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101-692: Kabara and or Magajiya is the title used by the matriarchal monarchs that ruled the Hausa people in medieval times. The Kano Chronicle gives the following list of matriarchal monarchs that was said to have culminated and ended with the rule of Daurama II, the last Kabara of Daura . List of Kabaras: Hausa people The Hausa have, in the last 500 years, criss-crossed the vast landscape of Africa in all its four corners for varieties of reasons ranging from military service, long-distance trade, hunting, performance of hajj , fleeing from oppressive Hausa feudal kings as well as spreading Islam. Because

202-590: A defensive wall with the construction of the foundation laid by Sarki Gijimasu (r. 1095–1134), the third king of the Kingdom of Kano in the Kano Chronicle . In the mid 14th century during the reign of Zamnagawa, the wall was completed before it was further expanded during the 16th century. According to historians, the then General-Governor of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria , Fredrick Lugard , wrote in

303-716: A 1903 report about the Kano Walls that he had "never seen anything like it in Africa" after capturing the ancient city of Kano along with British forces. Many old royal residences have also survived to this day, mainly within the old city and its surroundings. Such private houses include the Gidan Chiroma , Filin Chiranchi , and others. Larger palaces, include the Gidan Rumfa , Gidan Makama , and winter retreat for

404-519: A Sahelian people however allowed for significant integration between the two groups. Since the early 20th century, these peoples are often classified as " Hausa–Fulani " within Nigeria rather than as individuated groups. In fact, a large number of Fulani living in Hausa regions cannot speak Fulfulde at all and speak Hausa as their first language. Many Fulani in the region do not distinguish themselves from

505-479: A city that prides itself as an important Islamic learning centre. The minaret is believed to be one of West Africa's first multi-storey buildings and was once the tallest building in Katsina. The mosque's origin is attributed to the efforts of the influential Islamic scholar Sheikh Muhammad al-Maghili and Sultan Muhammadu Korau of Katsina. Al-Maghili was from the town of Tlemcen in present-day Algeria and taught for

606-516: A kind of university. Muhammad Rumfa was the Sultan of the Sultanate of Kano , located in modern-day Kano State , Northern Nigeria . He reigned from 1463 until 1499. Among Rumfa's accomplishments were extending the city walls, building a large palace, the Gidan Rumfa , promoting slaves to governmental positions and establishing the great Kurmi Market , which is still in use today. Kurmi Market

707-533: A large swathe of west Africa such as Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, etc.. Muslim scholars of the early 19th century disapproved of the hybrid religion practiced in royal courts. A desire for reform contributed to the formation of the Sokoto Caliphate . The formation of this state strengthened Islam in rural areas. The Hausa people have been an important factor for the spread of Islam in West Africa. Today,

808-403: A matching blouse, head tie (kallabi) and shawl (Gyale). Like other Muslims and specifically Sahelians within West Africa, Hausa women traditionally use Henna (lalle) designs painted onto the hand instead of nail-polish. A shared tradition with other Afro-Asiatic speakers like Berbers , Habesha , (ancient) Egyptians and Arab peoples, both Hausa men and women use kohl ('kwalli') around

909-498: A population of 30,000 with commerce and manufacturing abundant. He mentioned "its huge market was a labyrinth of narrow alleys with everything sold from vegetables to slaves". He also called Kano the greatest emporium of central Africa and estimated the percentage of slaves in Kano to be at least 50%, most of whom lived in slave villages. This was one of the last major slave societies, with high percentages of enslaved population long after

1010-519: A possible common ancestry of Nilo-Saharan speaking populations from an eastern Sudanese homeland within the past ≈10,500 years, with subsequent bi-directional migration westward to Lake Chad and southward into modern day southern Sudan, and more recent migration eastward into Kenya and Tanzania ≈3,000 ya (giving rise to Southern Nilotic speakers) and westward into Chad ≈2,500 ya (giving rise to Central Sudanic speakers) (S62, S65, S67, S74). A proposed migration of proto-Chadic Afroasiatic speakers ≈7,000 ya from

1111-701: A railway line reached Kano. Kano is a major centre for the production and export of agricultural products like hides , skins , peanuts , and cotton . The city maintains its economy and business even in the 21st century, with it producing the richest man in Africa— Aliko Dangote —whose great-grandfather Alhassan Dantata was the richest West African in the mid 20th century. Over the years, inconsistent government policies and sporadic electricity supply hampered manufacturing and industry, so that Kano's economy relies primarily on trade, retail and services. There are plans to establish an information technology park in

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1212-416: A researcher of Nigerian martial art culture recognizes striking similarities in stance and single wrapped fist of Hausa boxers to images of ancient Egyptian boxers from the 12th and 13th dynasties. It originally started out among the lower class of Hausa butcher caste groups and later developed into a way of practicing military skills and then into sporting events through generations of Northern Nigerians. It

1313-511: A rich and particular mode of dressing, food, language, marriage system , education system, traditional architecture, sports, music and other forms of traditional entertainment. The Hausa language , a member of Afroasiatic family of languages, has more first-language speakers than any other African language . It has around 50 million first-language speakers, and close to 30 million second-language speakers. The main Hausa-speaking area

1414-562: A share in it. There is something grand about this industry, which spreads to the north as far as Murzuk , Ghat and even Tripoli , to the West, not only to Timbuctu , but in some degree even as far as the shores of the Atlantic, the very inhabitants of Arguin dressing in the cloth woven and dyed in Kano ; to the east, all over Borno , ...and to the south...it invades the whole of Adamawa and

1515-475: A sharia police station, an Islamic centre, and a council secretariat. 280 federal soldiers were deployed around the city. In January 2012, a series of bomb attacks killed up to 162 people. Four police stations, the State Security Service headquarters, passport offices and immigration centres were attacked. Jihadist insurgents Boko Haram claimed responsibility. After the bombings, Kano

1616-477: A total of twelve "innovations" to Rumfa. According to the Kano Chronicle, the thirty-seventh Sarkin Kano ( King of Kano ) was Mohammed Sharef (1703–1731). His successor, Kumbari dan Sharefa (1731–1743), engaged in major battles with Sokoto as a longterm rivalry. At the beginning of the 19th century, Fulani Islamic leader Usman dan Fodio led a jihad affecting much of central Sudan which demolished

1717-621: A type of shirt called tagguwa (long and short slip). The oral tradition regarding the tagguwa is that during the age when Hausawa were using leaves and animal skin to cover their private parts, a man called Guwa decided to cut the centre of the animal skin and wear it like a shirt instead of just covering his privates. People around to Guwa became interested in his new style and decided to copy it. They called it 'Ta Guwa', meaning "similar to Guwa". It eventually evolved to become Tagguwa. Men also wear colourful embroidered caps known as hula. Depending on their location and occupation, they may wear

1818-568: A very controversial move, Ajami was removed from the new 100 Naira banknote. Nevertheless, the Hausa remain preeminent in Niger and Northern Nigeria . Hausas in the narrow sense are indigenous of Kasar Hausa (Hausaland) who are found in West Africa. Within the Hausa, a distinction is made between three subgroups: Habe, Hausa-Fulani (Kado), and Banza or Banza 7. According to a Y-DNA study by Hassan et al. (2008), about 47% of Hausa in Sudan carry

1919-544: A while in Katsina, which had become a centre of learning at this time, when he visited the town in the late 15th century during the reign of Muhammadu Korau. He and Korau discussed the idea of building a mosque to serve as a centre for spiritual and intellectual activities. The Gobarau mosque was designed and built to reflect the Timbuktu-style of architecture. It became an important centre for learning, attracting scholars and students from far and wide, and later served as

2020-479: Is among the oldest and largest local markets in Africa. It used to serve as an international market where North African goods were exchanged for domestic goods through trans-Saharan trade. Muhammad Rumfa was also responsible for much of the Islamisation of Kano, as he urged prominent residents to convert. The legendary Queen Amina (or Aminatu) is believed to have ruled Zazzau between the 15th century and

2121-656: Is an indicator of Hausa ancestry. The homeland of Hausa people is Hausaland ("Kasar Hausa"), situated in Northern Nigeria and Southern Niger. However, Hausa people are found throughout Africa and Western Asia. Cambridge scholar Charles Henry Robinson wrote in the 1890s that "Settlements of Hausa-speaking people are to be found in Alexandria, Tripoli, [and] Tunis." The table below shows Hausa ethnic population distribution by country of indigenization , outside of Nigeria and Niger: Daura , in northern Nigeria ,

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2222-502: Is available as course of study in northern Nigerian universities . In addition, several advanced degrees (Masters and PhD) are offered in Hausa in various universities in the UK , US , and Germany . Hausa is also being used in various social media networks around the world. Hausa is considered one of the world's major languages, and it has widespread use in a number of countries of Africa . Hausa's rich poetry, prose, and musical literature

2323-519: Is fought in rounds of three or less which have no time limits. A round ends if an opponent is knocked out, a fighter's knee, body or hand touch the ground, inactivity or halted by an official. Kano (city) Kano ( Ajami : كَنُواْ) is a city in northern Nigeria and the capital of Kano State . It is the second largest city in Nigeria after Lagos , with over four million citizens living within 449 km (173 sq mi). Located in

2424-544: Is increasingly available in print and in audio and video recordings. The study of Hausa provides an informative entry into the culture of Islamic Africa. Throughout Africa, there is a strong connection between Hausa and Islam. The influence of the Hausa language on the languages of many non-Hausa Muslim peoples in Africa is readily apparent. Likewise, many Hausa cultural practices, including such overt features as dress and food, are shared by other Muslim communities. Because of

2525-432: Is northern Nigeria and southern Niger . Hausa is also widely spoken in northern Ghana , Cameroon , Chad , and Ivory Coast as well as among Fulani , Tuareg , Kanuri , Gur , Shuwa Arab , and other Afro-Asiatic , Niger-Congo , and Nilo-Saharan speaking groups. There are also large Hausa communities in every major African city in neighbourhoods called zango s or zongo s, meaning "caravan camp" in Hausa (denoting

2626-490: Is one of the seven medieval Hausa kingdoms . The principal inhabitants of the city are the Hausa and Fulani people. Centuries before British colonization, Kano was strongly cosmopolitan with settled populations of Arab , Tuareg , Kanuri and remains so with the Hausa language spoken as a lingua-franca by over 70 million speakers in the region. Islam arrived in the city in the 11th century or earlier primarily through

2727-651: Is only limited by the pagans who wear no clothing." In clear testimony to T. L Hodgkin's claim, the people of Agadez and Saharan areas of central Niger, the Tuareg and the Hausa groups are indistinguishable from each other in their traditional clothing; both wear the tagelmust and indigo Babban Riga/Gandora . But the two groups differ in language, lifestyle and preferred beasts of burden (the Tuareg use camels , while Hausa ride horses ). Other Hausa have influenced other ethnic groups southwards and in similar fashion to their Sahelian neighbors, which have heavily influenced

2828-411: Is the oldest city of Hausaland . The Hausa of Gobir , also in northern Nigeria, speak the oldest surviving classical vernacular of the language . Historically, Katsina was the centre of Hausa Islamic scholarship but was later replaced by Sokoto stemming from the 19th century Usman Dan Fodio Islamic reform. The Hausa are culturally and historically closest to other Sahelian ethnic groups, primarily

2929-400: Is then richly embroidered in traditional patterns. It has been suggested that these African techniques were the inspiration for the tie-dyed garments identified with hippie fashion. The traditional dress of the Hausa consists of loose flowing gowns and trousers. The gowns have wide openings on both sides for ventilation. The trousers are loose at the top and center, but rather tight around

3030-507: Is ubiquitous in northern Nigeria and southern Niger, and radio stations in Cameroon have regular Hausa broadcasts, as do international broadcasters such as the BBC, VOA, Deutsche Welle, Radio Moscow , Radio Beijing, RFI France, IRIB Iran IRIB World Service , and others Hausa is used as the language of instruction at the elementary level in schools in northern Nigeria, and Hausa

3131-511: Is under construction from Lagos. In 2017, a 74-km, four-line light rail network was announced by the Kano State Ministry of Works, Housing & Transport; with a US$ 1.8 billion contract signed with China Railway Construction Corporation . Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Kano: From 2006 to 2015, backed by high oil prices, major highways, overhead bridges and other transportation infrastructure were built by

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3232-705: The Atlantic slave trade had been cut off. From 1893 until 1895, two rival claimants for the throne fought a civil war, or Basasa . With the help of royal slaves, Yusufu was victorious over his brother Tukur and claimed the title of emir. In March 1903, the city-state was absorbed into the British Empire after the Battle of Kano , the Fort of Kano was captured by the British, It quickly replaced Lokoja as

3333-488: The Chiroman Kano (Crown Prince) and son of the late Emir Ado Bayero, with allegations that Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso interfered with the king-making process. In 2019, Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje balkanized the traditional Kano Emirate into four new emirates; Bichi , Rano , Gaya and Karaye . This unprecedented move was criticized by elders. According to the law, out of the 44 local government areas in

3434-1035: The Fula ; the Zarma and Songhai (in Tillabery , Tahoua and Dosso in Niger ); the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs (in Chad , Sudan and northeastern Nigeria); the Tuareg (in Agadez , Maradi and Zinder ); the Gur and Gonja (in northeastern Ghana , Burkina Faso , northern Togo and upper Benin ); Gwari (in central Nigeria); and the Mandinka , Bambara , Dioula and Soninke (in Mali , Senegal , Gambia , Ivory Coast and Guinea ). All of these various ethnic groups among and around

3535-655: The Igbo , Hausa and Yoruba tribes using X-STR analysis, found that when studying the genetic affinity, no significant differences were detected. It supported a homogeneity of Nigerian ethnic groups for X-chromosome markers. In 2024, a paper similarly found homogeneity in the Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa in Nigeria for X-Chromosomes (mtDNA). However, differences in the Hausa were found for the Y-Chromosome, where they had more paternal lineages associated with Afro-Asiatic speakers, while

3636-707: The Sahara Desert in the Sudanian Savanna region that stretches across the south of the Sahel . The city lies near where the Kano and Challawa rivers flowing from the southwest converge to form the Hadejia River , which eventually flows into Lake Chad to the east. Kano is 481 metres (1,578 feet ) above sea level . Kano has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ). The city has on average about 980 mm (38.6 in) of precipitation per year,

3737-586: The Timbuktu Manuscripts written in the Ajami script have been discovered recently, some of them describing constellations and calendars . The Gobarau Minaret was built in the 15th century in Katsina . It is a 50-foot edifice located in the centre of the city of Katsina , the capital of Katsina State . The Gobarau minaret, a symbol of the state, is an early example of Islamic architecture in

3838-720: The West Eurasian haplogroup R1b . The remainder belong to various African paternal lineages: 15.6% B , 12.5% A and 12.5% E1b1a . A small minority of around 4% are E1b1b clade bearers, a haplogroup which is most common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa . A more recent study on Hausa of Arewa (Northern Nigeria ) revealed similar results: 47% E1b1a , 5% E1b1b , 21% other Haplogroup E ( E-M33 , E-M75 ...), 18% R1b and 9% B . In terms of overall ancestry, an autosomal DNA study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) found

3939-543: The savanna , south of the Sahel , Kano is a major route of the trans-Saharan trade , having been a trade and human settlement for millennia. It is the traditional state of the Dabo dynasty who have ruled as emirs over the city-state since the 19th century. Kano Emirate Council is the current traditional institution inside the city boundaries of Kano, and under the authority of the Government of Kano State . The city

4040-504: The suzerainty of the Sokoto Caliphate, Kano prospered as the center of commercial activity. Weaving, dyeing and leatherwork were traded as far north as Morocco and thereafter to Europe. Its cotton cloth traded as far as Tripoli , Lake Chad , and Timbuktu . In 1851, Heinrich Barth (a German scholar who spent several years in northern Nigeria in the 1850s) mentioned that Kano had a 10-mile long 30 ft high clay walls with

4141-512: The trading post origins of these communities). Most Hausa speakers, regardless of ethnic affiliation, are Muslims ; Hausa often serves as a lingua franca among Muslims in non-Hausa areas. There is a large and growing printed literature in Hausa, which includes novels, poetry, plays, instruction in Islamic practice, books on development issues, newspapers, news magazines, and technical academic works. Radio and television broadcasting in Hausa

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4242-416: The trans-Saharan trade . As a result, Kano became wealthy and the commercial nerve centre of the region and Northern Nigeria , and is still associated as the " centre of commerce ". Kano was originally known as Dala, after the hill , and was referred to as such until the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th by Bornoan sources. In the 7th century, Dala Hill , a residual hill in Kano,

4343-441: The 11th century — giving rise to famous native Sufi saints and scholars such as Wali Muhammad dan Masani (d.1667) and Wali Muhammad dan Marina (d. 1655) in Katsina — mostly among long-distance traders to North Africa whom in turn had spread it to common people while the ruling class had remained largely pagan or mixed their practice of Islam with pagan practices. By the 14th century, Hausa traders were already spreading Islam across

4444-628: The 14th century, Islam was becoming widespread in Hausaland as Wangara scholars, scholars and traders from Mali and scholars and traders from the Maghreb brought the religion with them. By the early 15th century, the Hausa were using a modified Arabic script known as ajami to record their own language. The Hausa compiled several written histories, the most popular being the Kano Chronicle . Many medieval Hausa manuscripts similar to

4545-413: The 16th century for a period of 34 years. Amina was 16 years old when her mother, Bakwa Turunku became queen and she was given the traditional title of Magajiya , an honorific borne by the daughters of monarchs. She honed her military skills and became famous for her bravery and military exploits, as she is celebrated in song as "Amina, daughter of Nikatau, a woman as capable as a man." Amina is credited as

4646-560: The 7th century, the Dalla Hill in Kano was the site of a Hausa community that migrated from Gaya and engaged in iron-working. The Hausa Bakwai kingdoms were established around the 7th to 11th centuries. Of these, the Kingdom of Daura was the first, according to the Bayajidda legend. However, the legend of Bayajidda is a relatively new concept in the history of the Hausa people that gained traction and official recognition under

4747-460: The British authorities, who had expected the Hausa to turn to cotton production. However, the Hausa had sufficient agricultural expertise to realise cotton required more labour and the European prices offered for groundnuts were more attractive than those for cotton. "Within two years the peasant farmers of Hausaland were producing so many tonnes of groundnuts that the railway was unable to cope with

4848-649: The Habe kingdom, leading to the emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate . In 1805 the last sultan of Kano was defeated by the Jobe Clan of the Fulani , and Kano became an Emirate of the Caliphate. Kano was already the largest and most prosperous province of the empire. The city suffered famines from 1807 to 1810, in the 1830s, 1847, 1855, 1863, 1873, 1884, and from 1889 until 1890. During the 19th century when Kano came under

4949-437: The Hausa language. The ancient Kano city walls were built in order to provide security to the growing population. The foundation for the construction of the wall was laid by Sarki Gijimasu from 1095 through 1134 and was completed in the middle of the 14th century. In the 16th century, the walls were further extended to their present position. The gates are as old as the walls and were used to control movement of people in and out of

5050-402: The Hausa live in the vast and open lands of the Sahel , Saharan and Sudanian regions, and as a result of the geography and the criss crossing network of traditional African trade routes, have had their cultures heavily influenced by their Hausa neighbours, as noted by T.L. Hodgkin "The great advantage of Kano is that commerce and manufactures go hand in hand, and that almost every family has

5151-627: The Hausa to be most closely related to Nilo-Saharan populations from Chad and South Sudan . This suggests that the Hausa and other modern Chadic-speaking populations originally spoke Nilo-Saharan languages, before adopting languages from the Afroasiatic family after migration into that area thousands of years ago: From K = 5-13, all Nilo-Saharan speaking populations from southern Sudan, and Chad cluster with west-central Afroasiatic Chadic-speaking populations (Fig. S15). These results are consistent with linguistic and archeological data, suggesting

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5252-460: The Hausa, as they have long intermarried, they share the Islamic religion and more than half of all Nigerian Fulani have integrated into Hausa culture. British colonial administrator Frederick Lugard exploited rivalries between many of the emirs in the south and the central Sokoto administration to counter possible defence efforts as his men marched toward the capital. As the British approached

5353-687: The Islamic government and institutions that were newly established after the 1804 Usman dan Fodio Jihad. The Hausa Kingdoms were independent political entities in what is now Northern Nigeria . The Hausa city states emerged as southern terminals of the Trans-Saharan caravan trade. Like other cities such as Gao and Timbuktu in the Mali Empire , these city states became centres of long-distance trade. Hausa merchants in each of these cities collected trade items from domestic areas such as leather, dyed cloth, horse gear, metal locks and kola nuts from

5454-525: The Kano Chronicle, "The Sarkin Nupe sent her (i.e. the princess) 40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts." From 1804 to 1808, the Fulani , another Islamic African ethnic group that spanned West Africa and have settled in Hausaland since the early 1500s, with support of already oppressed Hausa peasants revolted against oppressive cattle tax and religious persecution under the new king of Gobir , whose predecessor and father had tolerated Muslim evangelists and even favoured

5555-561: The Middle Ages when the city served as the southernmost point of the famous trans-Sahara trade routes. Kano was well connected with many cities in North Africa and some cities in southern Europe. By 1851, the city of Kano produced 10 million pairs of sandals and 5 million tanned hides annually for export, with other products including textile materials, leather and grains. Kano was connected with trans-Atlantic trade in 1911 when

5656-621: The Sokoto Caliphate was divided among the control of the British, French, and Germans under the terms of the Berlin Conference . The British established the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to govern the region, which included most of the Sokoto empire and its most important emirates. Under Lugard, the various emirs were provided significant local autonomy, thus retaining much of the political organisation of

5757-499: The Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto area was treated as just another emirate within the Nigerian Protectorate. Because it was never connected with the railway network, it became economically and politically marginal. The Sultan of Sokoto continued to be regarded as an important Muslim spiritual and religious position; the lineage connection to dan Fodio has continued to be recognised. One of the most significant Sultans

5858-673: The Yoruba and Igbo were paternally related to other Niger-Congo speaking groups. Specifically, in the 135 Yoruba and 134 Igbo males, E-M2 was seen at high rates of 90%. In contrast, the 89 Hausa males had E-M2 at 43%, and frequencies for R1b-V88 at 32%, A 9%, E1a 6%, B 5%, and another 5% being made of other lineages. The Hausa cultural practices stand unique in Nigeria and have withstood the test of time due to strong traditions, cultural pride as well as an efficient precolonial native system of government. Consequently, and in spite of strong competition from western European culture as adopted by their southern Nigerian counterparts , have maintained

5959-502: The administrative centre of Northern Nigeria . It was replaced as the centre of government by Zungeru and later Kaduna , and only regained administrative significance with the creation of Kano State following Nigerian independence. From 1913 to 1914, as the peanut business was expanding, Kano suffered a major drought , which caused a famine. Other famines during British rule occurred in 1908, 1920, 1927, 1943, 1951, 1956, and 1958. By 1922, groundnut trader Alhassan Dantata had become

6060-415: The architectural overseer who created the strong earthen walls that surround her city, which were the prototype for the fortifications used in all Hausa states. She subsequently built many of these fortifications, which became known as ganuwar Amina or Amina's walls, around various conquered cities. The objectives of her conquests were twofold: extension of her nation beyond its primary borders and reducing

6161-527: The capital of a pseudo Habe Empire. In 1463, Muhammad Rumfa (reigned 1463–1499) ascended the throne. During his reign, political pressure from the rising Songhai Empire forced him to take Auwa, the daughter of Askiyah the Great as his wife. She was to later become the first female Madaki of Kano. Rumfa was a rich and flamboyant king. Luxurious clothing and expensive ostrich feather shoes were common among government officials. The kakaki (a kind of trumpet)

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6262-552: The cavalry of the Sultan's army. He also noted the abundance of rice, corn, cotton and citrus fruits. Rumfa reformed the city, expanded the Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Emir's Palace), and played a role in the further Islamization of the city, as he urged prominent residents to convert and invited many prominent scholars to the city. He also built the walls of the city and the Kurmi market. The Kano Chronicle attributes

6363-628: The central Sahara into the Lake Chad Basin may have caused many western Nilo-Saharans to shift to Chadic languages (S99). Our data suggest that this shift was not accompanied by large amounts of Afroasiatic16 gene flow. Analyses of mtDNA provide evidence for divergence ≈8,000 ya of a distinct mtDNA lineage present at high frequency in the Chadic populations and suggest an East African origin for most mtDNA lineages in these populations (S100) . A study from 2019 that genotyped 218 unrelated males from

6464-407: The cheeks. Common traditional dressing in Hausa men Common modern dressing in Hausa women The architecture of the Hausa is perhaps one of the least known of the medieval age. Many of their early mosques and palaces are bright and colourful, including intricate engraving or elaborate symbols designed into the facade This architectural style is known as Tubali which means architecture in

6565-421: The city of Sokoto, the new Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I organised a quick defence of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British emerged triumphant, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a Mahdist hijra . On 13 March 1903 at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Caliphate officially conceded to British rule. The British appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II as

6666-604: The city. Kano is traditionally an equestrian society and this is manifested during the annual Durbar festival to mark and celebrate the two annual Muslim festivals Eid al-Fitr (to mark the end of the Holy Month of Ramadan ) and Eid al-Adha (to mark the Hajj Holy Pilgrimage). Kano Durbar Festival is the Nigeria's Most Spectacular Horseparade that marks a celebration of northern Nigeria's cultural treasure. The festival begins with skilled horsemen from

6767-410: The city. Hausa buildings are characterized by the use of dry mud bricks in cubic structures, multi-storied buildings for the social elite, the use of parapets related to their military/fortress building past, and traditional white stucco and plaster for house fronts. At times the facades may be decorated with various abstract relief designs, sometimes painted in vivid colours to convey information about

6868-408: The city. Kano was also headquarters of Azman Airlines and is the headquarters city of Max Air and various independent travel agencies. After a hiatus of many years, the railway line from Kano to Lagos was rehabilitated by 2013. The train trip to Lagos takes 30 hours and costs the equivalent of US$ 12 , only a quarter of the equivalent bus fare. In 2014, a new double track, standard gauge line

6969-408: The conquered cities to a vassal status. Sultan Muhammad Bello of Sokoto stated that, "She made war upon these countries and overcame them entirely so that the people of Katsina paid tribute to her and the men of Kano and... also made war on cities of Bauchi till her kingdom reached to the sea in the south and the west." Likewise, she led her armies as far as Kwararafa and Nupe and, according to

7070-409: The cultures of these groups. Islamic Shari'a law is loosely the law of the land in Hausa areas, well-understood by any Islamic scholar or teacher, known in Hausa as a m'allam , mallan or malam (see Maulana ). This pluralist attitude toward ethnic identity and cultural affiliation has enabled the Hausa to inhabit one of the largest geographic regions of non- Bantu ethnic groups in Africa. In

7171-497: The current Sultan of Sokoto is regarded as the traditional religious leader ( Sarkin Musulmi ) of Sunni Hausa–Fulani in Nigeria and beyond. Maguzanci , an African Traditional Religion , was practised extensively before Islam. In the more remote areas of Hausaland, the people continue to practise Maguzanci. Closer to urban areas, it is not as common, but with elements still held among the beliefs of urban dwellers. Practices include

7272-443: The deity Tsumburbura ( Elizabeth Isichei notes that the description of Barbushe is similar to those of Sao people ). While small chiefdoms were previously present in the area, according to the Kano Chronicle, Bagauda son of Bawo and grandson of the mythical hero Bayajidda , became the first king of Kano in 999, reigning until 1063. His grandson Gijimasu (1095–1134), the third king, began building city walls (badala/ganuwa) at

7373-534: The dominant position which the Hausa language and culture have long held, the study of Hausa provides crucial background for other areas such as African history, politics (particularly in Nigeria and Niger), gender studies, commerce, and the arts. Sunni Islam of the Maliki madhhab, is the predominant and historically established religion of the Hausa people. Islam has been present in Hausaland since as early as

7474-492: The early 20th century by the British (mostly) and French colonial authorities. Since the 1950s, boko has been the main alphabet for Hausa. Arabic script ( ajami ) is now only used in Islamic schools and for Islamic literature. Today millions of Hausa-speaking people, who can read and write in Ajami only, are considered illiterates by the Nigerian government. Despite this, Hausa Ajami is present on Naira banknotes. In 2014, in

7575-493: The emir, pulling up just feet in front of the seated dignitaries to offer their respect and allegiance. During the festival, the emir makes a beautiful appearance in different colors dressed and adorned with the attire of a king. For the first time in 200 years, the durban horse festival was cancelled in 2012 due to the bad health condition of the Emir of Kano. Some analysts suggested that the cancellation could also be attributed to

7676-442: The emir. Kano houses a railway station with trains to Lagos routed through Kaduna , while Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport lies nearby. The city is supplied with water by the nearby Challawa Gorge Dam , which is being considered as a source of hydro power. Because Kano is north of the rail junction at Kaduna, it has equal access to the seaports at Lagos and Port Harcourt . The airline Kabo Air had its head office in

7777-432: The eyes as an eye shadow, with the area below the eye receiving a thicker line than that of the top. Also, similar to Berber, Bedouin , Zarma and Fulani women, Hausa women traditionally use kohl to accentuate facial symmetry. This is usually done by drawing a vertical line from below the bottom lip down to the chin. Other designs may include a line along the bridge of the nose, or a single pair of small symmetrical dots on

7878-405: The foot of Dala Hill. His own son, Tsaraki (1136–1194), the fifth king, completed them during his reign. In the 12th century, Ali Yaji from Kudawa lineage as King of Kano renounced his allegiance to the cult of Tsumburbura, converted to Islam and proclaimed the Sultanate that was to last until its fall in the 19th century. The reign of Yaji ensued an era of expansionism that saw Kano becoming

7979-496: The large majority of which falls from June through September. Like the vast majority of Nigeria , Kano is very hot for most of the year, peaking in April. From December through February, the city is less hot, with morning temperatures during the months of December, January and February averaging between 14 and 16 °C (57.2 and 60.8 °F). Metropolitan Kano has eight local governments: The economic history of Kano dates back to

8080-408: The leading Muslim cleric of the day, Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio whose life the new king had sought end. Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio fled Gobir and from his sanctuary declared Jihad on its king and all Habe dynasty kings for their alleged greed, paganism, injustices against the peasant class, use of heavy taxation and violation of the standards of Sharia law. The Fulani and Hausa cultural similarities as

8181-428: The legs. Leather sandals and turbans are also typical. The men are easily recognizable because of their elaborate dress which is a large flowing gown known as Babban riga also known by various other names due to adaptation by many ethnic groups neighboring the Hausa (see indigo Babban Riga/Gandora ). These large flowing gowns usually feature elaborate embroidery designs around the neck and chest area. They also wore

8282-464: The neighbouring states. The first civilian governor was Abubakar Rimi . In December 1980, radical preacher Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine led a riot . He was killed by security forces, but his followers later started uprisings in other northern cities. After the introduction of sharia law in Kano State in the early 2000s, many Christians left the city. 100 people were killed in riots over

8383-454: The new Caliph. Lugard abolished the Caliphate, but retained the title Sultan as a symbolic position in the newly organised Northern Nigeria Protectorate . In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining forces of Attahiru I, who was killed in action ; by 1906 resistance to British rule had ended with the conquest of Hadejia and the death of Sarki Muhammadu Mai Shahada of Hadejia as the last Emirate standing in Sokoto Caliphate . The area of

8484-442: The occupant. The Hausa culture is rich in traditional sporting events such as boxing ( Dambe ), stick fight (Takkai), wrestling (Kokowa) etc. that were originally organized to celebrate harvests but over the generations developed into sporting events for entertainment purposes. Dambe is a brutal form of traditional martial art associated with the Hausa people of West Africa. Its origin is shrouded in mystery. However, Edward Powe,

8585-510: The rain forest region to the south through trade or slave raiding , processed (and taxed) them and then sent them north to cities along the Mediterranean . By the 12th century AD, the Hausa were becoming one of Africa's major trading powers, competing with Kanem-Bornu and the Mali Empire . The primary exports were leather , gold , cloth , salt , kola nuts , slaves , animal hides, and henna . Certainly trade influenced religion. By

8686-567: The richest businessman in the Kano Emirate , surpassing fellow merchants Umaru Sharubutu Koki and Maikano Agogo . In May 1953, an inter-ethnic riot arose due to southern newspapers misreporting on the nature of a disagreement between northern and southern politicians in the House of Representatives . Thousands of Nigerians of southern origin died as a result a politically sparked riot. Ado Bayero became emir of Kano in 1963. Kano state

8787-428: The rising deadly Boko haram attacks in the northern part of Nigeria at that time. Kano's architecture over the years has seen wide variations, especially from the traditional architecture to modern architecture. The city is a leading axis of Sudano-Sahelian architecture , developing the local Tubali style which manifested in mosques, walls, common compounds, and gates. The design exteriorization of building façades

8888-423: The royal court and aristocrats being accompanied by musicians, artillerymen, and traditional circus in a procession of highly rich and colorful style through the city on the way to the emir's palace. Once assembled near the palace, the horsemen separate into their respective groups, each under the banner of district head (hakimai) or a titled nobleman from the emir's court (masarauta), take it in turns to charge toward

8989-492: The sacrifice of animals for personal ends, but it is not legitimate to practise Maguzanci magic for harm. People of urbanized areas tend to retain a "cult of spirit possession ," known as Bori . It incorporates the old religion's elements of African Traditional Religion and magic . The Hausa were famous throughout the Middle Ages for their cloth weaving and dyeing, cotton goods, leather sandals, metal locks, horse equipment and leather-working and export of such goods throughout

9090-632: The sharia issue during October 2001. In November 2007, political violence broke out in the city after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) accused the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) of rigging the November 17 local government elections. (The ANPP won in 36 of the state's 44 local Government Areas.) Hundreds of youths took to the streets, over 300 of whom were arrested; at least 25 people were killed. Buildings set on fire include

9191-576: The state, Sanusi as Emir of Kano will preside over just 10 local government areas; with the remainder carved up amongst the new emirates. On 9 March 2020, Sanusi was dethroned by Governor Abdullahi Ganduje . The emir was immediately moved to detention under heavy security escort to an apartment in awe, Nasarawa state . It took the intervention of the federal high court in Abuja to order his release from detention in Nasarawa. The city lies south of

9292-407: The traffic. As a result, the European merchants in Kano had to stockpile sacks of groundnuts in the streets." (Shillington 338). The Boko script was implemented by the British and French colonial authorities and made the official Hausa alphabet in 1930. Boko is a Latin alphabet used to write the Hausa language . The first boko was devised by Europeans in the early 19th century, and developed in

9393-434: The turban around this to veil the face, called Alasho . The women can be identified by wrappers called zani, made with colourful cloth known as atampa or Ankara , (a descendant of early designs from the famous Tie-dye techniques the Hausa have for centuries been known for, named after the Hausa name for Accra the capital of what is now Ghana, and where an old Hausa speaking trading community still lives) accompanied by

9494-614: The vast majority of Hausas and Hausa speakers are Muslims, many attempted to embark on the Hajj pilgrimage, a requirement of all Muslims who are able. On the way to or back from the Hijaz region, many settled, often indigenizing to some degree. For example, many Hausa in Saudi Arabia identify as both Hausa and Afro-Arab. In the Arab world, the surname "Hausawi" (alternatively spelled "Hawsawi")

9595-492: The west African region as well as to north Africa (Hausa leather was erroneously known to medieval Europe as Moroccan leather ). They were often characterized by their Indigo blue dressing and emblems which earned them the nickname "bluemen". They traditionally rode on fine Saharan camels and horses . Tie-dye techniques have been used in the Hausa region of West Africa for centuries with renowned indigo dye pits located in and around Kano , Nigeria . The tie-dyed clothing

9696-569: Was Siddiq Abubakar III , who held the position for 50 years from 1938 to 1988. He was known as a stabilising force in Nigerian politics, particularly in 1966 after the assassination of Ahmadu Bello , the Premier of Northern Nigeria. Following the construction of the Nigerian railway system , which extended from Lagos in 1896 to Ibadan in 1900 and Kano in 1911, the Hausa of northern Nigeria became major producers of groundnuts. They surprised

9797-416: Was also first used during his reign. His wealth is owed to Kano's commercial prosperity during this period. Kano arguably achieved the height of its reputation as an important trading center of the trans-Saharan trade in the Middle Ages during his reign. Leo Africanus 's description of Kano is believed to be that of Rumfas era. He described the locals as "wealthy merchants and skilled craftsmen" and commended

9898-757: Was and is still widely used in Kano architecture, with the city harboring several skilled artisans. Formerly walled , most of the gates to the Old City survive. The Old City houses the vast Kurmi Market , known for its crafts , while old dye pits—still in use—lie nearby. In the Old City are the Emir's Palace, the Great Mosque , and the Gidan Makama Museum. Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslims mosques. There are also Christian churches for several denominations including : The Ancient Kano City Walls were built as

9999-537: Was created in 1967 from the then Northern Nigeria by the Federal military government. The first military police commissioner, Audu Bako , is credited with building a solid foundation for the progress of a modern society. He started a lot of development projects—network of roads, a reliable urban water supply. He was a keen farmer himself and funded construction of number of dams to provide irrigation. Thanks to his policies, Kano produced all types of produce and export it to

10100-535: Was placed under curfew. The Boko Haram insurgency continued with mass murders in March 2013 , November 2014 and February 2015 . On 6 June 2014, Emir Ado Bayero who reigned as Emir of Kano for over five decades died, and a succession crisis loomed amongst the royal family. On 8 June 2014, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a grandson of former Emir Muhammadu Sanusi I emerged as the new Emir of Kano. His accession led to widespread protests from supporters of Sanusi Ado Bayero

10201-483: Was the site of a hunting and gathering community that engaged in iron work ( Nok culture ); it is unknown whether these were Hausa people or speakers of Niger–Congo languages . The Kano Chronicle identifies Barbushe , a warrior priest of Dala Hill and a female spirit deity known as Tsumburbura, Barbushe is from the lineage of the hunter family ( maparauta ) who were the Maguzawa and city's first settlers they worship

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