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58-770: According to ancient sources, they were derived from the Khiyad Mongols. The Manghuds and the Uruuds were war-like people from the Mongolian plateau. Some notable Manghud warriors supported Genghis Khan (1162–1227), while a body of them resisted his rise to power. When the Mongol Empire began to expand westward, the Manghud people were spread westward into the Middle East along with many other Mongol tribes. In

116-893: A broadcaster for VOA's Dari Service, editor, program host and producer. During his governance in Bukhara, Alim Khan also had a son named Qasem, who was killed by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. Qasem had only one son who, when he was 13 years old, escaped from Bukhara to Mashhad , Iran, with his stepfather. When he arrived in Iran, he took the name Husein Bukharaei. He married Bibimeymanat Mohsenolhoseini in Mashhad. They had 6 sons and 4 daughters. Husein Bukharaei died in 1993. Their children (Hasan, Lo'ba, Ali, Narges, Qasem, Reza, Fatemeh, Mohammad, Mahmoud, Mahboubeh) all live in Mashhad. In 2020,

174-491: A documentary called "Bukhara" about the last ruler of Bukhara, which refers to the fate of the family of Amir Alam Khan. Alim Khan's descendants include granddaughter Nailaj Naebzadeh from his daughter Razia Alimi, and great-granddaughter Kadeij Naebzadeh. They live in United States. Nailaj Naebzadeh was born in United States. Just like her aunt, Shukria Alimi Raad, her mother Razia Alimi too escaped from Afghanistan during

232-616: A rejection of personal gifts and prohibited officials from soliciting bribes or imposing unauthorized taxes. However, over time, there was a shift in the Emir's approach to issues like bribes , taxes , and state salaries. The power struggle between traditionalists and reformists concluded with the traditionalists gaining control, and the reformist faction finding refuge in Moscow or Kazan . Some historians suggest that Alim Khan, who initially supported modernization and reforms, may have realized that

290-533: A soap factory and, according to some reports, upon learning of the death of her husband, threw herself into a cauldron of boiling soap. Before the outbreak of World War II , during the " Great Terror ", the youngest of these sons of Seyid Alim Khan, Rahimkhan, who remained in the USSR , tried to flee the country, but was detained by Soviet border guards on the Soviet-Afghan border. According to some sources, he

348-647: Is still found among the Kazakhs , Uzbeks and Nogai Karakalpaks Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206. His grandson, Kublai Khan , after defeating his younger brother and rival claimant to the throne Ariq Böke , founded the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghon Temür in 1368, but it survived in the Mongolian Plateau , known as

406-618: Is used by element of the United States Army as a name for multi-day tests of Soldiers' endurance and warrior skills. Some of the Manghuds assimilated into Turkic people and these Manghuds became Manghit (Mangit) tribe of the Turks. The Nogais protected the northern borders of Astrakhan and Crimean khanates , and through organized raids to the northern steppes prevented Russian and Lithuanian settlements. Many Nogais joined

464-760: The Golden Horde , the Manghuds supported Nogai (d. 1299) and established their own semi-independent horde from the khans in Sarai . After Nogai's death in 1299, the majority of Manghud warriors joined the service of Tokhta Khan. Their chieftain Edigu , the powerful warlord of the Golden Horde, officially founded the Nogai Horde or Manghit Horde in the 14th-15th centuries. Turkish historians would record their tribal name as Manghit or Nogais, as opposed to

522-691: The Jochids of the Golden Horde , the Shaybanids of Siberia and Central Asia, and the Astrakhanids of Central Asia. As a rule, the Genghisid descent played a crucial role in Tatar politics. For instance, Mamai had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of khan himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage. The word "Chingisid" derives from

580-582: The Northern Yuan dynasty . Although the throne was usurped by Esen Taishi of the Oirats in 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved by Dayan Khan , but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The last khan Ligden died in 1634 and his son Ejei Khongor submitted himself to Hong Taiji the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime. However,

638-582: The Order of Prince Danilo I and a number of decorations. Although the emir had several children, the exact number of offspring the emir had is unknown. Emir Alim Khan had three official wives in Bukhara, but after settling in Afghanistan, people there sympathized with him and many gave their daughters to him as wives. Therefore, he had several more wives in Afghanistan. According to some estimates, Seyid Alim Khan's offspring numbered about 500. With

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696-655: The Russian Empire and the Chinese. In Mongolia, the Kublaids reigned as Khagan of the Mongols, however, descendants of Ögedei and Ariq Böke usurped the throne briefly. Under Dayan Khan (1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols proper. His descendants proliferated to become a new ruling class. The Borjigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongol banners from which

754-758: The Taichiut clan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Khabul's sons, Hotula Khan and Yesugei , and Khabul's grandson Temujin ( Genghis Khan , son of Yesugei) ruled the Khamag Mongol . By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins had died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur, his brother Daritai, and nephew Onggur formed the Borjigid. According to Paul Pelliot and Louis Hambis , Rashid al-Din Hamadani once explained that " borčïqïn " designated in

812-671: The ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi. From 1747 to the 1780s, the Manġits ruled behind the scenes, until the emir Shah Murad declared himself the open ruler, establishing the Emirate of Bukhara. The last emir of the dynasty, Mohammed Alim Khan , was ousted by the Soviet Red Army in September 1920, and fled to Afghanistan . There is disagreement over whether the dynasty descends from simple Uzbeks or of true Mongolian origin. According to

870-680: The 17th century, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers, Hasar and Belgutei , surrendered to the Ming in the 1380s. By 1470 the Borjigin lines were severely weakened, and the Mongolian Plateau was almost in chaos. After the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat continued to rule the Crimea and Kazan until the late 18th century. They were annexed by

928-762: The 17th century, the Kalmyks or the Oirats , migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River to the Lower Volga region about 1630. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais who fled to the plains of northern Caucasus and to the Crimea under the Ottoman Empire . A few part of them joined to Kazakh Khanate as part of Little jüz . The Manghits had been settled by Genghis Khan around

986-425: The 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in the socialist period. Joseph Stalin 's associates executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion. Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by many Mongolians . In 1920s the communist regime banned

1044-496: The BBC World Service made a documentary, called Bukhara , which discusses Emir Alim Khan and the fate of his family. Alim Khan's descendants include his granddaughter Nailaj Naebzadeh from his daughter Razia Alimi; his great-granddaughter Kadeij Naebzadeh; Salim Islamzada, his grandson through his mother Shamsia Alimi; and multiple great-granddaughters Sadaf, Zohra, and Fereshta Islamzada. All listed currently reside in

1102-612: The Bolsheviks in Bukhara and the surrounding territories. The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent . However, the emir had won only a temporary respite. As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. On 2 September 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well-equipped Red Army troops under

1160-746: The Bontoi clan proper supported and fought for their Khan and for their honor. The eastern Khorchins were under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids and Temüge Odchigenids . A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became the Khoshuts . The Qing dynasty respected the Borjigin family and the early emperors married the Hasarid Borjigids of

1218-411: The Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang , and genetic research has shown that descent from Genghis Khan and Timur is common throughout Central Asia and other regions. The patrilineage began with Blue-grey Wolf (Börte Chino) and Fallow Doe (Gua Maral). According to The Secret History of the Mongols , their 11th generation descendant Dobu Mergen's widow Alan Gua

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1276-586: The Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted by ethnic Inner Mongols . The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surname Bao ( 鲍 , from Borjigid) and in Ordos Qi ( 奇 , Qiyat). A genetic research has proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart as Hazaras in the West and Hezhe people to the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry. The Qiyat clan name

1334-462: The Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under the Qing dynasty . [REDACTED] Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets). Mohammed Alim Khan Emir Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan ( Chagatai and Persian : سید میر محمد عالم خان , 3 January 1880 – 28 April 1944) was the last emir of

1392-548: The Faculty of Workers and after his studies began working at a factory for the disabled. According to some reports, he spoke English. Some time later, Sultanmurad was arrested by the NKVD and declared an "enemy of the people". Among other charges, he was accused of collaborating with British intelligence. After his arrest, Sultanmurad announced a hunger strike and soon died, most likely from exhaustion. His wife at that time worked at

1450-685: The Fair was impregnated by a ray of light. Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid. He was Bodonchar Munkhag , who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation. According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani , many of the older Mongolian clans were founded by members of the Borjigin— Barlas , Urud, Manghud , Taichiut , Chonos , Kiyat, etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandson Khaidu Khan . Khaidu's grandsons Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan (founder of

1508-582: The Izvestia newspaper, where he renounced Seyid Alim Khan, accusing him and his government of grave sins and deeds. According to some reports, this was arranged by the NKVD, which pushed him to take such a step through acquaintances and friends who were NKVD informants. Subsequently, he was admitted to the V. V. Kuibyshev Military Engineering Academy in Moscow, and then taught there upon graduation. He later served in

1566-596: The Khorchin. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote his History of the Borjigid Clan in 1732–35. The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin. Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the Yuan dynasty of China, the Ilkhanids of Persia ,

1624-532: The Middle East, the Barulas dynasties in Chagatai Khanate and India, the Manghud and Onggirat dynasties in the Golden Horde and Central Asia, and the Oirats in western Mongolia. In 1368, during the reign of Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong of Yuan), the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty but members of the family continued to rule over northern China and the Mongolian Plateau into

1682-666: The Mings in Kokand (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876). The Manghit dynasty was founded by a common Uzbek family that ruled the Emirate of Bukhara from 1785 to 1920. Manghit power in the Khanate of Bukhara began to grow in the early 18th century, due to the emirs position as ataliq to the khan. The family effectively came to power after Nader Shah 's death in 1747, and the assassination of the ruling Abu al-Fayz Khan and his young son Abdalmumin by

1740-514: The Mongols (" Moɣol ") called such eyes " borǰïɣïn " (بورجغن ), that his sons and most of their descendants had dark-blue eyes (" ašhal "), and that one recognized thus in Yesugei's lineage the characteristic sign of the genie which had visited Alan Gua and had " borǰïɣïn " eyes, adding that the Arabs called " ašhal " a man whose iris (" bübäčik ") was black, cornea white (" aq "), and whose limbal ring

1798-968: The Nogai and Karakalpak people live in Dagestan and Khorazm . Others are the present-day Khalkha Mongols who live in Mongolia and the Baarin banner in Inner Mongolia . While the Manghits are found among the Tatars in Russia , the Bashkirs and the Kazakhs . The daughter of the last Emir Alim Khan , Shukria Alimi Raad, worked as a broadcaster for Radio Afghanistan . Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months after Soviet troops invaded

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1856-659: The Red Army, achieving the rank of major general, and participated in World War II, when he lost a leg. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and, after the end of the war, again began teaching at the V. V. Kuibyshev Military Engineering Academy in Moscow, then married Lidia Mikhailovna. According to the memoirs of one of Shakhmurad's contemporaries, "when Shahmurad came to visit us with his wife Lidia Mikhailovna, he became drunk, remembered his parents, and cried." Many of Shahmurad's acquaintances and friends did not know of his origin, and he spoke about his past only to close friends. According to some reports, he died in 1985 in Moscow, at

1914-416: The Red Army. Seyid Alim Khan appealed to the Bolsheviks and the world community for the release of his children and other family members who had remained in Bukhara, to join him in Afghanistan, but the Bolsheviks refused, keeping them as hostages for personal, political, and ideological purposes. The eldest of these three sons of Seyid Alim Khan, Sultanmurad, was disabled and lame from birth. He graduated from

1972-439: The Russian government, he returned home. After two years in Bukhara assisting in his father's administration, he was appointed governor of the Nasef region for the next twelve years. He was then transferred to the northern province of Karmana , which he ruled for another two years, until receiving word in 1910 of his father's death. At the beginning of Alim Khan's rule, there were promising signs of reform. He initially announced

2030-458: The Russian orientalist N.V. Khanykova, the Manġit dynasty was considered the oldest Uzbek family in the Bukhara Khanate descending from Timur Malik ; from the division of which the tuk came the reigning dynasty, in addition, this clan enjoyed some special privileges. The Manghit dynasty issued coins from 1787 up until the Soviet takeover.   Bukhara Khanate   Manghud Ataliqs   Bukhara Emirate Their descendants,

2088-408: The Soviets hand. At the end she talked about how she wanted to raise her kids as Tajiks and that she herself is a Tajik . Alim Khan also had a son named Shahmurad, who denounced his father in 1929 (at the age of seven) and later served in the Soviet Army. During his governance in Bukhara, he also had a son named Qasem who was killed by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. Qasem had only one son who, when he

2146-484: The Turkic languages a man with dark-blue eyes ( اشهل , ašhal ), and did so again without mentioning the said language, adding that Yesugei's children and the majority of their own children had had such eyes per coincidence, also recalling that the genie which had impregnated Alan Gua after her husband's death had had dark-blue eyes (" ašhal čašm "). Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur later paraphrased Hamadani by relating that Yesugei's eyes were dark-blue (" شهلا šahlā "), that

2204-541: The Uzbek Manghit dynasty, rulers of the Emirate of Bukhara in Central Asia . Although Bukhara was a protectorate of the Russian Empire from 1873, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as an absolute monarch and reigned from 3 January 1911 to 30 August 1920. At the age of thirteen, Alim Khan was sent by his father Emir Abdulahad Khan to Saint Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques. In 1896, having received formal confirmation as Crown Prince of Bukhara by

2262-420: The Young Bukharan Movement ( Yosh Buxoroliklar ) informed the Bolsheviks that the Bukharians were ready for the revolution and that the people were awaiting liberation. The Red Army marched to the gates of Bukhara and demanded that the emir surrender the city to the Young Bukharans. As Russian sources report, the emir responded by killing the Bolshevik delegation, along with several hundred Russian supporters of

2320-427: The age of 75. Alim Khan's daughter, Shukria Alimi Raad, worked as a broadcaster for Radio Afghanistan . Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months after Soviet troops invaded the country in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children, she fled to Pakistan , and then through Germany to the United States . In 1982, she joined the Voice of America , working for many years as

2378-436: The capture of Bukhara, the Bolsheviks discovered them and at first wanted to shoot them together with the remaining several members of the family and close associates of the emir (similar to the execution of Nicholas II with his family and close associates), but left them alive in order to further propaganda in their favor, sending all three to Moscow to be raised in an orphanage for the orphans of dead Bolsheviks and soldiers of

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2436-415: The city of Qarshi . Qarshi would continue to serve as the Manghits' base of power under the Bukhara Khanate. In the 18th century, the basins of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya passed under the control of three Uzbek khanates , claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Qunggirats based on Khiva in Khwārezm (1717–1920), the Mangits in Bukhara (1753–1920), and

2494-420: The clan name Kiyad but did not share in the privileges of the Genghisids. The Borjigit clan had once dominated large lands stretching from Java to Iran and from Indo-China to Novgorod . In 1335, with the disintegration of the Ilkhanate in Iran , the first of numerous non-Borjigid-Kiyad dynasties appeared. Established by marriage partners of Genghisids, these included the Suldus Chupanids , Jalayirids in

2552-405: The command of general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city . After four days of fighting, the Ark of Bukhara was destroyed, the red flag was raised from the top of Kalyan Minaret , and the Emir Alim Khan fled, first to his base at Dushanbe (in present-day Tajikistan ), and then finally to Kabul , Afghanistan , where he died in 1944. He is buried at the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery. He was awarded

2610-416: The country in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children she fled to Pakistan , and then through Germany to the United States . In 1982 she joined the Voice of America , working for many years as a broadcaster for VOA's Dari Service, editor, program host and producer. She was interviewed in BBC Farsi, where she talked about her father and how the Emirate of Bukhara fell into

2668-513: The exception of only a few, almost all of his descendants were with him during the last years of his life. By the end of August 1920, the Red Army was surrounding and had begun to bombard Bukhara. Seyid Alim Khan hastily began to evacuate himself, his family, and some of his close associates. However, possibly due to the suddenness of the forced evacuation, his three young sons—about 8–10 years old (according to other sources, 4–6 years old), Sultanmurad, Shahmurad and Rahimkhan—remained in Bukhara. After

2726-466: The invasion of the Soviet Army in 1979. Khiyad A Borjigin is a member of the Mongol sub-clan that started with Bodonchar Munkhag of the Kiyat clan . Yesugei's descendants were thus said to be Kiyat-Borjigin. The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes for Mongolia and Inner Mongolia until the 20th century. The clan formed the ruling class among the Mongols and some other peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe . Today,

2784-771: The name of the Mongol conqueror Genghis (Chingis) Khan (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from the Sea of Japan to the Black Sea . Babur and Humayun , founders of the Mughal Empire in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids. Because they claimed descent through their maternal lineage, they had never used the clan name Borjigin. The Genghisids also include such dynasties and houses as Giray , House of Siberia , Ar begs , Yaushev family and other. The last ruling monarch of Genghisid ancestry, Maqsud Shah (d. 1930), Khan of Kumul from 1908 to 1930. The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even during Qing period ) and only lost power when Communists took control in

2842-447: The original Manghud or Mangudai. The mangudai or mungadai were military units of the Mongol Empire , but sources differ wildly in their descriptions. One source states that references to Mongol light cavalry "suicide troops" date back to the 13th century. However, a United States Army author believes that Mangudai was the name of a 13th-century Mongol warlord who created an arduous selection process to test potential leaders. The term

2900-411: The reformists' ultimate objectives excluded him and his descendants from future rule. Like his predecessors, Alim Khan was a traditional ruler. He toyed with the idea of reform as a tool to keep the clergy in line, but only as long as he saw the possibility of using it to strengthen Manghud rule. One of the most important Tajik writers, Sadriddin Ayniy , wrote vivid accounts of life under the Emir. He

2958-411: The service of Crimean khan. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of the Crimean Tatars . However, Nogais were not only good soldiers, they also had considerable agricultural skills. Their basic social unit was the semi-autonomous 'ulus' or band. But Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life. At the beginning of

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3016-413: The use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borjigin, many of them without historic justification. The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy. In Inner Mongolia ,

3074-403: Was 13 years old, escaped from Bukhara to Iran-Mashhad with his stepfather. When he arrived in Iran, he took the name Husein Bukharaei. He married Bibimeymanat Mohsenolhoseini in Mashhad. They had 6 sons and 4 daughters. Husein Bukharaei died in 1993. Their children (Hasan, Lo'ba, Ali, Narges, Qasem, Reza, Fatemeh, Mohammad, Mahmoud, Mahboubeh) all live in Mashhad. In 2020, the BBC World Service made

3132-460: Was also with his brothers in a Moscow orphanage, but in 1922, together with several Bukhara youths, was sent by the authorities of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic to study in Germany as part of the training of new young personnel for the young republic. Due to ideological considerations, he was given a new full name - "Alimov Shah Muratovich" (according to other sources, his full name was "Shakhmurad Alimkhanov"). After returning from studies, he

3190-405: Was detained in the territory of the Uzbek SSR , on the Amu Darya River , which separated the USSR and Afghanistan; according to other sources, he was detained in the territory of the Turkmen SSR , where the border between the USSR and Afghanistan runs through the steppes and hills. After that, a sentence of execution was read to him, and he was shot by the NKVD. The middle of the three, Shahmurad,

3248-494: Was fluent in German. He also studied at the Institute of the Coal Industry. According to Shahmurad's classmate, Khaidar Yusupov, Shahmurad dreamed of becoming a military man, but could not be admitted to study at a military school due to ideological considerations, as he was "the son of an enemy of the people." After that, on the advice of friends and acquaintances, he decided to disown his father. In 1930 (according to other sources, in 1929) he wrote an open letter to his father through

3306-431: Was red. The Borjigin family ruled over the Mongol Empire from the 13th to 14th century. The rise of Genghis Khan narrowed the scope of the Borjigid-Kiyad clans sharply. This separation was emphasized by the intermarriage of Genghis's descendants with the Baarin, Manghud and other branches of the original Borjigid. In the western regions of the Empire, the Jurkin and perhaps other lineages near to Genghis's lineage used

3364-406: Was whipped for speaking Tajik and later wrote about the life under the Emirs in The Bukhara Executioners ("Jallodon-i Bukhara"). Alim Khan was the only Manghud ruler to add the title of Caliph to his name, and was the last direct descendant of the Manghit dynasty to serve as a national ruler. In 1914-1916 - Nodir Devonbegi Khanaka was repaired by Olim Khan. In March 1918, activists of

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