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91-455: The group takes its name from the province of Manitoba , and was first defined by A.D. Baillie in 1953. The Manitoba Group is composed of alternating cycles of shale , carbonate and evaporite . The Manitoba Group occurs in outcrop in southwestern Manitoba and in the sub-surface in southern Saskatchewan , North Dakota and Montana . It reaches a maximum thickness of 150 metres (490 ft) in outcrop and up to 244 metres (800 ft) in

182-623: A Canadian Forces base , CFB Winnipeg , operates from the airport and is the regional headquarters of the North American Aerospace Defense Command . The name Manitoba possibly derives from either Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwe manidoobaa , both meaning ' straits of Manitou , the Great Spirit ' . Alternatively, it may be from the Assiniboine minnetoba , meaning ' Lake of

273-558: A United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian lieutenant-general or equivalent. NORAD is headed by its commander , who is a four-star general or admiral in the United States Armed Forces . The deputy commander is a Royal Canadian Air Force lieutenant general . Prior to the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces , the deputy commander was an RCAF air marshal . The commander

364-483: A nuclear attack was taking place. During these incidents, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had their planes loaded with nuclear bombs in the air. Strategic Air Command (SAC) did not and received criticism, because they did not follow procedure, even though the SAC command knew these were almost certainly false alarms , as did PACAF. Both command posts had recently begun receiving and processing direct reports from

455-625: A Christian denomination: on the 2021 census, 54.2% reported being Christian, followed by 2.7% Sikh , 2.0% Muslim, 1.4% Hindu, 0.9% Jewish, and 0.8% Indigenous spirituality . 36.7% reported no religious affiliation. The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 21.2%; the United Church of Canada with 5.8%; and the Anglican Church of Canada with 3.3%. Manitoba has

546-636: A SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963. Each of the USAF's eight smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States air defense. The RCAF's 1950 "ground observer system, the Long Range Air Raid Warning System ", was discontinued. In January 1959, the United States Ground Observer Corps

637-596: A compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis. By 1911, Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s. A boomtown, it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success. The drop in growth in

728-628: A deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region. The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the 1 Canadian Forces Flight Training School's Air Combat Systems Officer and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs (which trains all Canadian Air Combat Systems Officer); and

819-418: A moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its Gross Domestic Product was C$ 50.834 billion in 2008. The province's economy grew 2.4 percent in 2008, the third consecutive year of growth. The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was C$ 25,100 (compared to a national average of C$ 26,500), ranking fifth-highest among the provinces. As of October 2009, Manitoba's unemployment rate

910-661: A polarization over the rise of Bolshevism in Russia . The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg general strike of 1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs, the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement. Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a Royal North-West Mounted Police charge into a crowd of protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to

1001-567: A province in 1870, all land became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming. Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification. CFB Winnipeg is a Canadian Forces Base at the Winnipeg International Airport. The base

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1092-869: A steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification, moving away from a reliance on wheat production. The Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation , forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), was founded in 1932. Canada entered the Second World War in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry . In an effort to raise money for

1183-463: A technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but failed to switch the system status to "test", causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two " continuity of government " bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. On 3 June 1980, and again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that

1274-484: Is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province , with a population of 1,342,153 as of 2021. Manitoba has a widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest , large freshwater lakes , and prairie grassland in the central and southern regions. Indigenous peoples have inhabited what

1365-631: Is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers. Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, at Churchill. In January 2018, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business claimed Manitoba was the most improved province for tackling red tape . Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land. Indigenous Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout

1456-584: Is a setting of the 1983 film WarGames and the television series Jeremiah and Stargate SG-1 . In the 2014 film Interstellar , NORAD dissolves and its headquarters is converted for NASA . In season 25 episode 4 of the TV series South Park , NORAD is hacked into by Mr Mackey using late 1980s computer hardware. As a publicity move on 24 December 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed

1547-680: Is at McChord Field , Washington. Both maintain continuous surveillance of CONUS airspace. In its role as the CONUS NORAD Region, 1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH also performs counter-drug surveillance operations. The North American Air Defense Command was recommended by the Joint Canadian–U.S. Military Group in late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced in August 1957. NORAD's command headquarters

1638-641: Is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards due to the openness of the Canadian Prairie landscape. Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to moderate humidity. Southern parts of the province, just north of Tornado Alley , experience tornadoes , with 16 confirmed touchdowns in 2016. In 2007, on 22 and 23 June, numerous tornadoes touched down, the largest an F5 tornado that devastated parts of Elie (the strongest recorded tornado in Canada). The province's northern sections (including

1729-702: Is divided into two sectors, the Canada East Sector and Canada West Sector. Both Sector Operations Control Centers (SOCCs) are co-located at CFB North Bay , Ontario. The routine operation of the SOCCs includes reporting track data, sensor status and aircraft alert status to NORAD headquarters. In 1996, CANR was renamed 1 Canadian Air Division and moved to CFB Winnipeg . Canadian air defense forces assigned to NORAD include 409 Tactical Fighter Squadron at CFB Cold Lake , Alberta and 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron at CFB Bagotville , Quebec. All squadrons fly

1820-556: Is exposed to cold Arctic high-pressure air masses from the northwest during January and February. In the summer, air masses sometimes come out of the Southern United States , as warm humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico . Temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F) numerous times each summer, and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the mid-40s. Carman, Manitoba , recorded

1911-400: Is governed by a unicameral legislative assembly . The executive branch is formed by the governing party; the party leader is the premier of Manitoba , the head of the executive branch. The head of state, King Charles III , is represented by the lieutenant governor of Manitoba , who is appointed by the governor general of Canada on advice of the prime minister . The head of state

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2002-480: Is grain farming in the Carrot Valley Region (near The Pas ). Around 11 per cent of Canada's farmland is in Manitoba. Manitoba has an extreme continental climate . Temperatures and precipitation generally decrease from south to north and increase from east to west. Manitoba is far from the moderating influences of mountain ranges or large bodies of water. Because of the generally flat landscape, it

2093-539: Is home to flight operations support divisions and several training schools, as well as the 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters. 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based at CFB Winnipeg; the Wing has three squadrons and six schools. It supports 113 units from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel north to the high Arctic . 17 Wing acts as

2184-537: Is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland . As of the 2021 Canadian Census , the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (1,288,950 or 98.6%), French (111,790 or 8.55%), Tagalog (73,440 or 5.62%), Punjabi (42,820 or 3.28%), German (41,980 or 3.21%), Hindi (26,980 or 2.06%), Spanish (23,435 or 1.79%), Mandarin (16,765 or 1.28%), Cree (16,115 or 1.23%), and Plautdietsch (15,055 or 1.15%). The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. Most Manitobans belong to

2275-597: Is located at Tyndall Air Force Base , Florida. The First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the USAF air defense mission in September 1990. AFNORTH is the United States Air Force component of United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM). 1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH comprises Air National Guard Fighter Wings assigned an air defense mission to 1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH on federal orders, made up primarily of citizen Airmen. The primary weapons systems are

2366-553: Is now Manitoba for thousands of years. In the early 17th century, English and French fur traders began arriving in the area and establishing settlements. The Kingdom of England secured control of the region in 1673 and created a territory named Rupert's Land , which was placed under the administration of the Hudson's Bay Company . Rupert's Land, which included all of present-day Manitoba, grew and evolved from 1673 until 1869 with significant settlements of Indigenous and Métis people in

2457-490: Is primarily a ceremonial role, although the lieutenant governor has the official responsibility of ensuring Manitoba has a duly constituted government. North American Aerospace Defense Command Turquoise North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD / ˈ n ɔːr æ d / ), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command , is a combined organization of

2548-724: Is responsible to the Government of Canada (the Crown - in-Council ), through the chief of the Defence Staff , and to the Government of the United States , via the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff . The commander and deputy are each subject to their respective country's laws, policies, and directives. Per the Canadian National Defence Act , the chief of the Defence Staff relays orders from

2639-632: Is the component of NORAD that provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty activities for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 , CONR has been the lead agency for Operation Noble Eagle , an ongoing mission to protect the continental United States from airborne attacks. CONR is the NORAD designation of the United States Air Force First Air Force /AFNORTH. Its headquarters

2730-535: Is the lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain , the Pembina Hills , Sandilands Provincial Forest , and the Canadian Shield are also upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell , Atikaki , and Nopiming Provincial Parks . Extensive agriculture is found only in the province's southern areas, although there

2821-591: The Alaska Air National Guard . Both 11 AF and the CAF provide active duty personnel to the ROCC to maintain continuous surveillance of Alaskan airspace. Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters is at CFB Winnipeg , Manitoba. It was established on 22 April 1983. It is responsible for providing surveillance and control of Canadian airspace. The Royal Canadian Air Force provides alert assets to NORAD. CANR

Manitoba Group - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-579: The Boreal forest of Canada which covers the province's eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches. Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (102,000 sq mi), or 48 percent, of the province's land area. The forests consist of pines ( Jack Pine , Red Pine , Eastern White Pine ), spruces ( White Spruce , Black Spruce ), Balsam Fir , Tamarack (larch) , poplars ( Trembling Aspen , Balsam Poplar ), birches ( White Birch , Swamp Birch ) and small pockets of Eastern White Cedar . Two sections of

3003-695: The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) placed the Ent Air Force Base Space Detection and Tracking System (496L System with Philco 2000 Model 212 computer) "under the operational control of CINCNORAD ", during the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker excavation, and the joint SAC-NORAD exercise " Sky Shield II". In September 1962—"Sky Shield III" were conducted for mock penetration of NORAD sectors. In 1963, NORAD command center operations moved from Ent Air Force Base to

3094-623: The McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet fighter aircraft. To monitor for drug trafficking, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic approaching the coast of Canada, in cooperation with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the United States drug law enforcement agencies. Any aircraft that has not filed a flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency . The Continental NORAD Region (CONR)

3185-550: The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft. It plans, conducts, controls, coordinates and ensures air sovereignty and provides for the unilateral defense of the United States. A combined First Air Force command post is at Tyndall Air Force Base. The US East ROCC ( Eastern Air Defense Sector ), Sector Operations Control Center (SOCC) is at Rome, New York . The US West ROCC ( Western Air Defense Sector ) control center

3276-648: The Meech Lake Accord , a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act 1982 . Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Cree politician Elijah Harper opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed. Glen Murray , elected in Winnipeg in 1998, became

3367-816: The Parliament of Canada passed the Manitoba Act on 15 July 1870. Manitoba's capital and largest city is Winnipeg , the sixth most populous municipality in Canada. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Provincial Court . Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities (including Festival du Voyageur and Folklorama ) are located in Winnipeg. The city has an international airport as well as train and bus stations;

3458-736: The Red , Assiniboine , Nelson, Winnipeg , Hayes , Whiteshell and Churchill rivers . Most of Manitoba's inhabited south has developed in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz . This region, particularly the Red River Valley , is flat and fertile; receding glaciers left hilly and rocky areas throughout the province. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, covering approximately 15.6 percent or 101,593 square kilometres (39,225 sq mi) of its surface area. Manitoba's major lakes are Lake Manitoba , Lake Winnipegosis , and Lake Winnipeg ,

3549-732: The Red River Colony . Negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba commenced in 1869, but deep disagreements over the right to self-determination led to an armed conflict, known as the Red River Rebellion , between the federal government and the people (particularly Métis) of the Red River Colony. The resolution of the conflict and further negotiations led to Manitoba becoming the fifth province to join Canadian Confederation , when

3640-827: The United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Canada and the continental United States . Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/ United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Space Force Base in El Paso County , near Colorado Springs, Colorado . The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander are, respectively,

3731-414: The great grey owl , the province's official bird, and the endangered peregrine falcon . Manitoba's lakes host 18 species of game fish, particularly species of trout , pike , and goldeye , as well as many smaller fish. At the 2021 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,342,153, more than half of which is in Winnipeg. Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading,

Manitoba Group - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-617: The last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area. The Ojibwe , Cree , Dene , Sioux , Mandan , and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, quartz was mined to make arrowheads . The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans. In 1611, Henry Hudson

3913-527: The tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. A total of 29,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) of traditional First Nations lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipeg's east side were officially designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as Pimachiowin Aki in 2018. Baldy Mountain is the province's highest point at 832 metres (2,730 ft) above sea level , and the Hudson Bay coast

4004-717: The "ADCOM" specified command under the same commander as NORAD, e.g., HQ NORAD/ADCOM J31 manned the Space Surveillance Center. In 1982, a NORAD Off-site Test Facility was located at Peterson AFB. The DEW Line was to be replaced with the North Warning System (NWS), the Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radar was to be deployed, more advanced fighters were deployed, and E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft were planned for greater use. These recommendations were accepted by

4095-516: The 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency. CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery , both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group , and the Royal Canadian Artillery . The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), which

4186-553: The 435 ("Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron), which flies the Lockheed C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft. Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Brandon. During

4277-523: The British government gave absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after Prince Rupert , who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company. York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders. Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye , visited

4368-551: The Crown-in-Council, collectively, or guidance from the minister of national defence , alone, to the officers of the Canadian Armed Forces . NORAD maintains a headquarters at Peterson Space Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado . The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center at Peterson SFB serves as a central collection and coordination facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide

4459-807: The Liberals in 1932. Other parties, including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great Depression; in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three-party system, and the Liberals gradually declined in power. The CCF became the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), which came to power in 1969. Since then, the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties. Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba

4550-401: The Métis. Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis leader Louis Riel to establish a local provisional government which formed into the Convention of Forty and

4641-548: The North Warning System. The Cheyenne Mountain site was upgraded, but none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation. After the September 11 attacks , the NORAD Air Warning Center's mission included the interior airspace of North America. The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment was announced in July 2006, to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force Base . Cheyenne Mountain remains on "warm standby", staffed with support personnel. The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain , Colorado

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4732-423: The Prairie ' (the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies ). The name was chosen by Thomas Spence for the new republic he proposed for the area south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel preferred the name over the proposed alternative of "Assiniboia". It was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act, 1870 . Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after

4823-481: The Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and trade. As French explorers entered the area, a Montreal -based company, the North West Company , began trading with the local Indigenous people. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in violence, until they merged in 1821 (the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve

4914-526: The United States started the Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN) for the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network. The initial CADIN cost-sharing agreement between the two countries was signed in January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by NORAD had "average yearly expenditure of around five and one half billions", including "cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program" and three Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites. Canada's NORAD bunker at CFB North Bay with

5005-412: The arrest of the movement's leaders. In the aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy , illegal combinations, and seditious libel ; four were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act . The Great Depression (1929– c.  1939 ) hit especially hard in Western Canada , including Manitoba. The collapse of the world market combined with

5096-422: The campaign for women's votes. On January 28, 1916, the vote for women was legalized. Manitoba was the first province to allow women to vote in provincial elections. This was two years before Canada as a country granted women the right to vote. After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism , coupled with

5187-526: The city of Thompson ) fall in the subarctic climate zone ( Köppen climate classification Dfc ). This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation. Overnight temperatures as low as −40 °C (−40 °F) occur on several days each winter. Manitoba natural communities may be grouped within five ecozones: boreal plains , prairie , taiga shield , boreal shield and Hudson plains . Three of these—taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plain—contain part of

5278-543: The commander and the leadership of Canada and the U.S. with an accurate picture of any aerospace or maritime threat. NORAD has administratively divided the North American landmass into three regions: Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided into eastern and western sectors. The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to detect, validate and warn off any atmospheric threat in its area of operations from its Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson , Alaska. ANR maintains

5369-495: The control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of Rupert's Land . The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first emerged between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system ( Liberals and Conservatives ). The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with

5460-462: The east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territory of Nunavut to the north, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a high volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg and then north down the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. This basin's rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, and east into Ontario. Major watercourses include

5551-495: The end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic schools . The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them. The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals , led by Wilfrid Laurier . Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented

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5642-414: The first openly gay mayor of a large North American city. The province was impacted by major flooding in 2009 and 2011 . In 2004, Manitoba became the first province in Canada to ban indoor smoking in public places. In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to introduce accessibility legislation, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities. Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to

5733-491: The flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway ; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the " Flood of the Century " caused over C$ 400 million in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding. In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass

5824-435: The governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct, but not a component of NORAD. NORAD was renamed North American Aerospace Defense Command in March 1981. In 1989, NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within the United States and Canada. DEW line sites were replaced between 1986 and 1995 by

5915-440: The history of this era). Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War , better known as the French and Indian War in North America; lasting from 1754 to 1763. The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk , north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, led to conflict between British colonists and

6006-798: The last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population in a single city. The largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English (16.1%), followed by Scottish (14.5%), German (13.6%), Ukrainian (12.6%), Irish (11.0%), French (9.3%), Canadian (8.4%), Filipino (7.0%), Métis (6.8%), Polish (6.0%), First Nations (4.5%), Mennonite (3.9%), Russian (3.7%), Dutch (3.3%), Indian (3.0%), and Icelandic (2.4%). Indigenous peoples (including Métis) are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic group, representing 13.6 percent of Manitoba's population as of 2001 (some reserves refused to allow census-takers to enumerate their populations or were otherwise incompletely counted). Gimli, Manitoba

6097-465: The late 19th century with the chiefs of First Nations that lived in the area. They made specific promises of land for every family. As a result, a reserve system was established under the jurisdiction of the federal government . The prescribed amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given; this led Indigenous groups to assert rights to the land through land claims , many of which are still ongoing. The original province of Manitoba

6188-574: The leading sources of potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing centre. Richardson International , one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality . Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities . Major private-sector employers are The Great-West Life Assurance Company , Cargill Ltd. , and Richardson International. Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife

6279-416: The northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia . The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Catholic Franco-Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded

6370-603: The operation of NORAD, On 1 January 1966, Air Force Systems Command turned the COC over to NORAD. The NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex was accepted on 8 February 1966. United States Department of Defense realignments for the NORAD command organization began on 15 November 1968 (e.g., Army Air Defense Command (ARADCOM)). By 1972, there were eight NORAD "regional areas ... for all air defense". The NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program (427M System) became operational in 1979. On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9 November 1979, when

6461-438: The partially underground "Combined Operations Center" for Aerospace Defense Command and NORAD at the Chidlaw Building . President John F. Kennedy visited "NORAD headquarters" after the 5 June 1963 United States Air Force Academy graduation. On 30 October 1964, "NORAD began manning" the Combat Operations Center in the Cheyenne Mountain Complex . In 1965, about 250,000 United States and Canadian personnel were involved in

6552-517: The presence of the endangered western prairie fringed orchid . Manitoba is especially noted for its northern polar bear population; Churchill is commonly referred to as the "Polar Bear Capital". In the waters off the northern coast of the province are numerous marine species, including the beluga whale . Other populations of animals, including moose , white-tailed deer , mule deer , black and brown bears , coyote , cougar , red fox , Canada lynx , and grey wolf , are distributed throughout

6643-508: The press that CONAD was tracking Santa Claus 's sleigh , adding that "CONAD, Army , Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas". A Christmas Eve tradition was born, known as the " NORAD Tracks Santa " program. Every year on Christmas Eve , "NORAD Tracks Santa" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves

6734-522: The province are not dominated by forest. The province's northeast corner bordering Hudson Bay is above the treeline and considered tundra . The tallgrass prairie once dominated the south-central and southeastern regions, including the Red River Valley. Mixed grass prairie is found in the southwestern region. Agriculture has replaced much of the natural vegetation but prairie can still be found in parks and protected areas; some are notable for

6825-419: The province, especially in the provincial and national parks . There is a large population of red-sided garter snakes near Narcisse ; the overwintering dens there are seasonally home to the world's largest concentration of snakes. Manitoba's bird diversity is enhanced by its position on two major migration routes, with 392 confirmed identified species; 287 of these nesting within the province. These include

6916-474: The province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts and other furs. Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811, though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization. HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became

7007-444: The readiness to conduct a continuum of aerospace control missions, which include daily air sovereignty in peacetime, contingency and deterrence in time of tension, and active air defense against manned and unmanned air-breathing atmospheric vehicles in times of crisis. ANR is supported by both active duty and reserve units. Active duty forces are provided by 11 AF and the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), and reserve forces provided by

7098-687: The second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First World War . Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross . During the First World War, Nellie McClung started

7189-404: The second-highest humidex ever in Canada in 2007, with 53.0. According to Environment Canada , Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for the sunniest province in the winter and spring. Southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb). This area is cold and windy in

7280-819: The sub-surface. The following formationas are recognised, from top to bottom: The Manitoba Group is conformably overlain by the Duperow Formation and disconformably overlays the Prairie Evaporite Formation or Winnipegosis Formation of the Elk Point Group . The lower Manitoba Group is equivalent to the Muskeg Formation in northern Alberta , while the upper part correlates with the Beaverhill Lake Formation . Manitoba Manitoba

7371-584: The subsequent elected Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia on 9 March 1870. This assembly subsequently sent three delegates to Ottawa to negotiate with the Canadian government . This resulted in the Manitoba Act and that province's entry into Confederation . Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the House of Commons of Canada , the bill was given Royal Assent and Manitoba

7462-510: The various radar, satellite, and other missile attack detection systems, and those direct reports simply did not match the erroneous data received from NORAD. Following the 1979 Joint US-Canada Air Defense Study, the command structure for aerospace defense was changed, e.g., "SAC assumed control of ballistic missile warning and space surveillance facilities " on 1 December 1979 from ADCOM. The Aerospace Defense Command major command ended 31 March 1980. Its organizations in Cheyenne Mountain became

7553-474: The war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organized " If Day " in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$ 65 million. Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by

7644-457: The winter and often has blizzards because of the open landscape. Summers are warm with a moderate length. This region is the most humid area in the prairie provinces, with moderate precipitation. Southwestern Manitoba, though under the same climate classification as the rest of Southern Manitoba, is closer to the semi-arid interior of Palliser's Triangle . The area is drier and more prone to droughts than other parts of southern Manitoba. This area

7735-444: Was 5.8 percent. Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, electricity, oil, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas. The most common agricultural activity is cattle husbandry, followed by assorted grains and oilseed . Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans, and one of

7826-566: Was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known colloquially as the "postage stamp province". Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land from the Northwest Territories and the District of Keewatin , but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform with

7917-532: Was brought into Canada as a province in 1870. Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion, and Riel fled into exile. The Canadian government blocked the Métis' attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta . Numbered Treaties were signed in

8008-527: Was deactivated. The Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker's planned mission was expanded in August 1960 to "a hardened center from which CINCNORAD would supervise and direct operations against space attack as well as air attack". In October 1960, the Secretary of Defense assigned, "operational command of all space surveillance to Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) and operational control to North American Air Defense Command (NORAD)". In December 1960,

8099-472: Was established on 12 September 1957 at Ent Air Force Base 's 1954 blockhouse. In 1958, Canada and the United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United States officer, with a Canadian vice commander. Canada "agreed the command's primary purpose would be ... early warning and defense for the Strategic Air Command 's (SAC)'s retaliatory forces". In late 1958, Canada and

8190-409: Was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew. Thomas Button travelled this area in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson. When the British ship Nonsuch sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, she became the first trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which

8281-561: Was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong Barracks), has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo hosts a training unit, 3rd Canadian Division Training Centre. It serves as a base for support units of 3rd Canadian Division , also including 3 CDSG Signals Squadron, Shared Services Unit (West), 11 CF Health Services Centre, 1 Dental Unit, 1 Military Police Regiment, and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre. The base houses 1,700 soldiers. After

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