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40-571: Marche ( / ˈ m ɑːr k eɪ / MAR -kay ; Italian: [ˈmarke] ), in English sometimes referred to as the Marches ( / ˈ m ɑːr tʃ ɪ z / MAR -chiz ), is one of the twenty regions of Italy . The region is located in the central area of the country, and has a population of about 1.5 million people, being the thirteenth largest region in the country by number of inhabitants. The region's capital and largest city

80-585: A few deep river gorges: the best known are those of the Furlo , the Rossa and the Frasassi . The coastline is 173 kilometres (107 mi) long and is relatively flat and straight except for the hilly area between Gabicce and Pesaro in the north, and the eastern slopes of Monte Conero near Ancona . Climate is temperate. Inland, in the mountainous areas, is more continental with cold and often snowy winters; by

120-468: A result of a negative migration balance, well above the national average, with a rate varying between 4.9 and 10.0 per 1,000 inhabitants. The Average fund of this region is worth about a few million or maybe higher. In the same period the natural balance of the population was positive, but lower than the national average and insufficient to counterbalance the net emigration. The population continued to decline until 1971, but in 1968 began growing again. In 2008,

160-469: Is Ancona . The Marche region is bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to the west, Lazio to the southwest, Abruzzo to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Except for river valleys and the often very narrow coastal strip, the land is hilly. A railway from Bologna to Brindisi , built in the 19th century, runs along the coast of

200-626: Is divided into a number of provinces . During the Kingdom of Italy , regions were mere statistical districts of the central state. Under the Republic, they were granted a measure of political autonomy by the 1948 Italian Constitution . The original draft list comprised the Salento region (which was eventually included in Apulia ); Friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata

240-458: Is less significant and the gross value generated by this sector remains slightly above the national average. Marche has never suffered from the extremes of fragmented land ownership or 'latifondo'. Greatly diffused in the past, the sharecropping never produced an extreme land fragmentation. The main products are cereals, vegetables, animal products and grapes. Truffle hunting is popular; although it has often led to 'truffle wars' between hunters due to

280-694: Is quite modest: they keep just 20% of all levied taxes, mostly used to finance the region-based healthcare system . Article 116 of the Italian Constitution grants home rule to five regions, namely the Aosta Valley , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Sardinia , Sicily , and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , allowing them some legislative, administrative and financial power to a varying extent, depending on their specific statute. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences and protect linguistic minorities. Moreover,

320-403: Is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of

360-404: The 2020 Marche regional election Marche is governed by the centre-right coalition . The region is divided into five provinces : Ancona , Ascoli Piceno , Fermo , Macerata , Pesaro e Urbino . 43°37′00″N 13°31′00″E  /  43.61667°N 13.51667°E  / 43.61667; 13.51667 Regions of Italy The regions of Italy ( Italian : regioni d'Italia ) are

400-887: The Adriatic campaign of World War I. The 1916 Rimini earthquakes damaged or destroyed several buildings in Pesaro, Fano, and its hinterlands . The Battle of Ancona occurred during the Italian campaign of World War II. After the referendum of 2006, 7 municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino to join the Province of Rimini ( Emilia-Romagna ) on 15 August 2009. The municipalities are Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello . Towns in Marche were devastated by many powerful earthquakes during

440-912: The Constitution of Italy originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the Chamber of the Deputies , which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: Aosta Valley (1 senator) and Molise (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad . After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by constitutional referendum ) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate

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480-656: The Gothic War , it was part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna ( Ancona , Fano , Pesaro , Rimini , and Senigallia forming the so-called Pentapolis ). After the fall of the Exarchate, it was briefly in the possession of the Lombards , but was conquered by Charlemagne in the late eighth century. In the ninth to eleventh centuries, the marches of Camerino , Fermo and Ancona were created, hence

520-463: The Italian national institute of statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 115,299 foreign-born immigrants live in Marche, 7.4% of the total regional population. Marche forms, along with Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Umbria, the Italian " Red Quadrilateral ", a strongly left-wing area. In the 2014 European elections , the people of Marche gave 45% of their votes to Matteo Renzi 's Democratic Party . As of

560-469: The first-level NUTS of the European Union . Every region has a statute that serves as a regional constitution, determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region, as prescribed by the Constitution of Italy ( Article 123 ). Although all the regions except Tuscany define themselves in various ways as an "autonomous Region" in

600-484: The giunta , and nominates or dismisses its members, called assessori . If the directly elected president resigns, new elections are called immediately. In the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, the regional council is made up of the joint session of the two provincial councils of Trentino and of South Tyrol. The regional president is one of the two provincial commissioners. Article 57 of

640-466: The Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively. Gabicce The village has once been a fisherman's place, but nowadays it is a summer tourist center with several beaches. The town is considered by some to be part of the historical region of Romagna , forming an extension of

680-767: The Italian record for coastal overbuilding. Marche was known in ancient times as the Picenum territory. The first period of cultural unity of the Marches was in the Iron Age , when the region was almost entirely inhabited by the Picentes . Many artefacts from their time are exhibited in National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region in Ancona. In the fourth century BC, the northern area

720-667: The centre-right government led by Silvio Berlusconi proposed a new reform that would have greatly increased the power of regions. The proposals, which had been particularly associated with Lega Nord , and seen by some as leading the way to a federal state, were rejected in the 2006 Italian constitutional referendum by 61.7% "no" to 38.3% "yes". The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55.3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria . Number of regions governed by each coalition since 1995: Macroregions are

760-506: The centuries, the last time in 2016 (in August and in October ). In September 2022, Marche was hit by heavy flooding . Prior to the 1980s, Marche was considered a rather poor region, although economically stable in some sectors, thanks particularly to its agricultural output and to the contribution of traditional crafts. Today the contribution of agriculture to the economy of the region

800-522: The entire territory. Inland, the mountainous nature of the region, even today, allows relatively little travel north and south, except by twisting roads over the passes. From the Middle ages to the Renaissance period, many cities of the Marche were important cultural, artistic and commercial centres, the most prominent being Ancona , Pesaro , Urbino , Camerino and Ascoli Piceno . Urbino, which

840-606: The first article of their Statutes, fifteen regions have ordinary statutes and five have special statutes, granting them extended autonomy. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their regional councils, were created in 1970, even though the Italian Constitution dates back to 1948. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers: the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law ( Article 117 ). Yet their financial autonomy

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880-474: The first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic , constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status . Under the Constitution of Italy , each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (2018–2020), each region

920-632: The fourteenth century was short-lived. During the Renaissance , the region was fought over by rival aristocratic families, such as the Malatesta of Rimini, Pesaro , Fano and the house of Montefeltro of Urbino . The last independent entity, the Duchy of Urbino , was dissolved in 1631, and from then on, Marche was firmly part of the Papal States except during the Napoleonic period. This saw

960-533: The government wanted to prevent them from potentially seceding or being taken away from Italy after the defeat in World War II . Each region has an elected parliament, called Consiglio Regionale (regional council), or Assemblea Regionale (regional assembly) in Sicily, and a government called Giunta Regionale (regional committee), headed by a governor called Presidente della Giunta Regionale (president of

1000-412: The imposition of quotas. Olives are also produced and managed by various harvesters. In spite of the marine impoverishment, the sea has always furnished a plentiful supply of fish, the main fishing centres being Ancona , San Benedetto del Tronto , Fano and Civitanova Marche . Since the 1980s, the economy of the region has been radically transformed without, however, repudiating its rural past. Many of

1040-517: The medieval word marca , a march or mark , that is, a border zone, originally referring to a borderland territory of the Holy Roman Empire , such as the March of Ancona and others pertaining to the ancient region. Marche extends over an area of 9,694 square kilometres (3,743 sq mi) of the central Adriatic slope between Emilia-Romagna to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to

1080-477: The modern name. Marche was nominally part of the Papal States , but most of the territory was under local lords, while the major cities ruled themselves as free communes. In the twelfth century, the commune of Ancona resisted both the imperial authority of Frederick Barbarossa and the Republic of Venice , and was a maritime republic on its own. An attempt to restore Papal suzerainty by Gil de Albornoz in

1120-407: The region is below the national average. In 2008, it was 161.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (418/sq mi), compared to the national figure of 198.8/km (515/sq mi). It is highest in the province of Ancona (244.6/km or 634/sq mi inhabitants per km2), and lowest in the province of Macerata (116.1/km or 301/sq mi). Between 1952 and 1967 the population of the region decreased by 1.7% as

1160-486: The region's eastern border and descends through a hilly landscape towards the Adriatic sea. With the sole exception of Monte Vettore , 2,476 metres (8,123 ft) high, the mountains do not exceed 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). The hilly area covers two-thirds of the region and is intersected by wide gullies with numerous short rivers and by alluvial plains perpendicular to the Appennini range. The main mountain range has

1200-400: The regional committee) or Presidente della Regione (regional president). The latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regions where the president is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives an absolute majority of seats on the council. The president chairs

1240-492: The regions where it was historically rooted (the red belt of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and the Marches ). Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by a centre-left government and confirmed by popular referendum), which granted them residual policy competence. A further federalist reform was proposed by the regionalist party Lega Nord and in 2005,

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1280-661: The sea is more mediterranean. Precipitation varies from 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 inches) per year inland and 600 to 800 mm (25 to 30 in) per year on the Adriatic coast. A region with an annular drainage pattern possibly corresponding to a mud diapir or astrobleme exists near Sant'Angelo in Pontano . As of 2023, according to the report on land consumption of the Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Marche and Liguria hold

1320-477: The short-lived Republic of Ancona , in 1797–98; the merging of the region with the Roman Republic in 1798–99, and with the Kingdom of Italy from 1808 to 1813; and the short occupation by Joachim Murat in 1815. After Napoleon's defeat, Marche returned to Papal rule until 4 November 1860, when it was annexed to the unified Kingdom of Italy by a plebiscite . The Bombardment of Ancona occurred during

1360-491: The small craft workshops scattered throughout the rural settlements have modernised and become small businesses, some of which have become major brands known all over the world ( Indesit , Tod's , Guzzini, Teuco). This evolution led to the emergence of 'specialized' industrial areas, which are still profitable: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 43.3 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.5% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

1400-577: The traditional seaside resorts. Marche has many small and picturesque villages, 31 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The population density in

1440-519: The west, and Lazio and Abruzzo to the south, the entire eastern boundary being formed by the Adriatic . The Umbrian enclave of Monte Ruperto (a subdivision of the Comune of Città di Castello ) is entirely surrounded by the Province of Pesaro and Urbino , which constitutes the northern part of the region. Most of the region is mountainous or hilly: the Apennine range runs longitudinally along

1480-562: Was 28,200 euros or 94% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 96% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 7.4% in 2020. Marche is well known for its shoemaking tradition, with fine and luxurious Italian footwear manufacturing facilities in the region. The region continues to draw tourists, whose increasing numbers have been attracted by the rich and broadly distributed heritage of history and monuments, as well as by

1520-401: Was a major centre of Renaissance history, was also the birthplace of Raphael , one of the most important painters and architects of that period. The Marche region is also the birthplace of Gentile da Fabriano , Cyriacus of Ancona , Donato Bramante , Giovanni Battista Pergolesi , Giacomo Leopardi , Gioachino Rossini and Maria Montessori . The name of the region derives from the plural of

1560-420: Was named Lucania . Abruzzo and Molise were identified as separate regions in the first draft, but were later merged into Abruzzi e Molise in the final constitution of 1948, before being separated in 1963. Implementation of regional autonomy was postponed until the first Regional elections of 1970. The ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in

1600-813: Was occupied by the Senones , a tribe of Gauls . The Battle of Sentinum was fought in Marche in 295 BC; afterwards, the Romans founded numerous colonies in the area, connected to Rome by the Via Flaminia and the Via Salaria . Ascoli was a seat of Italic resistance during the Social War (91–87 BC) . Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the region was invaded by the Goths . After

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