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67-499: It has been long suggested that Maragheh was identical with Phraaspa/Phraata, the winter capital of Atropatene . The 9th-century Muslim historian al-Baladhuri (died 892) reports that the town was originally known as Akra-rudh (called "Afrah-rudh" by Ibn al-Faqih , and "Afrazah-rudh" by Yaqut al-Hamawi ) a Persian name which means "river of Afrah", and which the Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky considered to seem reminiscent of

134-464: A garrison was also established there. This was done under the orders of Khuzayma ibn Khazim , the governor of Adharbayjan and Arminiya (Armenia), a position he had probably reached in 803. Following the launch of the rebellion of Babak Khorramdin in 816/17, the people sought shelter in Maragheh. The caliph al-Mam'un ( r.  813–833 ) soon had the walls of the town was restored, followed by

201-813: A priest) that means “guardian of the fire”. In 331 BC, during the Battle of Gaugamela between the Achaemenid ruler Darius III and Alexander the Great , Medes , Albans , Sakasens , Cadusians fought alongside the army of the Achaemenid Great King in the army of Atropates. After this war, which resulted in the victory of Alexander the Great and the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates expressed his loyalty to Alexander. In 328-327 BC, Alexander appointed him governor of Media. Following

268-786: A small part, possibly Miyana ) was conquered by the Kurdish Rawadids , former vassals of the Sallarids. In 1039, Maragheh was sacked by a wave of immigrating Oghuz Turks , who destroyed its mosque and killed many of its inhabitants. In 1054, the Rawadid ruler Abu Mansur Wahsudan ( r.  1019–1058/9 ) was forced to submit to the Seljuk ruler Tughril ( r.  1037–1063 ). In 1070, Tughril arrested Wahsudan's son and successor Abu Nasr Mamlan II ( r.  1058/9–1070 ) and incorporated Azerbaijan into his domain, thus marking

335-484: A star catalogue with detailed information about each star. Another notable work from Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was an astronomical book that contained detailed notes and observations about the movement of planets. Under Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, scholars from across the Islamic world came to the Maragheh observatory in order to further their studies in math, science, and astronomy. Furthermore, many new instruments were introduced to

402-895: A threat to their independence and allied themselves in the struggle against Rome. After the battle between Rome and the Parthians in 38 BC, the Romans won and the Roman general Antony attacked Fraaspa (36 BC), one of the central cities of Atropatene. The city was surrounded by strong defenses. After a long blockade, Antony receded, losing approximately thirty-five thousand soldiers. In the face of Parthian attempts to annex Atropatene, Atropatene began to draw closer to Rome, thus, Ariobarzan II, who came to power in Atropatene in 20 BC, lived in Rome for about ten years. The dynasty Atropates founded would rule

469-690: A victory. Consequently, the king of Atropatene, Artabazanes , accepted the ascendency of Seleucids and became dependent on it; on the other hand, interior independence was preserved. At the same time, the Roman Empire came into sight in the Mediterranean basin and was trying to spread its power in the East, and in 190 B.C., its army met and defeated the Seleucids' army in the battle of Magnesia . Parthia and Atropatene subsequently considered Rome

536-445: A winter campaign (945-946), defeated al-Husain. The Rus meanwhile decided to leave, taking as much loot and prisoners as they could. In 948, Marzuban was defeated by Hamadan and the ruler of Isfahan , Rukn ed-Daula, and was taken prisoner at Samiram Castle. After that, the territory of Sallarids became the place of a ruthless struggle for power between Marzuban's brother Vahsudan, his sons, and Deysam Sajid. This momentary weakness in

603-408: Is described by the 14th-century Maghrebi scholar Ibn Battuta , who also reports that Maragheh was called "Little Damascus". Qara-Sunqur died in 1328. Writing c. 1340, Hamdallah Mustawfi described Maragheh as the capital of a tuman which included all the southern portion of Azerbaijan. It bordered the tuman s of Tabriz on the north and Khoy on the west; to the east was Iraq-e Ajam and to

670-658: Is divided into two parts. One part of it is called Greater Media, of which the metropolis is Ecbatana . The other part is Atropatian Media, which got its name from the commander Atropates, who prevented also this country, which was a part of Greater Media, from becoming subject to the Macedonians". From the name of Atropates, different forms of the name of this country such as Atropatene, Atropatios Mēdia, Tropatene, Aturpatakan, Adarbayjan were used in different sources. Nevertheless, medieval Arab geographers suggested another version associating this name with Adorbador (the name of

737-484: Is surrounded by extensive vineyards and orchards, all well watered by canals led from the river, and producing great quantities of fruit. The hills west of the town consist of horizontal strata of sandstone covered with irregular pieces of basalt . The remains of the historic Maragheh observatory crown one of these hills. Maragheh lies just off the main highway from Tabriz to Kermanshah , which instead goes through Bonab further west. Another important road skirts around

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804-742: The Achaemenids to the Arab conquest without interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great ( r.  336–323 BC ). The name of Atropatene was also the nominal ancestor of the name of the historic Azerbaijan region in Iran. According to Strabo , the name of Atropatene derived from the name of Atropates, the commander of the Achaemenid Empire . As he writes in his book “Geography”: "Media

871-552: The Battle of Hormozdgan . Ardashir I and his son and heir Shapur I ( r.  240–270 ) are depicted in a rock relief near Salmas , possibly a testimonial to the Sasanian conquest of Atropatene. The nobility of Atropatene most likely allied themselves the Sasanians due to a desire for a strong state capable of maintaining order. The priesthood, who may have felt alienated by the easy-going Arsacids, probably also supported

938-620: The Buwayhid Fakhr al-Daula married his widow and then divorced her, taking Shamiran in the process. Nuh's young son Justan was brought to Ray . In 997, after Fakhr al-Daula died, Ibrahim b. Marzuban b. Isma'il took advantage of the weakness of his successor to seize control of Shamiran, Zanjan, Abhar , and Suharavard. When the Ghaznavid Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Ray in 1029 he sent a force to conquer Ibrahim's territories, but it failed to do so. Ibrahim took Qazvin from

1005-646: The Musafirids or Langarids ) was a Muslim dynasty of Daylami origin, which ruled in Tarom, Samiran, Daylam, Gilan and subsequently Azerbaijan , Arran , and some districts in Eastern Armenia in the 2nd half of the 10th century. They constitute part of the period in history that has been named the Iranian Intermezzo , a period that saw the rise of native Iranian dynasties during the 9th to

1072-1028: The Sajid dynasty in 941 and founded the Sallarid dynasty, and successfully held off attacks from the Rus and Hamdanids of Mosul . However, he was captured in a war with the Buwayhid Rukn al-Daula and control of Azerbaijan was fought over between Muhammad bin Musafir, Wahsudan, the Buyids, and Daisam. He captured Ardabil and Tabriz , then extended his power to Barda , Derbent and also to North-Western regions of Azerbaijan. Shirvanshahs agreed to become Marzuban’s vassal and pay tribute. Eventually, Marzuban escaped and reestablished control over Azerbaijan and made peace with Rukn al-Daula , marrying off his daughter to him. He ruled until his death in 957. In 943-944,

1139-603: The Sajid family , native to Ushrusana and most likely of Sogdian origin. Muhammad's first challenge came in the form of 'Abd-Allah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hamdani, a rebel who had taken control of Maragheh. Muhammad convinced him to surrender in 893 by promising his safety, but once 'Abd-Allah did so he was executed by the Sajid. Maragheh was afterwards made Muhammad's capital, though he usually resided in Barda'a . Muhammad amassed so much authority that he briefly declared independence from

1206-683: The Sallarid dynasty , of Daylamite stock and originally centered in the Tarum district of Daylam . In 948, Azerbaijan was briefly controlled by the Buyid dynasty , as demonstrated by a coin struck at Maragheh by Abu Mansur Muhammad , a general of the Buyid ruler Rukn al-Dawla ( r.  935–976 ). Following the death of the Sallarid Ibrahim I ibn Marzuban I in 983, Azerbaijan (excluding

1273-567: The "impregnable" fortress of Ru'in Dez. In 1304, the Ilkhanate ruler Öljaitü ( r.  1304–1316 ) appointed Nasir al-Din Tusi's son as the new head of the observatory. In 1306, the prominent Sufi poet Awhadi Maraghai settled in Maragheh, living there until his death on 6 April 1338. In 1312, Qara-Sunqur, the former amir al-umara of Aleppo, was appointed ruler of Maragheh by Öljaitü. This event

1340-434: The 11th centuries. The Sallarids were Daylamites who, probably in the later 9th century, gained control of Shamiran, a mountain stronghold about twenty-five miles north of Zanjan . From Shamiran they established their rule over the surrounding region of Tarom . The Sallarids also established marriage ties with the neighboring Justanid dynasty of Rudbar . In the early 10th century, the Sallarid in control of Shamiran

1407-588: The 3rd-century BC. Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under Zoroastrian authority from the Achaemenids to the Arab conquest without any interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great ( r.  336–323 BC ). Under the Atropatids, the region successfully managed to gain a dominant place in Zoroastrianism, which would continue into

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1474-626: The Ghaznavids and defeated Mahmud's son Mas'ud in battle. Mas'ud managed to bribe some of Ibrahim's soldiers to capture him. Ibrahim's son refused to give up the fortress of Sarjahan but was compelled to pay tribute. By 1036 the Sallarids were back in Shamiran. In around 1043 the Seljuk sultan Toghril Beg received the submission of the Salar of Tarum, who became his vassal and submitted tribute. This Sallarid may have been Justan b. Ibrahim, who

1541-528: The Mongols and grandson of Genghis Khan. He was a fearless leader and warrior who was determined to conquer not only the Alamut, but many other countries across the globe as well. In order to spare his life, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi told Hulagu that he could predict the future if only he had better equipment. Being interested in science, Hulagu believed him and appointed Nasir al-Din al-Tusi as the scientific advisor of

1608-480: The Mongols. Hulagu allowed Nasir al-Din al-Tusi to build an observatory, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi chose Maragha, Iran. In 1259, the Maragheh observatory began construction, which took a total of three years to complete. Hulagu also put Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in charge of waqfs which were religious endowments. As director of the observatory, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and his team were able to make fascinating discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

1675-585: The Persian satrap Atropates . The kingdom, centered in present-day northern Iran , was ruled by Atropates' descendants until the early 1st-century AD, when the Parthian Arsacid dynasty supplanted them. It was conquered by the Sasanians in 226, and turned into a province governed by a marzban (" margrave "). Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under Zoroastrian authority from

1742-609: The Rawadid dynasty. Following Ahmadil's death on 16 May 1116, he was reportedly succeeded by his slave Aq Sunqur, who by 1122 had emerged as a semi-independent subject of the Seljuks. This marked the start of the Ahmadili dynasty , a name they are commonly referred as due to their connection to Ahmadil. Aq Sunqur secretly conspired with the rebel prince Tughril ibn Muhammad, encouraging the latter to invade Maragheh in return for soldiers and aid. The rebellion failed in 1122/23, and led to

1809-622: The Rawadids. His son Ibrahim fled to Tarum and would later restore Sallarid rule thereafter it was seized by the Buwayhids. In Dvin, meanwhile, a son of Ibrahim b. Marzuban b. Muhammad, Abu'l-Hajja', held power; in 982 or 983 he was persuaded by the King of Kars to invade the domain of the Bagratid king Smbat II. Sometime after this Abu'l-Hajja' led an expedition against Abu Dulaf al-Shaibani,

1876-515: The Russians organized another campaign to the Caspian region, which was many times more brutal than the 913/14 March. As a result of this campaign, which affected the economic situation in the region, Barda lost its position and essence as a large city and gave this position to Ganja . The Sallarid army was defeated several times. The Rus captured Barda , the capital of Arran. The Rus' allowed

1943-475: The Sasanian family, due to its association with Zoroastrianism . The oldness of Zoroastrianism led to lack of knowledge about the geography of the Avesta , and also uncertainty about the birthplace of its prophet, Zoroaster . As a result local claims emerged quite easily, and with the appropriate support, even gained acceptance. This resulted in the birthplace of Zoroaster being placed in Atropatene, rather than

2010-509: The Sasanian period, whose monarchs favored Median traditions over that of the Parthians. Moreover, Atropatene also served as a stronghold of Iranian culture. Albeit the kings of Atropatene ruled for several centuries, only some of them are known. The dates of their reign are uncertain. 37°N 48°E  /  37°N 48°E  / 37; 48 Sallarids The Sallarid dynasty ( Persian : سالاریان ), (also known as

2077-603: The account of Evliya Çelebi. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the current inhabitants speak Azeri Turkish, but in the 14th century, they still spoke “arabicized Pahlawi," an Iranian dialect of the north western group. Between the 18th and 20th centuries, Maragheh was governed by the Moqaddam family . The population consists mostly of Iranian Azerbaijanis who are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian . At

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2144-474: The caliphate. Following Muhammad's death to an epidemic in 901, his troops installed his son Devdad ibn Muhammad on the throne. Five months after, however, the latter was removed from power by his uncle Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj , who destroyed the walls of Maragheh and moved his capital to Ardabil . In 909, Yusuf was officially acknowledged as the ruler of Adharbayjan and Armenia by the newly ascended caliph al-Muqtadir . A dirham struck by Yusuf at Maragheh from

2211-480: The central administration allowed the Rawadids and Shaddadids to take control of the areas to the northeast of Tabriz and Dvin, respectively. Marzuban had designated his brother Wahsudan as his successor. When he came to Azerbaijan, however, the commanders of the fortresses refused to surrender to him, recognizing instead Marzuban's son Justan I ibn Marzuban I as his successor. Unable to establish his rule in

2278-716: The city on 30 March 1221 and burned it and killed its inhabitants. They continued south to capture and destroy Hamadan , until they finally took again the northern route to Derbent and the Northern Caucassus, which culminate with the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223. In 1225, the Khwarazmshah of the Anushtegin dynasty , Jalal al-Din Mangburni ( r.  1220–1231 ), reached Maragheh, which he

2345-554: The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the Macedonian's conquests were divided amongst the diadochi at the Partition of Babylon . The former Achaemenid satrapy of Media was divided into two states: The greater (southern) part – Media Magna was assigned to Peithon , one of Alexander's bodyguards. The smaller (northern) region, which had been the sub-satrapy of Matiene , became Media Atropatene under Atropates ,

2412-419: The directorship of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi . Other buildings from this period are lacking, since the first Mongol Ilkhanate rulers lived a semi-nomadic life. Zakariya al-Qazwini , who wrote a geographical dictionary around 1275, seems to have known Maragheh well. He described its mineral springs, a cave which probably corresponds to the later Chay-Baghi, a mountain called Zanjaqan with its calcareous spring, and

2479-524: The dismissal of Aq Sunqur by the Seljuk ruler Mahmud II ( r.  1118–1131 ). However, Aq Sunqur was soon re-appointed as the governor of Maragheh. In 1150, the Seljuk ruler Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud ( r.  1133–1152 ) besieged Maragheh, due to a conflict between Aq Sunqur's son and successor Arslan Aba and another local ruler. The town was captured after two days, but a resolution was soon reached through

2546-601: The east, where he originated. The main Achaemenid hub in Atropatene was Ganzak (from Median : Ganzaka , meaning "treasury"), which presumably served as the capital of Atropates and his successors. The city was situated in a fertile area near Lake Urmia , close to the modern town of Miandoab . The city and its surroundings probably hosted a large Iranian population, whereas much of the Atropatenian population had most likely not been completely Iranianized yet by

2613-488: The end of the Rawadid dynasty. In 1104, the Seljuk brothers and rivals Berkyaruq ( r.  1094–1105 ) and Muhammad I Tapar ( r.  1105–1118 ) had their peace treaty signed near Maragheh. A year later, Muhammad I visited Maragheh. In 1111/12, a certain Ahmadil ibn Ibrahim ibn Wahsudan was appointed as the ruler of Maragheh. The background of the latter is obscure, but some modern historians consider him to be from

2680-584: The former Achaemenid governor of all Media, who had by then become father-in-law of Perdiccas , regent of Alexander's designated successor. Shortly thereafter, Atropates refused to pay allegiance to Seleucus , and made Media Atropatene an independent kingdom. In 223 BCE, Antiochus III came to power in the Seleucid Empire , one of the Hellenistic states that had emerged following the death of Alexander. Antiochus attacked Atropatene, resulting in

2747-535: The foundations of the walls were 1.3 to 2 meters in thickness. The observatory was constructed in the thirteenth century and was said to house a staff of at least ten astronomers and a librarian who was in charge of the library which allegedly contained over 40,000 books. This observatory was one of the most prestigious during the medieval times in the Islamic Empire during the golden age of Islamic science. The famous astronomer Ibn al-Shatir of Damascus built on

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2814-517: The kingdom for several centuries, first independently, then as vassals of the Arsacids (who called it 'Aturpatakan'). It was later supplanted by a line of the Arsacids . During the late Parthian era, the empire was declining, resulting in the weakening of hold over western Iran. The Iranologist Touraj Daryaee argues that the reign of the Parthian monarch Vologases V ( r.  191–208 )

2881-490: The local people to retain their religion in exchange for recognition of their overlordship; it is possible that the Rus' intended to settle permanently. According to ibn Miskawaih , the local people broke the peace by stone-throwing and other abuse directed against the Rus', who then demanded that the inhabitants evacuate the city. This ultimatum was rejected, and the Rus' began killing people and holding many for ransom. The slaughter

2948-535: The mediation of various military leaders. In 1174/75, the Eldiguzid prince (and subsequent ruler) Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan ( r.  1175–1186 ) besieged Maragheh, but was unsuccessful in capturing it. The last Ahmadili ruler of Maragheh was Sulafa Khatun ( r.  1209–1225 ). She was at Ru'in Dez during the Mongol conquest of Maragheh in 1221, led by generals Jebe and Subutai . The Mongols "stormed"

3015-477: The name of Phraata. He added that it is unlikely that Maragheh did not exist during the Roman era, due to its favorable location. During the Arab conquest of Iran , the towns of Adharbayjan (which also must have included Maragheh) were captured by al-Mughira . The Umayyad prince Marwan ibn Muhammad briefly stayed at Maragheh following his expedition to Muqan and Gilan in 740. It was during this period that

3082-415: The observatory, which made him and his team's work a competitor to that of Europe. The Maragheh observatory eventually had its downfall in the 13th century. The Mongol leader, Hulagu, died in 1265, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi died in 1274. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's son became the director of the observatory after his father's death, however, there weren't enough scholars at the observatory to fund the research that

3149-405: The observatory. For a complete list see: Category:People from Maragheh [REDACTED] Maraghe travel guide from Wikivoyage [REDACTED] Iran portal Atropatene Atropatene ( Old Persian : Ātṛpātakāna ; Pahlavi: Ādurbādagān Ancient Greek : Ἀτροπατηνή ), also known as Media Atropatene , was an ancient Iranian kingdom established in c.  323 BC by

3216-798: The province, Wahusdan returned to Tarum; Justan was recognized as ruler in Azerbaijan, with his brother Ibrahim I ibn Marzuban I made governor of Dvin. Justan seems to have been interested primarily in his harem, a fact which alienated some of his supporters, although he and Ibrahim successfully put down a revolt by al-Mustajir bi-llāh , grandson of the caliph al-Muktafi in 960. Shortly afterward Justan and another brother, Nasir, came to Tarum, where they were treacherously imprisoned by Wahsudan, who sent his son Isma'il to take over Azerbaijan. Ibrahim raised an army in Armenia to oppose Isma'il, prompting Wahsudan to execute Justan, his mother and Nasir. Ibrahim

3283-514: The re-population of the place. In 836, Maragheh served as the winter quarters of Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin during his expedition against Babak. In an attempt to reduce the unstable autonomy of the Arab chieftains of Adharbayjan and partly to curb the dominance of the Bagratid kings of Armenia , the caliph al-Mu'tamid installed Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj as the governor of Adharbayjan and Armenia in 889/90, or more likely, in 892. The latter belonged to

3350-470: The ruler of Golthn and Nakhchivan , but was defeated and lost Dvin to him. He then traveled throughout Georgia and Armenia and visited the Byzantine emperor Basil II . In 989 or 990 Smbat II gave him an army to retake Dvin, but afterward revoked his support. Eventually Abu'l-Hajja' met his end at the hands of his servants, who strangled him. After Wahsudan's death (sometime after 967), his son Nuh succeeded him in Shamiran. Nuh died before 989; in that year

3417-461: The same year has been found. The last Sajid ruler, Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath , was killed at Maragheh in 929. Following the collapse of the Sajid kingdom, the Kurdish commander Daysam ibn Ibrahim al-Kurdi attempted to establish his rule over Azerbaijan, but he was eventually defeated in 941/42 by Marzuban ibn Muhammad ( r.  941/42–957 ), who gained control over the region, expanding his realm as far as Dvin in Armenia. The latter belonged to

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3484-415: The settlement was given the name of "Maragheh" (meaning "place where an animal rolls") due to the large quantity of dung there. Marwan also engaged in some building activities in the town. Control over the town was later handed to the daughters of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid ( r.  786–809 ). Due to the rebellion of the lord of Tabriz , Wajna ibn Rawwad, a wall was erected around Maragheh and

3551-410: The south and southeast sides of Mount Sahand and connects Maragheh with Ardabil and Zanjan further east. On a hill west of the town are the remains of the famous Maragheh observatory called Rasad Khaneh , constructed under the direction the Ilkhanid king, Hülagü Khan for Nasir al-Din al-Tusi . The building, which no doubt served as a citadel as well, enclosed a space of 340 by 135 meters, and

3618-481: The south was Kurdistan. Among the cities underneath Maragheh were Dih-i Khwaraqan , Leylan , and Pasveh . He also described six districts that belonged to Maragheh, some of whose readings are uncertain: Sarajun, Niyajun, Duzakhrud, Gavdul (at the confluence of the Leylan and Jaghatu rivers), Behestan, and Hashtrud . He also mentioned Anguran as a dependency of Maragheh. Mustawfi reports that inhabitants of Maragheh spoke pahlavī-e moḡayyar ("modified Pahlavi"), i.e.

3685-465: The time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 146,405 in 38,891 households. The census in 2011 counted 162,275 people in 47,552 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 175,255 people in 54,958 households. Maragheh is situated in a narrow valley running nearly north and south at the eastern end of a well-cultivated plain opening towards Lake Urmia , the world's sixth-largest saltwater lake, which lies 30 km to

3752-418: The vernacular of northwestern and central Iran. The 17th century Ottoman Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi mentioned that the women or the "female society" in Maragheh mostly conversed in Pahlavi. According to Mortaza Firuzi, Hossein Hassanpashaei, and Sanaz Rahkarfarshi, some sources either falsely disregard this language or deem it as the dominant language of Maragheh, which was most likely Turkman based on

3819-405: The west. It lies at the southern foot of Mount Sahand , which separates it from the city of Tabriz to the north. The historical core of the city is on the east bank of the Sufi Chay , which comes down from Mount Sahand before turning west and eventually flows out into Lake Urmia. The climate is relatively mild and moist, and the abundant water supply makes the surrounding area very fertile. Maragheh

3886-404: The work of Maragha astronomers 100 years later. In 1256 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi came to work at the Maragheh observatory after being attacked by a group of Mongols who came from the east. These Mongols ambushed Iran, crushing everything in their path. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was located at the Alamut, a castle in the South Caspian province of Qazin, when the Mongols invaded. Hulagu Khan was the leader of

3953-456: Was "the turning point in Arsacid history, in that the dynasty lost much of its prestige." The people of Atropatene (both nobility and peasantry) allied themselves with the Persian Sasanian prince Ardashir I ( r.  224–242 ) during his wars against Vologases V's son and second successor Artabanus IV ( r.  216–224 ). In 226, Atropatene submitted with little resistance to Ardashir I after he had defeated and killed Artabanus IV at

4020-410: Was Muhammad bin Musafir. He married a Justanid and subsequently involved himself in their internal affairs. His harsh rule, however, eventually turned even his family against him, and in 941 he was imprisoned by his sons Wahsudan ibn Muhammad and Marzuban . Wahsudan remained in Shamiran while Marzuban invaded Azerbaijan and took it from its ruler, Daisam . Marzuban took Dvin , ended the existence of

4087-445: Was able to enter without any trouble, due the discontentment of the locals towards the raids and oppression by the Kingdom of Georgia . Mangburni attempted to restore Maragheh to its previous successful state. In 1231, Mongol rule over Maragheh was made definite. After the Mongol ruler Hulagu Khan ( r.  1256–1265 ) had captured Baghdad in 1258 , he established his residence in Maragheh. He also had an observatory built under

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4154-400: Was being conducted. Therefore, the Maragheh observatory became inactive at the beginning of the 14th century. Over time, the observatory began to crumble due to consistent earthquakes and the lack of preservation of the observatory. Furthermore, the contents of the observatory were stolen during Mongol raids which wiped out important documents and books that were contained within the libraries of

4221-417: Was briefly interrupted for negotiations, which soon broke down. The Rus' stayed in Bardha'a for several months, using it as a base for plundering the adjacent areas and amassed substantial spoils. The city was saved only by an outbreak of dysentery among the Rus'. Marzuban then laid siege to Barda , but received news that the Hamdanid amir of Mosul, Marzuban left a small force to keep the Rus in check, and in

4288-503: Was driven out of Azerbaijan by Isma'il, but retained his rule in Dvin. Isma'il died in 962, however, allowing Ibrahim to occupy Azerbaijan. He then invaded Tarum and forced Wahsudan to flee to Dailaman. In 966 Ibrahim was defeated by an army of Wahsudan's and his soldiers subsequently deserted him. He fled to his brother-in-law, the Buyid Rukn al-Daula, while Wahsudan installed his son Nuh in Azerbaijan. Rukn al-Daula sent an army under his vizier to reinstate Ibrahim in Azerbaijan, and Wahsudan

4355-402: Was ejected from Tarum for a time. In 967 however, he again sent an army, which burnt Ardabil before Ibrahim concluded a peace with his uncle, ceding part of Azerbaijan to him. In 968 he reaffirmed Sallarid authority over Shirvan , forcing the Shirvanshah to pay him tribute. Ibrahim's authority began to decline in the latter part of his reign. In 971 the Shaddadids took Ganja , and Ibrahim

4422-408: Was forced to recognize their rule in that city after a siege failed to dislodge them. In around 979 he was deposed and imprisoned; he died in 983. His deposition marked the end of the Sallarids as a major power in Azerbaijan, as the Rawadids of Tabriz overran much of the province. A grandson of Wahsudan named Marzuban b. Isma'il retained a small portion of Azerbaijan until 984 when he was captured by

4489-576: Was the director of the Maragheh observatory, and made many new discoveries while he was there. Such discoveries include the Tusi-couple, a system based on geometry that includes a smaller circle within a larger circle that is twice the diameter of the smaller circle. The rotations of the smaller circle allow a specific point on the circumference to oscillate back and forth in linear motion. The Tusi-couple solved many issues with Ptolemaic's systems over planetary motion. Also, he helped astronomy become more accurate by discovering brand new stars as well as composing

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