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96-485: Manitoba Hydro headquarters in the downtown Winnipeg Manitoba Hydro Place officially opened in 2009. The first recorded attempt to extract useful work from a Manitoba river was in 1829 at a flour mill (known as Grant's Mill) located on Sturgeon Creek in what is now Winnipeg. This was not successful and the milling equipment was later operated by a windmill . The first public electric lighting installation in Manitoba

192-664: A 261-foot (80 m) earth-fill dam across the Minnedosa River (now known as the Little Saskatchewan River ) about a kilometer from its junction with the Assiniboine River . The plant only operated part of the year, with the load carried in the winter months by steam generators . An 11-kV wood-pole transmission line connected the station with the town of Brandon, Manitoba. The dam washed out in 1948 but remains are still visible. A second plant

288-632: A built-in lighting system, green room and two performance levels. The district is home to Red River College 's Roblin Centre and the Paterson GlobalFoods Institute. Broadway-Assiniboine lies in the southern part of downtown on the north bank of the Assiniboine River . The neighbourhood is one of the more densely-populated in Winnipeg, with 15,452.2 people per square kilometre. It features many notable landmarks such as

384-540: A capital spending program intended to maintain and extend capacity for Manitoba customers, for environmental protection, and to allow export of energy surplus to Manitoba needs to stabilize rates. Some of these projects include: Wuskwatim generating station is on the Burntwood River near Thompson . The general civil works contract was awarded in 2008, and first power from the project occurred in June 2012. The plant

480-700: A cross-border tie to the Otter Tail Power system at Noyes . The last of the private mine-owned utility systems at Flin Flon was purchased by Manitoba Hydro in 1973. The early 1970s also marked the installation of tie lines between Manitoba Hydro and utilities in Ontario, Saskatchewan and Minnesota. The interconnection with the American utilities (Otter Tail Power, Northern States Power , and Minkota Power Cooperative) were used to obtain firm power of 90 MW for

576-616: A development on the river. With these water rights, the City developed a generating station at Pointe du Bois on the Winnipeg River (which was completed in 1911 and which still operates early in the 21st century). In reaction to this, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway dropped prices to ten cents per kilowatt-hour, but the City-owned utility (Winnipeg Hydro) set a price of 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour which held for many decades. In 1916,

672-474: A fuel for steam-electric power generation . Lignite combustion produces less heat for the amount of carbon dioxide and sulfur released than other ranks of coal. As a result, lignite is the most harmful coal to human health. Depending on the source, various toxic heavy metals , including naturally occurring radioactive materials , may be present in lignite and left over in the coal fly ash produced from its combustion, further increasing health risks. Lignite

768-560: A fuel for poor people compared to higher value hard coals. In Germany, briquettes are still readily available to end consumers in home improvement stores and supermarkets. An environmentally beneficial use of lignite is in agriculture. Lignite may have value as an environmentally benign soil amendment , improving cation exchange and phosphorus availability in soils while reducing availability of heavy metals, and may be superior to commercial K humates. Lignite fly ash produced by combustion of lignite in power plants may also be valuable as

864-498: A hydroelectric plan at Pointe du Bois. Immediately following the decision to build the Pointe du Bois plant, the price of electricity charged by the private sector in Winnipeg dropped from 20 cents per kilowatt-hour to 10 cents and subsequently to 7 1/2 cents. After completion of the plant in 1911, Winnipeg Hydro set its rate at 3 1/3 cents per kilowatt-hour. This rate remained unchanged until 1973. Customers of Winnipeg Hydro enjoyed among

960-732: A moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The energy content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 15 MJ/kg (13 million BTU/ton), on the as-received basis. The energy content of lignite consumed in Victoria, Australia, averages 8.6 MJ/kg (8.2 million BTU/ton) on a net wet basis. Lignite has a high content of volatile matter which makes it easier to convert into gas and liquid petroleum products than higher-ranking coals. Its high moisture content and susceptibility to spontaneous combustion can cause problems in transportation and storage. Processes which remove water from brown coal reduce

1056-430: A result of increased temperatures and pressures underground. Lignite forms from peat that has not been subjected to deep burial and heating. It forms at temperatures below 100 °C (212 °F), primarily by biochemical degradation. This includes the process of humification, in which microorganisms extract hydrocarbons from peat and form humic acids, which decrease the rate of bacterial decay. In lignite, humification

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1152-418: A return on investment to shareholders, energy costs to industrial and residential consumers are lower than they would otherwise be. These lower costs help offset some of the higher costs of doing business in a region far from large markets. As a Provincial Crown Corporation, investment decisions by Manitoba Hydro are heavily influenced by political and economic goals of the provincial government. For example, in

1248-628: A second party for transmission. An example of this approach was seen at the Clean Environment Commission public hearings for the recent Wuskwatim Generation Project and the Wuskwatim Transmission Project, in which environmental reviews for both the generating station and associated transmission facilities were carried out at the same time. Manitoba Hydro's mandate to serve dictates that it builds enough transmission and generating firm capacity to serve

1344-413: A soil amendment and fertilizer. However, rigorous studies of the long-term benefits of lignite products in agriculture are lacking. Lignite may also be used for the cultivation and distribution of biological control microbes that suppress plant pests. The carbon increases the organic matter in the soil while the biological control microbes provide an alternative to chemical pesticides. Leonardite

1440-456: Is a newly emerging mixed-use development located in the northeast corner of downtown Winnipeg. The district runs along the west bank of the Red River along Waterfront Drive and features Stephen Juba Park . The Waterfront District has seen a number of residential construction projects since 2005. Moreover, there have been plans to extend Waterfront Drive further north, to connect it with

1536-418: Is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat . It has a carbon content around 25–35% and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content . When removed from the ground, it contains a very high amount of moisture , which partially explains its low carbon content. Lignite is mined all around the world and is used almost exclusively as

1632-563: Is a soil conditioner rich in humic acids that is formed by natural oxidation when lignite comes in contact with air. The process can be replicated artificially on a large scale. The less matured xyloid (wood-shaped) lignite also contains high amounts of humic acid. Reaction with quaternary amine forms a product called amine-treated lignite (ATL), which is used in drilling mud to reduce fluid loss during drilling. Lignite may have potential uses as an industrial adsorbent . Experiments show that its adsorption of methylene blue falls within

1728-542: Is an area of Winnipeg located near the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. It is the oldest urban area in Winnipeg, and is home to the city's commercial core, city hall, the seat of Manitoba's provincial government , and a number of major attractions and institutions. The City of Winnipeg's official downtown boundaries are: the Canadian Pacific Railway mainline on the north, Gomez Street and

1824-520: Is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of 60–70 percent on a dry ash-free basis. However, its inherent moisture content is sometimes as high as 75 percent and its ash content ranges from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal . As a result, its carbon content on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter) is typically just 25-35 percent. The energy content of lignite ranges from 10 to 20 MJ/kg (9–17 million BTU per short ton ) on

1920-536: Is called slacking or slackening . Most lignite is used to generate electricity. However, small amounts are used in agriculture , in industry , and even, as jet , in jewelry . Its historical use as fuel for home heating has continuously declined and is now of lower importance than its use to generate electricity. Lignite is often found in thick beds located near the surface, making it inexpensive to mine. However, because of its low energy density , tendency to crumble, and typically high moisture content, brown coal

2016-638: Is home to the Winnipeg Jets . The area also has the Norquay Building, the Law Courts, Cityplace mall , and VJ's Drive Inn . There are numerous office buildings and hotels in this area, including some of Winnipeg's tallest buildings . A 42-storey apartment building, 300 Main , is currently being built by Artis REIT , owners of 360 Main St. and Winnipeg Square . When completed, it will be

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2112-734: Is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market compared with higher coal grades. It is often burned in power stations near the mines, such as in Poland's Bełchatów plant and Turów plant , Australia's Latrobe Valley and Luminant 's Monticello plant and Martin Lake plant in Texas. Primarily because of latent high moisture content and low energy density of brown coal, carbon dioxide emissions from traditional brown-coal-fired plants are generally much higher per megawatt-hour generated than for comparable black-coal plants, with

2208-783: Is known for its intact turn-of-the-century collection of warehouses, financial institutions, and early terracotta -clad skyscrapers. Winnipeg's theatre district is located on the east side of the Exchange District, home to the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre , and Centennial Concert Hall which houses the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra , the Royal Winnipeg Ballet , and the Manitoba Opera . The west side of

2304-516: Is over 80,000 km. Transmission lines built in Manitoba must withstand a wide temperature range, ice, and occasional high winds. In 1997, a tornado blew down 19 transmission towers of the HVDC system north of Winnipeg, reducing transmission capacity from the North to a small fraction of system capacity. During the several days required for utility employees to repair this line, power was imported from

2400-492: Is partial, coming to completion only when the coal reaches sub-bituminous rank. The most characteristic chemical change in the organic material during formation of lignite is the sharp reduction in the number of C=O and C-O-R functional groups. Lignite deposits are typically younger than higher-ranked coals, with the majority of them having formed during the Tertiary period. Lignite is often found in thick beds located near

2496-476: Is purchased by Manitoba Hydro for distribution on its network. The capacity of this installation is 99.9 MW, comprising 63 wind turbines of 1.65 MW each. This is the first privately owned grid-connected generation to be constructed in Manitoba in nearly fifty years. Energy produced by this facility is subsidized by the Canadian Government's Wind Power Production Incentive , though over the life of

2592-590: Is unusual in North America because it is the sole commercial provider of electrical power in the province of Manitoba. It is a Crown corporation closely regulated by the Provincial government. This status arose because of the history of electrification in the Province, where early private commercial developers required a large initial return on investment owing to the high risks of the projects. This limited

2688-537: The 2016 Census . The most common transportation method of the people in South Portage is walking, with 42.4%, more than five times higher than the overall 4.9% for Winnipeg. The average employment income for the area is just $ 52,267, which is lower than Winnipeg's average employment income of $ 61,164. South Portage is the location of the main branch of the Winnipeg Public Library system,

2784-514: The Assiniboine and Red Rivers meet. The Forks was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1974 due to its status as a cultural landscape that had borne witness to six thousand years of human activity. South Portage is the group of city blocks located between Portage Avenue , Main Street , Broadway , and Memorial Boulevard. The population of South Portage was 1,865 as of

2880-472: The Disraeli Fwy . Developer Leon A. Brown has offered up to 12 properties for redevelopment in the area. Sunstone Boutique Hotels had an $ 11-million plan to build a three-storey, 67-room boutique hotel on what is now a gravel parking lot, along with a new casual-dining restaurant in the one-storey brick former Harbourmaster's building. The plans also involve construction of a public plaza area at

2976-618: The Exchange District . Where Winnipeg magazine features listings of things to do in Winnipeg and is also published from the Exchange District. Isbister School is an Adult Education Centre operated by the Winnipeg School Division in the north Portage Avenue area. Other private schools serve business needs, such as CDI and Booth University College . Lignite Lignite (derived from Latin lignum meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal ,

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3072-847: The Manitoba Centennial Centre , which includes the Manitoba Museum , the Planetarium , the Centennial Concert Hall , and the Winnipeg Railway Museum . Although over 60,000 people work downtown , only 17,190 people live in the area covered by the Downtown Zoning By-Law. There are several residential projects under construction on Waterfront Drive and in the Exchange District, and the residential population of

3168-686: The Millennium Library . The area also has the Winnipeg Convention Centre with 160,000 sq ft (15,000 m ) of meeting, exhibition and banquet space. Lakeview Square , the largest mixed-use development downtown in the 1970s, was constructed at the same time as the Convention Centre and completed in 1974. Opened in 2004, the Bell MTS Place is located just south of Portage Avenue and

3264-721: The National Energy Board licences exports, based on the criteria that the exports are surplus to domestic need and that the price charged is reasonable and in the Canadian public interest. Similarly, exporters of power from the United States into Canada require a United States Export Authorization. Manitoba Hydro has about 238,000 residential, and 24,700 commercial and industrial customers. In fiscal 2008 total gas revenues were $ 580 million CAD on 2,165 million cubic metres of gas. Residential consumers account for about 48% of Manitoba gas consumption. Manitoba Hydro has

3360-883: The Northwest Angle in Minnesota. Manitoba Hydro is a member of the MRO Midwest Reliability Organization , a region of the North American Electrical Reliability Council NERC and successor to MAPP (Mid-continent Area Power Pool) since June 15, 2004. Manitoba Hydro continues its membership in MAPP, which retains its function as a generation reserves sharing pool. Export of electrical energy has been regulated since 1907 in Canada. Since 1959,

3456-424: The Red River on the east, and the Assiniboine River on the south; the western boundaries of downtown are irregular, following along a number of different streets, back lanes, and across properties. Generally speaking, the western boundaries are rarely much further west of Balmoral and Isabel Streets. In 2016, Canadian Geographic produced a map that generalize Winnipeg's downtown boundaries. Neighbourhoods in

3552-596: The railway network was dependent on lignite either through steam trains or electrified lines mostly fed with lignite derived power. As per the table below, East Germany was the largest producer of lignite for much of its existence as an independent state. In 2014, about 12 percent of Germany's energy and, specifically, 27 percent of Germany's electricity came from lignite power plants, while in 2014 in Greece , lignite provided about 50 percent of its power needs. Germany has announced plans to phase out lignite by 2038 at

3648-635: The 1986 Manitoba provincial election, the incumbent New Democratic Party government announced accelerated construction of the Limestone project, with promises of increased employment as a result. Limestone GS was estimated to create 6000 person-years of direct employment, 11,000 of indirect employment over the construction period of eight years. As part of the contract for the ten turbine-generator units, Canadian General Electric agreed to invest $ 10,000,000 CAD in Manitoba business operations, and to obtain at least 15 per cent of installation labour locally. For

3744-623: The Act now carries a provision prohibiting privatization of Manitoba Hydro without a public referendum. Since 1970, a Minister responsible for the Manitoba Hydro Act has sat on Executive Council of Manitoba . This position is not a full departmental portfolio in the Manitoba executive council, and it is generally held by ministers who also hold other cabinet responsibilities. Generating station total ratings are approximate. Water flow conditions and station service load may account for some of

3840-599: The Central Park area. Central Park includes many different ethnicities including Arabs, Vietnamese, Chinese, Ojibway, Filipinos, and African (more than half being African). With the increase in the African population, Central Park has been transforming in recent years. It is now the home to the 'Central Market', with more markets planned to come. Many of the markets will sell handmade fashion and imported African crafts. During warm Saturday nights, live entertainment fills

3936-482: The Chinese visible minority group. 40.5% of the area's residents speak neither English nor French (as compared to 1% of Winnipeg as a whole), while 71.1% of residents speak some variant of Chinese (including Cantonese , Mandarin and Chinese not otherwise specified). Downtown Winnipeg has four bridges that directly connect to other Winnipeg neighbourhoods or suburbs across the Red and Assiniboine Rivers . They are

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4032-615: The Conawapa site, 695 MW at the Keeyask site, and 1000 MW at the Gillam Island site, all on the lower Nelson river. Other sites have been assessed but are not currently under study for development. All of these developments would require a large increase in electric power exports, since Manitoba load growth will not require this capacity for a generation or more. All of these projects require additional HVDC transmission capacity from

4128-734: The Dorsey substation located in Rosser near Winnipeg and travels south into the United States and takes a southeasterly direction to the Forbes Substation northwest of Duluth, Minnesota and from there goes south to the Chisago substation located just north of St. Paul, Minnesota . Manitoba Hydro also participates in "border accommodation" transfers, where it provides power to isolated extraprovincial end-use loads such as those of

4224-549: The Dorsey-Forbes-Chisago 500,000 volt transmission line interconnecting Manitoba Hydro with Northern States Power in Minnesota was put in service. In July 1999, Manitoba Hydro purchased the natural gas distribution company Centra Gas Manitoba . In September 2002, Manitoba Hydro purchased Winnipeg Hydro , which formerly provided electric power in the downtown area of Winnipeg . The water power potential of

4320-810: The Exchange is home to Cinematheque, a small movie theatre located in the Artspace building on Albert Street. The Exchange District's Old Market Square annually hosts the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and the Manitoba Electronic Music Exhibition . Renovations to Old Market Square completed in 2012 added "The Cube", a $ 1.5 million stage, with a skin made up of 20,000 aluminum links. The stage contains

4416-645: The Main Street Bridge, Midtown Bridge, Osborne Street Bridge, and the Provencher Bridge . One of the first bridges in Winnipeg was the Main-Norwood Bridge. It carries traffic between St. Boniface , St. Vital , and points east from Marion Street. Originally a toll bridge, it carried Winnipeg's first horse-drawn streetcars between downtown and River Avenue in the early 1880s. Osborne Street Bridge connects Osborne Village to

4512-464: The Manitoba home market first. However, in a typical year, more energy is available than the firm capacity. This can be economically exported from the Province. Since this energy is typically sold on short-term contracts or even on a spot market , the returns on these sales increase Manitoba Hydro's retained earnings, allowing domestic rates to be stable and low. Since Manitoba Hydro is a Crown Corporation paying no dividends and not obligated to provide

4608-618: The NHL's Winnipeg Jets and Manitoba Moose have played since 2004; and Blue Cross Park , where the American Association 's Winnipeg Goldeyes baseball team have played since 1999. The Winnipeg Walkway system, popularly known as the Winnipeg Skywalk, is a network of pedestrian skyways and tunnels connecting a significant portion of the city centre. Several media organizations have broadcasting studio located in

4704-507: The Nelson River and load centers in southern Manitoba required the use of HVDC transmission lines to bring the energy to market. When these lines were commissioned, they were the longest and highest-voltage direct current lines in the world. The Dorsey converter station is 26 km north-west of the center of Winnipeg. Starting in 2005, a wind farm was built near St. Leon, Manitoba. Power generated by this privately constructed plant

4800-438: The Nelson River was described as early as 1911, when over 6 million horsepower of potential generation capacity was identified at 11 sites – at a time when the developed hydropower in the rest of Canada was around 1 million horsepower. Between 1955 and 1960, studies were carried out to determine what resources would be available for future hydraulic generation. The stations at Kelsey, Kettle, Long Spruce and Limestone were built on

4896-518: The North to the South. One such project, Bipole III, has been discussed with communities on the east side of Lake Winnipeg , but this area is ecologically and culturally sensitive and power line construction will require extensive environmental impact assessment . Like any other large-scale activity, the operations of Manitoba Hydro have not been without controversy. Concerns about the economy and efficiency of Manitoba Hydro's development program led

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4992-989: The Province established the Manitoba Power Commission with the object of bringing electric power to communities outside of Winnipeg. Winnipeg Hydro , Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company and the Manitoba Hydro Commission all built extensive hydroelectric generating facilities on the Winnipeg River during the period 1916 through 1928. The Great Depression starting in 1929 put an end to rapid growth until after World War II . The City of Winnipeg utility built coal-fired steam generators in 1924 on Amy Street, which were also used for district heating of downtown buildings. During World War Two, electric boilers at Amy Street used surplus hydroelectric power to economize on coal consumption. The City utility also implemented load management on electric water heaters, which allowed them to be turned off during

5088-490: The United States over the 500 kV interconnection. As a consequence, though some major industrial customers were requested to curtail energy use, disruption for most customers remained small. A large portion of the energy generated on the Nelson river is transmitted south on the HVDC Nelson River Bipole system. The two transmission lines BIPOLE I and BIPOLE II, each nearly 900 km long, operate at ± 450 kV and ± 500 kV DC, with converter stations at Gillam and Sundance , and

5184-477: The air, residents enjoy free Sunday movie screenings to enjoy an evening outdoors. The Knox Centre at Knox United Church presents international films in various languages - with English subtitles - every Thursday evening. The Exchange District is a National Historic Site of Canada . Just one block north is one of Canada's most famous intersections, Portage and Main , the Exchange District comprises 20 city blocks and approximately 150 heritage buildings , and it

5280-529: The area is just $ 47,268, which is lower than Winnipeg's average employment income of $ 61,164. Current plans are for a new bicycle-pedestrian bridge to connect McFadyen Park with Fort Rouge Park over the Assiniboine River. The bridge would be partly financed by a grant from the Winnipeg Foundation. There are three designs vying for final approval. The Forks is a 99-acre (40 ha) national historic, recreational, cultural, and entertainment area site in downtown Winnipeg, deriving its name from being located where

5376-441: The area is projected to increase substantially in the next few years. The Downtown Winnipeg Zoning By-Law defines the boundaries of the Downtown planning area, and several sectors within it. The downtown census area is slightly smaller, omitting a three-block extension at the north edge. There is also a significantly larger Downtown community area, used for Community Social Data Strategy for Winnipeg. The Waterfront District

5472-420: The area remains saturated with water, which covers dead vegetation and protects it from atmospheric oxygen. Otherwise, peat swamps are found in a variety of climates and geographical settings. Anaerobic bacteria may contribute to the degradation of peat, but this process takes a long time, particularly in acidic water. Burial by other sediments further slows biological degradation, and subsequent transformations are

5568-594: The day and during peak load periods. In 1949 the Province set up a new utility, the Manitoba Hydro Electric Board (MHEB). In 1953 the MHEB acquired the assets of the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway. The MHEB was tasked with bringing electric power to the rural parts of Manitoba, a task which took until around 1956 to substantially complete. By 1955 there were three utilities in the province: Two thermal (coal-fired) stations were built at Brandon and Selkirk starting in 1958. These units were intended to operate during low-water years, and burned lignite coal . In 1957,

5664-497: The difference between rated station output and total unit nameplate rating. In a typical year the hydroelectric plants produce more than ninety-five percent of the energy sold. Manitoba Hydro operates an extensive network of more than 9000 km of ac transmission lines. Transmission voltages in use include: Distribution voltages include 4160 V especially in urban Winnipeg, 12.47 kV and 25 kV, usually on overhead conductors but often in buried cables. Total length of distribution lines

5760-405: The downtown area include the Exchange District , Central Park , The Forks , and Chinatown . The downtown area is roughly 3 square kilometres (740 acres). Winnipeg Square , Canada Life Centre , Portage Place , and the flagship store of The Bay (closed 30 November 2020) are all located on the downtown section of Portage Avenue . On Main Street are Winnipeg's City Hall , Union Station , and

5856-478: The downtown area, including television stations CTV , Global , Citytv , and Canadian specialty channel APTN ; and radio stations QX-104 , and 93.7 Nostalgia FM. The television broadcast antennas for CBC Manitoba and ICI Radio-Canada Manitoba are located on the Richardson Building , while Global TV Winnipeg is located on top of 201 Portage Avenue . Border Crossings , an internationally known arts magazine featuring Canadian art, publishes from offices in

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5952-404: The downtown core. The first iteration was built in the late 1880s. In the 2010s the bridge was upgraded with a lit wall using LED technology. The Midtown Bridge carries traffic to and from south Winnipeg. It was first opened in September 1955. The Bridge sees upwards of 59,300 vehicles average weekdays. The Provencher Bridge is the third one built. The first version, called the Broadway Bridge,

6048-495: The economic benefits that electrification would bring. Manitoba Hydro is required by its regulating legislation to give priority to public benefit over profit. Another unusual feature of Manitoba Hydro is that it is a completely integrated electrical utility, with generation, transmission, and distribution operations. This means that Manitoba Hydro can consider the total system cost and benefits of any new development, rather than, for example, building generation capacity that relies on

6144-455: The first transmission line between Manitoba and North-West Ontario was installed. In 1960, a 138-kV connection to Saskatchewan Power Corporation was completed, and it was later uprated to 230 kV. The Manitoba Power Commission and Manitoba Hydro Electric Board merged in 1961 to form Manitoba Hydro. One of the earlier wholesale accounts to be transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1956 was the village of Emerson , which had been served up to that point by

6240-699: The fiscal year ending March 31, 2015, Manitoba Hydro serves a peak Manitoba electrical load of more than 4460 megawatts, down 4.9% from the previous year's peak (2013 year end for comparison in parentheses)(4500 megawatts). Electrical supply to Manitoba customers was 21.6 terawatt-hours in fiscal 2015 (21.5 2013), with total revenue due to electricity of $ 1.808 billion ($ 1.733 billion) CAD. Extraprovincial sales were at 10.28 terawatthours ( 9.1 terawatthours), with normal water flows. The company also delivered 2.07 billion cubic metres (2.05 billion) cubic metres of natural gas in 2015, which contributed $ 573 million CAD to revenues. Downtown Winnipeg Downtown Winnipeg

6336-404: The generation queue on the OASIS for St. Leon, St. Laurent, Letellier, Waskada, Alexander, Lizard Lake, Lk. Manitoba Narrows and other locations. Winnipeg Hydro is a former provider of electrical power for the city of Winnipeg , Manitoba . Winnipeg Hydro was established in 1906 and was purchased by Manitoba Hydro in 2002. In 1906, voters approved a $ 3.25 million expenditure for development of

6432-692: The governments of Japan and Australia has begun extracting hydrogen from brown coal. The liquefied hydrogen will be shipped via the transporter Suiso Frontier to Japan. The largest lignite deposits in North America are the Gulf Coast lignites and the Fort Union lignite field. The Gulf Coast lignites are located in a band running from Texas to Alabama roughly parallel to the Gulf Coast. The Fort Union lignite field stretches from North Dakota to Saskatchewan . Both are important commercial sources of lignite. Lignite can be separated into two types: xyloid lignite or fossil wood , and compact lignite or perfect lignite. Although xyloid lignite may sometimes have

6528-460: The historic Upper Fort Garry , Hotel Fort Garry , and the Manitoba Legislative Building . Broadway-Assiniboine features the "Assiniboine Riverwalk" and is home to many notable restaurants. The population of Broadway-Assiniboine was 5,270 as of the 2016 Census . The most common transportation method of the people in South Portage is walking, with 31.8%, more than 6.5 times higher than the overall 4.9% for Winnipeg. The average employment income for

6624-448: The inverter station, Dorsey, near Rosser . The combined capacity of the two HVDC lines is 3420 MW, or about 68% of the total generation capacity in the province. A third HVDC line, BIPOLE III was completed July 4, 2018. At a cost of $ 4.7B, it carries 2000 MW capacity over 3076 towers and 1384 km. Two new converter stations were built at Keewatinohk on the Nelson River and at Riel east of Winnipeg. A different route from northern Manitoba

6720-704: The land has been restored to full productivity. A bond (not necessary in this form) for mine reclamation is required in the US by the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 . The Latrobe Valley in Victoria , Australia , contains estimated reserves of some 65 billion tonnes of brown coal. The deposit is equivalent to 25 percent of known world reserves. The coal seams are up to 98 m (322 ft) thick, with multiple coal seams often giving virtually continuous brown coal thickness of up to 230 m (755 ft). Seams are covered by very little overburden (10 to 20 m (33 to 66 ft)). A partnership led by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and backed by

6816-410: The latest. Greece has confirmed that the last coal plant will be shut in 2025 after receiving pressure from the European Union and plans to heavily invest in renewable energy . Lignite was and is used as a replacement for or in combination with firewood for home heating. It is usually pressed into briquettes for that use. Due to the smell it gives off when burned, lignite was often seen as

6912-407: The lignite is removed, restoration involves grading the mine spoil to as close an approximation as practical of the original ground surface (Approximate Original Contour or AOC). Subsoil and topsoil are restored and the land reseeded with various grasses. In North Dakota , a performance bond is held against the mining company for at least ten years after the end of mining operations to guarantee that

7008-536: The lower Nelson River to support both Manitoba load growth and export plans. Limestone, the largest generating station in Manitoba, is located on the Lower Nelson only 90 km from Hudson Bay . Long-term firm power sales contracts were signed with Northern States Power. Control dams have turned Lake Winnipeg , the 12th largest lake in the world, into a 25,000 km reservoir for the Nelson River generation system. The great distance between generating sites on

7104-456: The lowest electricity rates in North America. In September 2002, Winnipeg Hydro officially closed its doors embarking on a new era as part of Manitoba Hydro. The Manitoba Hydro Act governs Manitoba Hydro. The purpose of the Manitoba Hydro Act was to provide for efficient, economical supply of electric power for the needs of the province. The first version of the act was effective March 31, 1961 and it has been revised since that date. Notably,

7200-448: The project tax revenue will exceed the value of the initial subsidy. The 138 megawatt St. Joseph Wind Farm began operation in 2011. Multiple wind farm sites with capacities between 50 and 200 MW have been studied for Manitoba. The Manitoba OASIS node has generator interconnection evaluation studies for wind farms at Elie, Lena, Darlingford, Boissevain, Killarney, and Minnedosa. Additional probable wind farm sites of up to 200 MW are in

7296-675: The provincial government to form a commission of inquiry in 1977. Project cost overruns, and expanded capital spending during a time of declining electricity demand raised serious doubts about the timing of the Lake Winnipeg Regulation project and the development of projects along the Nelson River. The Tritschler Commission (named for Justice George Eric Tritschler (1901–1993) ) delivered its final report in December 1979, which made 51 recommendations on Manitoba Hydro governance, planning, financing and operations. Manitoba Hydro

7392-746: The range of activated carbons currently used by industry. Jet is a form of lignite that has been used as a gemstone. The earliest jet artifacts date to 10,000 BCE and jet was used extensively in necklaces and other ornamentation in Britain from the Neolithic until the end of Roman Britain . Jet experienced a brief revival in Victorian Britain . Lignite begins as partially decayed plant material, or peat. Peat tends to accumulate in areas with high moisture, slow land subsidence , and no disturbance by rivers or oceans – under these conditions,

7488-414: The risk of spontaneous combustion to the same level as black coal, increase the calorific value of brown coal to a black coal equivalent fuel, and significantly reduce the emissions profile of 'densified' brown coal to a level similar to or better than most black coals. However, removing the moisture increases the cost of the final lignite fuel. Lignite rapidly degrades when exposed to air. This process

7584-520: The river closure and diversion occurred in July 2009. Construction required an access road and construction camp site, and a construction power substation, along with services such as water supply and sewage lagoons for the camp. A new 230 kV gas-insulated substation was constructed adjacent to the dam site, which will distribute power from the Wuskwatim generators to the transmission network. A cofferdam

7680-499: The south end of the property. The design of the Waterfront District also led to a new road system that included Winnipeg’s first roundabout , at the corner of Bannatyne Avenue and Waterfront Drive. Central Park is one of Winnipeg's most densely-populated neighbourhoods with 13,755 people per square km according to the 2001 Census . Seventy per cent of all refugees coming to Winnipeg live downtown, in and around

7776-422: The subsurface beds. Topsoil and subsoil must be properly removed and either used to reclaim previously mined-out areas or stored for future reclamation. Excavator and truck overburden removal prepares the area for dragline overburden removal to expose the lignite beds. These are broken up using specially equipped tractors ( coal ripping ) and then loaded into bottom dump trucks using front loaders . Once

7872-409: The surface. These are inexpensive to extract using various forms of surface mining , though this can result in serious environmental damage. Regulations in the United States and other countries require that land that is surface mined must be restored to its original productivity once mining is complete. Strip mining of lignite in the United States begins with drilling to establish the extent of

7968-515: The tallest apartment block in the city. Winnipeg's public transit hub is located on the Graham Avenue Transit Mall , as many bus routes converge there. Formed in 1909, the area is home to many shops and restaurants including Asian grocery stores and an herbal products store. Winnipeg's Chinatown covers 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi) northwest of City Hall and is home to about 600 people, of whom 90% are in

8064-401: The tenacity and the appearance of ordinary wood, it can be seen that the combustible woody tissue has experienced a great modification. It is reducible to a fine powder by trituration , and if submitted to the action of a weak solution of potash , it yields a considerable quantity of humic acid . Leonardite is an oxidized form of lignite, which also contains high levels of humic acid. Jet

8160-473: The tie to Minnesota. In 2003, a new line was completed to the United States (the Harvey-Glenboro 230kV line), allowing a firm export capacity of 700 megawatts. In 2005 Manitoba Hydro announced increased interchange up to 500 MW with Ontario, after construction of additional transmission facilities. Manitoba Hydro's largest interconnection is the Dorsey-Forbes-Chisago 500,000 volt (AC) line that begins at

8256-528: The winter of 1970; and since that time these interconnections have also been used for export of energy. In the period 1974 to 1976, Manitoba Hydro was still studying nuclear power , but it concluded that all hydraulic resources should be developed first before construction of any nuclear facility. Although a research nuclear reactor existed at the Pinawa AECL research facility, no nuclear generating capacity has ever been constructed in Manitoba. In 1980,

8352-501: The world's highest-emitting plant being Australia's Hazelwood Power Station until its closure in March 2017. The operation of traditional brown-coal plants, particularly in combination with strip mining , is politically contentious due to environmental concerns. The German Democratic Republic relied extensively on lignite to become energy self-sufficient , and eventually obtained 70% of its energy requirements from lignite. Lignite

8448-496: Was also an important chemical industry feedstock via Bergius process or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in lieu of petroleum, which had to be imported for hard currency following a change in policy by the Soviet Union in the 1970s, which had previously delivered petroleum at below market rates. East German scientists even converted lignite into coke suitable for metallurgical uses ( high temperature lignite coke ) and much of

8544-487: Was built by private investors near Minnedosa in 1912 but low water levels meant that it only operated intermittently. In 1920 the plant was replaced by a diesel station owned by the Manitoba Power Commission. The dam still exists today at Minnedosa Lake. By 1906, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway had constructed a hydroelectric plant on the Winnipeg River near Pinawa , and seventy miles (110 km) of 60-kV transmission line. This plant operated year-round until 1951, when it

8640-454: Was chosen for BIPOLE III in order to provide safety and redundancy in case BIPOLE I and II which run side by side for much of the route and end at the same converter station were simultaneously damaged. Manitoba Hydro has transmission lines connecting with Saskatchewan , Ontario , North Dakota and Minnesota . Ties to the Canadian provinces are of low capacity but a substantial portion of Manitoba Hydro's annual generation can be exported over

8736-427: Was constructed for excavation of the tailrace and spillway channel, and subsequently removed. Secondary concrete and turbine installation continued through the summer and fall of 2010. The construction camp population varies according to activity level but as of July 2010 there were 635 workers in the construction camp. More than 5000 MW of hydroelectric potential could be developed in Manitoba, which includes 1380 MW at

8832-912: Was demonstrated at the Davis House hotel on Main Street, Winnipeg , March 12, 1873. In 1880, the Manitoba Electric and Gas Light Company was incorporated to provide public lighting and power, and a year later absorbed the Winnipeg Gas Company. In 1893, the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company was formed, and initially purchased power from Manitoba Electric and Gas, but by 1898, it had built its own 1000- horsepower (750 kW) generating plant and purchased Manitoba Electric and Gas. The first hydroelectric plant in Manitoba operated north of Brandon from 1901 to 1924. Private investors built

8928-643: Was not engineered correctly and fell into the Red River four days after opening due to ice jams colliding with it. The second version outlived its usefulness and was replaced in the 2000s. The new Provencher Bridge opened to vehicular traffic in December 2003. Located adjacent to the Provencher Bridge is the cable-stayed pedestrian and cycling bridge, Esplanade Riel , opened in 2004. It features space for an indoor restaurant. There are two major sports venues located downtown, Canada Life Centre where

9024-500: Was officially opened on July 5, 2012, while construction of the remaining two units continued. This 200 MW station has three hydraulic turbine generator units, causes less than one half square kilometre of new flooding, and has only a small reservoir. This project had the most extensive environmental review of any generating project in Manitoba. Participation of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) First Nation

9120-460: Was passed by a June 2006 referendum by NCN members. This partnership between NCN and Manitoba Hydro will allow advancement of the in-service date to 2012 and opportunities for additional export revenue. Otherwise the domestic load growth would not require this new capacity until several years later. Excavation and primary concrete for the dam, powerhouse and spillway was mainly completed by June 2009. The spillway gate hoist housing had been erected and

9216-413: Was shut down to allow improved water flow to other Winnipeg River stations. Its remains are still preserved as a provincial park. Since the investor-owned Winnipeg Electric Street Railway was charging twenty cents per kilowatt-hour, the City of Winnipeg founded its own utility in 1906,. Winnipeg city alderman John Wesley Cockburn (January 9, 1856 – November 9, 1924) had privately secured water rights for

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