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77-451: The Buyid dynasty was founded by Ali ibn Buya , who in 934 conquered Fars and made Shiraz his capital. He received the laqab or honorific title of Imad al-Dawla ( lit.   ' Fortifier of the State ' ). His younger brother, Hasan ibn Buya ( r.  935–976 ) conquered parts of Jibal in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture Ray , which he made his capital. Hasan

154-514: A Kurdish Marwanid chieftain named Badh ibn Dustak seized Diyabakr and forced Samsam al-Dawla to recognize him as the vassal ruler of the region. Furthermore, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, son of and successor to Rukn al-Dawla, also died during this period. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who, with the aid of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's vizier Sahib ibn 'Abbad , became the ruler of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's possessions. Another son of Adud al-Dawla, Abu Tahir Firuzshah , established himself as

231-517: A triumvirate , centered on Ray , Shiraz and Baghdad . Ali was the eldest son of Abu Shuja Buya, a fisherman of modest origin from Daylam , a region in northern Iran . Abu Shuja Buya was most likely a recent convert to Islam , which explains the Arabic names of his sons, typical of the children of a convert. Ali first entered the services of the Samanids under Nasr II , where he became

308-481: A clear definition of the borders of the Buyid state. Imad al-Dawla was not the master of the entire Buyid empire. Rukn al-Dawla, who had carved up his own kingdom without in central Iran without military support from Imad al-Dawla, was relatively independent of the latter. Mu'izz al-Dawla, on the other hand, had been given support by his brother in his efforts to take Khuzistan, and was a subordinate of Imad al-Dawla. He

385-576: A high degree of autonomy within his territories. As mentioned above, some stronger amirs used the Sassanid title of Shahanshah . Furthermore, several other titles such as malik ("king"), and malik al-muluk ("king of kings"), were also used by the Buyids. On a smaller scale, the Buyid territory was also ruled by princes from other families, such as the Hasanwayhids. During the beginning of

462-477: A member of the ruler's entourage. From there he eventually joined Makan ibn Kaki , who ruled Gorgan and Ray as a governor of the Samanids, in around 928. He may have done so at Nasr's suggestion; in any case, he managed to occupy a high position under Makan and gained army commissions for his two younger brothers, Hasan and Ahmad . In 930, however, Makan rebelled against the Samanids by seizing Khurasan ; he

539-596: A more politically attractive option to them. The Buyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunni Abbasids retained the caliphate but were deprived of all secular power. In addition, to prevent tensions between the Shia and the Sunnis from spreading to government agencies, the Buyid amirs occasionally appointed Christians to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect. Under

616-553: A perfect situation for the Buyid brothers; Ali and Ahmad conquered Khuzistan, while Hasan captured the Ziyarid capital of Isfahan , and, in 943, captured Rey , which became his capital, thus conquering all of Jibal . In 945, Ahmad entered Iraq and made the Abbasid Caliph his vassal, at the same time receiving the laqab Mu'izz ad-Dawla ("Fortifier of the State"), while 'Ali was given the laqab Imād al-Dawla ("Support of

693-791: A province and begin ruling there. The following list is incomplete. Buyids in Basra Buyids in Hamadan Buyids in Kerman Buyids of Khuzistan Imad al-Dawla Ali ibn Buya ( Persian : علی بن بویه , Arabic : علي بن بویه ), commonly known by his laqab (honorific epithet) Imad al-Dawla ( عمادالدوله ; c. 891/2 – December 949), was the founder of the Buyid amirate of Fars , ruling as its amir (ruler) from 934 to 949. Together with his two younger brothers, Rukn al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla , he established

770-513: A result of local struggles over control of Baghdad. Under his instructions, the Baduriya dam on the Rufayl river was restored, subsequently resulting in lower prices of common foods, such as bread. This also inspired people to migrate to Baghdad. It was during the reign of Adud al-Dawla that most of the Buyid construction and restoration projects took place. Under him, Shiraz became so crowded that

847-578: A shelter for travelers. Naser al-Din Shah Qajar later renovated the palace. In 1917, a School of Farming was established on the site, replacing the earlier Mozaffari Agricultural School in Tehran. Later, Reza Pahlavi granted it to the University of Tehran 's new Faculty of Agriculture. In the 1930s, plans were drawn up for a large industrial complex covering 216 hectares on the south side of

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924-565: A soldier in the service of the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki , but later changed his adherence to the Iranian ruler Mardavij , who had established the Ziyarid dynasty , and was himself related to the ruling dynasty of Gilan , a region bordering Daylam. 'Ali was later joined by his two younger brothers, Hasan ibn Buya and Ahmad ibn Buya. In 932, 'Ali was given Karaj as his fief, and thus

1001-461: A stop in Ray on his way to Karaj, however, Ali was warned by Mardavij's vizier al-'Amid that the Ziyarid was planning to eliminate him. Hurriedly leaving Ray, he arrived at and took over Karaj. With a small number of Daylamite troops to support him, Ali sought to expand his position. Moving against the heretical Khurramites , who controlled the surrounding mountains, he gained control of the region and

1078-632: A wealthy landowner who disliked the Abbasids. After a series of battles, Ali managed to prove the victor. By May or June 934, he entered Shiraz , the capital of Fars. In order to prevent Mardavij from pressing claims on his territory, Ali sought the recognition of the Abbasid Caliph , who confirmed him as his viceroy in September or October 934. Although the caliph's emissary arrived with the insignia for his office, however, Ali delayed giving

1155-525: Is Enghelab Stadium that located in Karaj Enghelab sport complex and has a capacity of 15,000 people. The stadium held a match between Iran and Indonesia in June 2009. The stadium also held an international match, on May 1, 2012, where Iran's National Football team played Mozambique . Saipa volleyball team lost to Kalleh in this stadium in 2011–12 and became the runner-up in the final match of

1232-489: Is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty; his son Abu Kalijar Marzuban , who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris , challenged his authority, and the feared civil war occurred anyway. Meanwhile,

1309-693: Is one of the busiest sections in Iran with AADT of 217084. Karaj– Qazvin has an AADT of 79606. The aerial transport of Karaj is served by the Payam International Airport , which was established in 1990, and was officially opened in 1997. Currently, the total number of buses in Karaj and the suburbs are 1,600 units. More than 80 lines serve citizens. Preparing Alborz Card can reduce the cost of travel tickets. The Karaj Metro consists of two lines. Line One travels from west to east through

1386-656: Is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the Band-e Amir dam near Shiraz. Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the Byzantine border in Syria in the west to the borders of Khorasan in the east. Although the Buyids were initially Zaydi Shia , they became Twelver Shia following the Major Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi after the death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless,

1463-479: Is used to training and tournaments. Jahanshahr International Tennis Complex is located in Bagh Fateh. This park has eight practice courts and one competition court with a capacity of 1,200 people. It is the only tennis complex in Iran that has covered courts. Educational and research centers of the city include: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al Ḥasan al-Karajī (Persian: ابو بکر محمد بن الحسن الکرجی; c. 953 – c. 1029)

1540-530: The lingua franca of their realm, while Middle Persian was occasionally used as a secondary court language. Although the Buyids were of Iranian stock, they supported writing in Arabic, and also used the language in their correspondence, as well as poetry. It is uncertain why the Buyids did not promote the use of New Persian. According to the historians Edmund Herzig and Sarah Stewart in their book Early Islamic Iran (2011), it may have been due to three factors;

1617-501: The Achaemenid ruins of Persepolis , thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid . Adud al-Dawla celebrated the ancient Iranian festivals of Sadeh and Mehregan , and like many previous Islamic rulers—including the caliphs—he most likely celebrated Nowruz as well. He used Nowruz as a model for two newly created festivals, which were celebrated annually in

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1694-528: The Bronze Age site of Tepe Khurvin and the Iron Age site of Kalak. However, the present-day city of Karaj is mostly the result of modern industrial development in the 20th century. Karaj was mostly significant as a stage on the road between Tehran and Qazvin . In Safavid times, a stone bridge was built that served as the main crossing into the town. The large Shah-Abbasi Caravansarai , located at

1771-583: The Church of the East ). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian , Syriac and Arabic . The word Būya ( Buwayh in Arabic ) is a Middle Persian name ending in the diminutive ـویه (Middle Persian -ōē , modern Persian -ūyeh , Arabic -uwayh ). The Buyids were descendants of Panah-Khusrow, a Zoroastrian from Daylam . He had a son named Buya, who

1848-476: The Alborz Province of Iran. The airport was established in 1990, but was not opened officially until 1997. Payam Aviation Services Co. operates the airport as part of Payam Special Economic Zone. Payam Air previously operated an airmail hub at the airport. Currently, this airport and its special area are used for purposes such as cargo transit, commercial transportation, and goods mail in the development of

1925-575: The Baridis temporarily recovered the province and even managed to take Baghdad a few times, Ahmad eventually took control of Khuzistan himself. From Khuzistan Ahmad waged a series of campaigns in Iraq , until in 945 he entered Baghdad. The caliph then gave him the title of " Mu'izz al-Dawla ", while Ali and Hasan were given the titles of "Imad al-Dawla" and "Rukn al-Dawla", respectively. By 948 Rukn al-Dawla had also secured his position in central Iran, causing

2002-548: The Buyid confederation. Succession was hereditary , with rulers dividing their land among their sons. The title used by the Buyid rulers was amir , meaning "governor" or "prince". Generally, one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of amir al-umara , or senior amir . Although the senior amīr was the formal head of the Būyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his amirate; each amir enjoyed

2079-555: The Buyid dynasty, their army consisted mainly of their fellow Daylamites, a warlike and brave people of mostly peasant origin, who served as foot soldiers. The Daylamites had a long history of military activity dating back to the Sasanian period, and had been mercenaries in various places in Iran and Iraq, and even as far as Egypt . The Daylamites, during a battle, normally bore a sword, a shield, and three spears. Furthermore, they were also known for their formidable shield formation, which

2156-483: The Buyids eventually emerging victorious. This victory opened the way for the conquest of the capital of Fars, Shiraz . 'Ali also allied with the landowners of Fars, which included the Fasanjas family , which would later produce many prominent statesmen for the Buyids. 'Ali also enlisted more soldiers—including Turks , who were made part of the cavalry. 'Ali then sent his brother Ahmad on an expedition to Kerman , but

2233-525: The Buyids had been influenced during their stay in Baghdad and thus aspired to be important supporters of Arabic writing; New Persian may have been discouraged by the Zoroastrian priests, who still wrote in Middle Persian in regions such as Fars; New Persian may have been very different/at odds with the dialects of western Iran, and was only mostly welcomed in eastern Iran. However, New Persian

2310-727: The Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the Fatimid Caliphate centered in Egypt, who were Isma'ilis . Contrary to the Samanids , who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in Central Asia , the Buyid realm was populated by many Zoroastrians and Christians (primarily of

2387-527: The State"), and Hasan was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State"). In addition to the other territories the Buyids had conquered, Kerman was conquered in 967, followed by Oman (967), the Jazira (979), Tabaristan (980), and Gorgan (981). After this, however, the Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent. The death of Adud al-Dawla

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2464-405: The ancient Sasanian title of Shahanshah , literally "king of kings". The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the Achaemenid ruins of Persepolis , thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid . The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under Fannā Khusraw ( r.  949–983 ), whose laqab was Adud al-Dawla . who

2541-695: The army. To compensate their soldiers, the Buyid amīrs often distributed iqtāʾ s , or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province ( tax farming ), although the practice of payment in kind was also frequently used. While the Turks were favoured in Buyid Iraq, the Daylamites were favoured in Buyid Iran. Contrary to the Samanids, the Buyids did not adopt Dari (also known as New Persian ) as their official language. Instead, Arabic served as

2618-479: The bulk of that province was compelled to recognize Buyid authority, direct control was not established, and Ali eventually recalled him. Ali next sent Ahmad to Khuzistan , where the Basrian clan of the Baridis had become the de facto rulers of the province but were trying to throw off caliphal rule. They asked Ali for their struggle against the Abbasids, providing the pretext for Ahmad to enter Khuzistan. Although

2695-543: The city (from Karaj Station to Golshahr Station). It continues eastward to become Line Five of the Tehran Metro . On its way to Tehran, it stops at Chitgar park and Azadi stadium. The second line of Karaj metro (north to south) is under construction and opened for limited service in February 2023. Payam International Airport , is an international airport located in Karaj, 40 kilometers (25  mi) from Tehran, in

2772-559: The city's climate as cold semi-arid (BSk). Amir Kabir Dam and some other small lakes are based in Karaj. The city is a starting point for a drive along road forced north through the Alborz mountain to the Caspian Sea . The economic base of Karaj is its proximity to Tehran . It is due to the transportation of products between Tehran and the Caspian Sea . Chemicals, fertilizers and processed agricultural goods are also produced in

2849-525: The city. Zowb Āhan, the avenue leading to an industrial plant, is located at the south of Ostandar Square. Zowb e Āhan or Zowb Āhan , literally "steel mill", was a contract between the Pahlavi government and a consortium from Nazi Germany . The establishment of the factory Zowb Āhan e Karaj was halted by the beginning of the Second World War , and it was never launched. Šahrak-e Jahānšahr

2926-656: The city. Yaqut, however, refused to negotiate with him, and Mardavij's approach forced him to abandon Isfahan in favor of the Ziyarids. Having fled Karaj as well, Ali now took Arrajan , a city between Fars and Khuzistan . Having stayed for the winter in Arrajan, Ali decided to campaign in Fars in the spring of 933. There he encountered the resistance of Yaqut, who was also the governor of Fars and from whom Ali had stripped Arrajan. He also found an ally, Zayd ibn Ali al-Naubandagani,

3003-593: The country's communication and information technology industries. Karaj was formerly home of the Persian Gulf Pro League club Saipa for several years, and this club won its first league championship in this city; in 2014 the team relocated to Tehran. Currently the only professional football team in city is Oxin Alborz that play in the Azadegan League . The Home stadium of Oxin Alborz F.C.

3080-498: The country's volleyball premier league. Saipa has won the runner-up title of Iran Super League seven times. One of the international ski resorts of Iran The, Dizin ski resort , is located a few kilometers north-east of the city, in the Alborz . In Dizin, along with skiing facilities, there are tennis courtyards, a slope for skiing on turf, some altitudes for mountain climbing and walking as well as riding and some routes for cycling. Karaj also has an international tennis complex which

3157-428: The county hosts a population around 1.97 million, as recorded in the 2016 census, most of the 1,419 km (548 sq mi) county is rugged mountain. The urban area is the fourth-largest in Iran, after Tehran, Mashhad , and Isfahan . Eshtehard County and Fardis County were split off from Karaj County since the previous census. The area around Karaj has been inhabited for thousands of years, as shown by

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3234-479: The garrison had no place to roam, which led Adud al-Dawla to have a special quarter created, Fana Khusraw-gird ("Fana Khusraw made it"), a name which deliberately reflected the name of towns established by the Sasanian kings. The town of Firuzabad , considered to be linked to the Sasanian king Ardashir I ( r.  224–242 ), was revamped by Adud al-Dawla, possibly done in order to stress his claim to Sasanian ancestry. One of Adud al-Dawla's lasting building projects

3311-604: The major districts of the city: Open space recreational areas of Karaj include Irānzamin Park, Pārk e Xānvāde, Tennis Park, Pārk e Mādar, Tāleqān Gardens, Kordān Gardens, Jahānšahr Gardens, Pardis e Golhā, and the Tulip Garden of Gačsār. The climate of Karaj is a bit cooler than Tehran's, and it receives 250 mm of rain annually (and like Tehran, the precipitation pattern is similar to those of Mediterranean climates). The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies

3388-505: The mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavids and Seljuk Turks . In 1029, Majd al-Dawla, who was facing an uprising by his Daylami troops in Ray , requested assistance from Mahmud of Ghazna . When Sultan Mahmud arrived, he deposed Majd al-Dawla, replaced him with a Ghaznavid governor and ended the Buyid dynasty in Ray . In 1055, Tughril conquered Baghdad ,

3465-454: The people of Iranshahr. Like most Daylamites at the time, the Buyids were Shia and have been called Twelvers . However, it is likely that they began as Zaydis . Moojen Momen explains this transition from Zaydism to Twelverism, by noting that, since the Buyids were not descendants of Ali , the first Shi'i Imam, Zaydism would have required them to install an Imam from Ali's family. So, Buyids tended toward Twelverism, which has an occulted Imam ,

3542-424: The preceding materials offer important clues to the question of Iranian identity under the Buyids. In the first instance we have rulers who are unashamedly Iranian and who sought by genealogy, title and homage to Persepolis to show their connection with the pre-Islamic Iranian past. At the same time, the inhabitants of the Buyid kingdoms and eastern Iranians showed a sometimes embarrassingly high level of self-esteem as

3619-455: The province in the establishment of Alborz province. The downtown of Karaj is usually referred to Karaj Square, located hundred of meters to the west of Karaj River and the old Karaj Bridge. The villages Hesārak, Gowhar Dašt, and Šahrak e Azimie are located in the northern Greater Karaj. Meškin Dašt, a large agricultural area between Mehršahr and Fardis, is near Karaj. The following table includes

3696-536: The province, the county, and the district. The earliest records of Karaj date back to the 30th century BC. The city was developed under the rule of the Safavid and Qajar Empire and is home to historical buildings and memorials from those eras. This city has a unique climate due to access to natural resources such as many trees, rivers, and green plains. After Tehran, Karaj is the largest immigrant-friendly city in Iran, so it has been nicknamed "Little Iran." Although

3773-552: The requisite tribute; by the time the emissary died in Shiraz two years later, the tribute was still unpaid. Mardavij continued to pose a threat; he decided to invade Khuzistan, which was still under caliphal control, in order to sever the Buyids from the Caliphate. This invasion prompted the caliph to reach an agreement with the Ziyarid, which forced Ali to recognize Mardavij's authority. This recognition proved short-lived, as Mardavij

3850-652: The ruler of Basra and took the title of "Diya' al-Dawla", while another son, Abu'l-Husain Ahmad , established himself as the ruler of Khuzistan, taking the title of "Taj al-Dawla". Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (known by his title of "Sharaf al-Dawla") quickly seized Oman from Samsam al-Dawla, and, in 983, the Turkic troops of Samsam al-Dawla mutinied against him and some left Iraq for Fars, but most of them were persuaded by his relative Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh to stay in Iraq. However, Iraq

3927-627: The seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers. Like the Buyids, the Seljuks kept the Abbasid caliphs as figureheads. The Buyids established a confederation in Iraq and western Iran. This confederation formed three principalities: one in Fars, with Shiraz as its capital, the second one in Jibal, with Ray as its capital, and the last one in Iraq, with Baghdad as its capital. However, during their late period, more principalities formed in

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4004-485: The second major ethno-linguistic group of the city. Kurds , Gilak , Tabari and Lurs include the other ethnicities among the population of Karaj. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,377,450 in 385,955 households, when it was in Tehran province. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,592,492 people in 508,420 households, by which time the county had been separated from

4081-543: The southeast of Towhid Square, was built in the same era, under the rule of Šāh Esmāil . In 1810, the Qajar prince Soleyman Mirza built the Soleymaniyeh Palace at Karaj to serve as a summer resort. The palace had four towers and was surrounded by gardens, and its reception room featured a pair of paintings by Abdallah Khan Naqqashbandi . By 1860, however, the palace was described as abandoned and only used as

4158-496: The subway system of Tehran . The city is served Karaj Metro with 2 lines and 10 stations. Karaj urban railway organization established on 21 December 2001. The highway system of Karaj includes Tehran–Karaj Highway, Karaj Special Road, and the old road of Karaj (Fath Highway). Bākeri Expressway is one of the main north-to-south routes in west Tehran, which is connected to the Tehran–Karaj Highway. Tehran–Karaj Highway

4235-412: The supervision of the Buyids, large construction and engineering projects took place, such as irrigation systems and agricultural developments, all of which led to an increase in income. In comparison to other local rulers in Iraq, particularly the Baridis and Hamdanids , it was clear that the Buyids had a liking to construction projects. When Mu'izz al-Dawla arrived in Iraq, the country had been ravaged as

4312-401: The territory of Payam International Airport , was established in Karaj for development of air cargo and postal transportation, cold store, and packing services, as well as perishable and time sensitive exports. It is the only SEZ in the region with the privilege of its own airline . Small and medium women's clothing companies in Karaj produce all kinds of daily clothes and leather boots. Karaj

4389-580: The title of "'Adud al-Dawla") in Shiraz. Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyids, claimed the title of senior amir for himself and received both Mu'izz al-Dawla's and 'Adud al-Dawla's recognition as such. Imad al-Dawla was buried in Istakhr. Karaj Karaj ( Persian : کرج ; pronounced [kæˈɾædʒ] ) is a city in the Central District of Karaj County , Alborz province, Iran , serving as capital of

4466-495: The title of senior amir during his lifetime, and although he never officially held it, nor was entitled to do so, he was recognized as the de facto holder of that position. Imad al-Dawla's lack of an heir posed a problem until shortly before his death. A few months beforehand, he settled on Rukn al-Dawla's eldest son Fana-Khusraw as his successor. He died in December 949, and his brothers helped to install Fana-Khusraw (who took

4543-458: The town of Fana Khusraw-gird. Under the Buyids, the idea of "Iranshahr" (Iran) appears in geographical works, which were all written in Arabic by mostly Iranian authors. The geographer Istakhri , who was active in the late 10th-century and wrote; "The best cultivated ( ma‘mur ), fairest and most fertile part of the world, and the most established in its political life is the kingdom of Iranshahr." Herzig and Stewart adds that; Considered together

4620-520: The use of fahlaviyat , a designation for poetry composed in the local northwestern Iranian dialects and languages . Due to having a large Zoroastrian and Christian population, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian, Syriac and Arabic. While the brothers that established the Buyid kingdom had the Arabic names of Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad, the second Buyid generation notably had Iranian names, such as Kamrava, Marzuban, Bahram and Khusraw. The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at

4697-533: The village. This "Industrial Model Town of Karaj" was intended to be the site of the country's first steel mills , capitalizing on easy access to water and coal from the Alborz. However, the construction equipment imported from Germany was impounded by the British going through the Suez Canal in 1940, and the planned complex was never built. A major industrial complex, the first privately-owned one in Karaj,

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4774-401: Was a fisherman from Lahijan, and later left Zoroastrianism and converted to Islam . Buya later had three sons, named Ahmad , 'Ali , and Hasan , who would later carve out the Buyid kingdom together. The Buyids claimed royal lineage from Bahram V ( r.  420–438 ), the King of Kings ( shahanshah ) of the Sasanian Empire . The founder of the dynasty, ' Ali ibn Buya , was originally

4851-451: Was a transit and industrial town. Majority of the structure is now controlled by the Basij Organization , and some sections of it are open to public under the operation of Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran . Other historical sites of the city include the Mausoleum of Šāhzāde Soleymān, Emāmzāde Rahmān, Emāmzāde Zeyd, and Palang Ābād e Eštehārd . The majority of the residents of Karaj are Persians , with Azerbaijanis making up

4928-429: Was able to enlist other Daylamites into his army. However, 'Ali's initiative proved too much for Mardavij, who planned to have him killed, but 'Ali was informed of Mardavij's plan by the latter's own vizier . The brothers, with 400 of their Daylamite supporters, then fled to Fars , where they managed to take control of Arrajan . However, the Buyids and the Abbasid general Yaqut shortly fought for control of Fars, with

5005-737: Was assassinated in January of 935. Ali then decided to press claims on Khuzistan, and occupied 'Askar Mukram. The Buyid and the caliph then came to terms with one another; the latter confirmed Ali in his possession of Fars and gave Khuzistan to Yaqut. Bolstered by many of Mardavij's Turkish mercenaries that had joined him, as well as the collapse of Ziyarid control over central Iran, Ali decided that Isfahan should be taken. He sent his brother Hasan to accomplish this. Hasan initially managed to take Isfahan but later encountered difficulties (for details about his campaigns in central Iran, see Rukn al-Dawla ). After Hasan took Isfahan, Ali sent his other brother Ahmad (see Mu'izz al-Dawla ) to take Kirman . Although

5082-455: Was built in the 1960s by Mohammad-Sadeq Fateh. This complex, called Shahrak-e Jahanshahr, included oil, tea, and textile factories as well as housing for the workers. The Morvārid Palace was constructed in nearby Mehršahr district, during the Pahlavi era . It was designed by the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation ( Taliesin Associated Architects ) on instructions from Shams Pahlavi , elder sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In this period it

5159-415: Was forced to withdraw after opposition from the Baloch people and the Qafs. However, Mardavij, who sought to depose the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad and recreate a Zoroastrian Iranian Empire, shortly wrested Khuzestan from the Abbasids and forced 'Ali to recognize him as his suzerain. Luckily for the Buyids, Mardavij was assassinated shortly thereafter in 935, which caused chaos in the Ziyarid territories,

5236-404: Was given the laqab of Rukn al-Dawla ( lit.   ' Pillar of the State ' ). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered Iraq and made Baghdad his capital. He was given the laqab Mu'izz al-Dawla . As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the Sasanian Empire . Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used

5313-464: Was hard to break through. However, when the Buyid territories increased, they began recruiting Turks into their cavalry, who had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military. The Buyid army also consisted of Kurds , who, along with the Turks, were Sunnis , while the Daylamites were Shi'i Muslims . However, the army of the Buyids of Jibal was mainly composed of Daylamites. The Daylamites and Turks often quarrelled with each other for dominance within

5390-417: Was heavily enriched by the expeditions. At the same time, he managed to maintain his troops' loyalty, despite Mardavij's attempts to incite them against their master. In order to further secure his position, Ali decided to seize the nearby city of Isfahan , then under control of the Abbasid governor Yaqut. The enemy army outnumbered Ali's, but a large portion of it defected to him upon his appearance before

5467-400: Was in a grim state, and several rebellions occurred, which he managed to suppress, the most dangerous being that of Asfar ibn Kurdawayh , who tried to make Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh (known by his title of "Baha' al-Dawla") the ruler of Iraq. During the same period, Samsam al-Dawla also managed to seize Basra and Khuzistan, forcing his two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory. During

5544-460: Was not listed as an independent ruler on contemporary sources, and the name of his brother appeared before his own on coins struck by him. Despite the fact that Mu'izz al-Dawla's capture of Baghdad resulted in him gaining the title of senior amir ( amir al-umara ), which in theory made him the highest ranking individual out of all three Buyids, he remained little more than a provincial ruler under Imad al-Dawla's authority. Imad al-Dawla himself claimed

5621-399: Was one of the few Iranian cities in the 2010s that controlled the damage to the environment in the process of producing women's clothing. Karaj women's over-the-knee boots are exported to the whole country and have a significant contribution to the city's economy. Karaj is connected by railway and highways to Tehran 40 km east and Qazvin 100 km northwest, and by commuter rail to

5698-606: Was still used as language of poetry at the Buyid courts. Many prominent poets in the Buyid realm wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Muhammad Mansur ibn Ali al-Mantiqi al-Razi, Khusrawi Sarakhsi and Abu Zayd Muhammad ibn Ali al-Ghada'iri al-Razi. The Persian vizier Sahib ibn Abbad (died 995), who was the leading figure at the Buyid court at Ray for a lengthy period, wrote only in Arabic, which he preferred instead of his native tongue. However, he also accepted New Persian panegyrics that were dedicated to him. The Buyids also promoted

5775-435: Was subsequently attacked by the Ziyarid prince Mardavij and forced to give up Tabaristan . Ali and his brothers managed to defect to Mardavij's side just as the Ziyarid was preparing to undertake the conquest to the south of the Alborz mountains as far as Qazvin . Not long afterwards Mardavij granted Ali administrative rule over Karaj, a strategically important town probably situated near modern Bahramabad. While making

5852-653: Was the mausoleum erected on the burial place of Ali . Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those controlling Fars , Jibal and Iraq . Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions. Buyids in Fars Buyids in Ray Buyids in Iraq It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of

5929-441: Was the first modern private industrial and housing complex of Karaj, built in the 1960s. The factories Jahān Čit (textile factory), Rowqan Nabāti e Jahān (oil factory), and Čāy e Jahān (tea factory), were established at the complex. It is one of the largest industrial zones of the nation, with a 20% share of the national GDP. The special economic zone of Payam, with an area about 3,600 ha (36 km ; 8,900 acres) within

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