for the Italian state railway, and the family frequently moved along the Swiss border when Felice was transferred to new postings. Felice, a socialist , was also an actor, appearing for an amateur theatre company in works by Ibsen among others. Fo learned storytelling from his maternal grandfather and Lombard fishers and glassblowers . Among the places in which Fo lived during his early years
13899-488: Was about a housewife locked indoors by her husband who had to deal with a crying baby while fighting off the advances of his disabled, wheelchair-using, pornographic-film-obsessed brother, a man with a telescope, an obscene telephone caller and a former teacher who has fallen in love with her. La mamma fricchettona ( Freak Mother ) featured a mother taking shelter in a church confessional after leaving her family to pursue drugs and free love . The Same Old Story features
14022-643: Was attended by Arthur Miller , Bernard Malamud , Richard Foreman and Martin Scorsese . The event featured a reading in English of the first act of Non Si Paga! Non Si Paga! and a letter (read by Piero Sciotto) written by Fo and Rame. The American Theatre Critics Association sent a letter to the politician, Edmund Muskie . In December 1980, Fo was on stage in France for his own show untitled "Histoire du tigre et autres histoires" (Tiger Story & other stories). In 1981, with La Commune having been evicted from
14145-475: Was born at Leggiuno , Sangiano , in Lombardy 's Province of Varese , near the eastern shore of Lake Maggiore . His younger brother Fulvio would become a theatre administrator, their younger sister Bianca Fo Garambois, a writer. Their mother, Pina Rota Fo, from a peasant background, wrote a book of reminiscences of the area between the wars, Il paese delle rane ( Land of Frogs , 1978). Their father, Felice,
14268-407: Was elevated above a sink in a Statue of Liberty pose, and then ascended to a heaven packed with consumer goods". The U.S. government would later consistently deny Fo entry under the now-defunct McCarran-Walter Act . Inspired by the events of May 1968 in France , Fo and Rame abandoned the official state theatre in Italy and set up Associazione Nuova Scena, a theatre collective operating outside
14391-417: Was left-wing Turkish intellectual Aziz Nesin , who was hated by many Muslims in Turkey because of his attempt to publish Salman Rushdie 's controversial novel, The Satanic Verses , regarded by many Muslims as blasphemous. Thousands of Sunni residents of Sivas, after attending Friday prayers in a nearby mosque, marched to the hotel in which the conference was taking place and set the building on fire. While
14514-532: Was made to enter paradise , on it he was expelled from it, and the Last Hour will take place on no other day than Friday." [Ahmad and at-Tirmithi]. Aws ibn Aws, narrated that Muhammad said: "Whoever performs Ghusl on Friday and causes (his wife) to do ghusl, then goes early to the mosque and attends from the beginning of the Khutbah and draws near to the Imam and listens to him attentively, Allah will give him
14637-642: Was more visible in younger Muslims. A study published in 2006, found that 35% of the Muslim youth in Germany attend religious services regularly. In 2009, 24% of Muslims in the Netherlands said they attended mosque once a week according to a survey. According to a survey published in 2010, 20% of the French Muslims claimed to go regularly to the mosque for the Friday service. Data from 2017 shows that American Muslim women and American Muslim men attend
14760-456: Was nominated for the Nobel Prize for the first time. He thought the idea absurd: "I have become famous for my aversion to figures of reverence and genuflections of any kind. This Nobel business is a real comedy. I can imagine the look on the faces of certain state officials, magistrates and politicians I know. They take great pains to shut me up and clap me in handcuffs, and the Swedes go and play
14883-526: Was produced, and toured the country attracting great interest. This was particularly due to a part at the end that unnerved audiences, who thought a coup had been declared across Italy. According to Chiara Valentini, a member of the audience panicked during a performance in Turin and ate ten pages of what he thought might be compromising names, while in Merano a student broke the glass in an attempt to flee through
15006-494: Was very impressed by, describing them as "absolutely original, with an extraordinary humour, wit and personification. When the show was over we'd go for walks round the lake and he'd tell me more stories. In this way we originated a project in which we would work together on a new type of revue, one which didn't copy reality, but which involved people and took a stand." In late 1951, after Fo had gained experience with Parenti, Italian national radio station RAI invited Fo to perform
15129-450: Was watching it. The show's eighth episode—which referenced the dangerous conditions faced by workers on building sites—led to a dispute with the programme's producers, and prompted Fo and Rame to walk out on 29 November 1962. RAI maintained it would not broadcast the sketch as it risked further inflaming the annoyance of building workers' unions at working conditions. National uproar ensued over this censorship, with headlines in
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