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116-524: Rice Bread Fish Sweets Snacks Institutions Awards Folk genres Devotional Classical genres Modern genres People Instruments DANCE THEATER Genres Organizations Marathi Cinema , also known as Marathi film industry , is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Marathi language widely spoken in the state of Maharashtra . It is based in Mumbai . It

232-554: A communist inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s. IPTA plays, such as Nabanna (1944), prepared the ground for realism in Indian cinema, exemplified by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas 's Dharti Ke Lal ( Children of the Earth , 1946). The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism in films Mother India (1957) and Pyaasa (1957), among India's most recognisable cinematic productions. Following independence,

348-537: A big success upon release, while the comedy Pandu Havaldar (1975) brought Ashok Saraf into recognition. By the early 1970s, Dada Kondke captured audiences with his distinct style of ribald humor, often incorporating sexual innuendo . His first film in this genre, Songadya (1971), was loosely inspired by Tamasha and featured a seductive heroine, a bumbling yet innocent hero, and dialogue filled with innuendo and sexual puns. Kondke's films, blending humor with social and political satire, became cult classics. Around

464-670: A cult classic, one of the highest-grossing Marathi films of the era. Despite the success of these films, it was Shwaas that truly put Marathi cinema on the national map. Winning the Golden Lotus National Award and becoming India’s official entry for the Academy Awards , it marked a turning point and symbolized the industry’s potential for global recognition. It won the President's Medal for best film, beating Bollywood's prolific output with quality. Shwaas

580-518: A digital video recorder was released featuring the Bell + Howell brand. In 2017 the company spun off the mail sorting business, including vote by mail, to Fluence Automation, which was then acquired by BlueCrest Inc. in 2021. BlueCrest had acquired the Pitney-Bowes document messaging business in 2018. In December 2018, Versa Capital Management, LLC ("Versa") announced the successful closing of

696-426: A lead actor was solidified by crime-action films Zanjeer and Sholay (1975). The devotional classic Jai Santoshi Ma (1975) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic. Another important film was Deewaar (1975, Yash Chopra ), a crime film with brothers on opposite sides of the law which Danny Boyle described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema". The term " Bollywood "

812-421: A man's frustration with city life and his ability to hear women's thoughts. Saatchya Aat Gharat (2004) tackled the serious issue of sexual assault, and Dombivli Fast (2005) followed a middle-class man’s fight against corruption and injustice. Uttarayan (2004) told a touching story of elderly love, Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad (2006) revitalized the comedy genre, and Saade Maade Teen (2007) became

928-800: A new direction to Marathi films. Noteworthy films such as Natarang (2010), Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho (2010), Kaksparsh (2012), Duniyadari (2013), Lai Bhaari (2014), Timepass (2014), Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (2015), and Natsamrat (2016) achieved both commercial success and critical acclaim. The latter became the first Marathi film to cross the ₹50 crore (approximately $ 7.8 million) mark during its theatrical run. During this decade, several films sparked controversies, including Zenda (2010), Lalbaug Parel (2010), Mee Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy (2010), Sanngto Aika (2014), Nude (2018), and Dashakriya (2017), which ignited discussions by touching upon sensitive issues like caste, religion, politics, and societal norms. The decade also marked

1044-412: A poll conducted by CNN-IBN among those 100 films, Mayabazar was voted by the public as the "Greatest Indian film of all time". K. Viswanath , one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending parallel cinema with mainstream cinema. His works such as Sankarabharanam (1980) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won

1160-615: A stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam. The film received an honorary diploma at the 2nd Venice International Film Festival . Chittoor Nagayya was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India. Jumai Shasthi was the first Bengali short film as a talkie . Jyoti Prasad Agarwala made his first film Joymoti (1935) in Assamese, and later made Indramalati . The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone,

1276-475: A truthful King and its success led many to consider him a pioneer of Indian cinema. Phalke used an all Indian crew including actors Anna Salunke and D. D. Dabke . He directed, edited, processed the film himself. Phalke saw The Life of Christ (1906) by the French director Alice Guy-Blaché , While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities Rama and Krishna instead and decided to start in

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1392-548: A wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film. From 1913 to 1931, all the movies made in India were silent films , which had no sound and had intertitles . In 1913, Dadasaheb Phalke released Raja Harishchandra (1913) in Bombay, the first film made in India. It was a silent film incorporating Marathi and English intertitles. It

1508-504: Is also based in Mumbai), Marathi cinema is tax free at the privilege of the government of Maharashtra, and is experiencing growth in recent years. Marathi cinema is the oldest film industry in India. Dadasaheb Phalke is widely considered a pioneer and founder of Marathi cinema and Cinema of India . He brought the revolution of motion pictures to India with his first indigenously made film, Raja Harishchandra , released in 1913. Although

1624-437: Is considered as one of the most successful year as many films were hit. The year highlighted a diverse range of genres, including the zombie comedy Zombivli , the historical action Pawankhind , the musical romantic Chandramukhi , the thriller Y , and the accidental drama Ananya . The year concluded with Ritesh Deshmukh 's blockbuster film Ved , which grossed ₹75 crore (approximately $ 9.0 million), making it one of

1740-431: Is considered the first production house in Indian cinema, as the pioneering feature film Raja Harishchandra was produced under its banner. Other notable films produced by the company include Satyavan Savitri (1914) and Lanka Dahan (1917). After the success of Lanka Dahan , several prominent figures, including Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Ratanji Tata , and actress Fatma Begum , approached Phalke with offers to convert

1856-425: Is particularly revered for its use of technology. The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, CNN-IBN included Mayabazar in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time". In

1972-506: Is the oldest film industry of India and one of the leaders in filmmaking in the Indian film industry. Raja Harishchandra , directed by Dadasaheb Phalke and released in 1913, was the first Marathi-language film ever made, and was also India's first full-length feature film . The claim is disputed and some claim that Dadasaheb Torne 's Shree Pundalik (1912) was the first film made in Maharashtra. The first Marathi talkie film

2088-488: Is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997). K. V. Reddy 's Mayabazar (1957) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of Telugu cinema that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and

2204-529: The 7th Busan ; Rajnesh Domalpalli's Vanaja (2006) won "Best First Feature Award" at the 57th Berlinale . Bell %26 Howell According to its charter, the Bell & Howell Company was incorporated on February 17, 1907. It was recorded in the Cook County Record Book eight days later. The first meeting of stockholders took place in the office of Attorney W. G. Strong on February 19 at 10 a.m. (10:00 CT). The first board of directors

2320-747: The British Raj banned Wrath (1930) and Raithu Bidda (1938) for broaching the subject of the Indian independence movement . The Indian Masala film —a term used for mixed-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following the Second World War. During the 1940s, cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. The Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA), an art movement with

2436-542: The Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee . The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians, led by T. Rangachari , a Madras lawyer. This committee failed to bolster the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, and their suggestions were set aside. The first Indian sound film was Alam Ara (1931) made by Ardeshir Irani . Ayodhyecha Raja (1932)

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2552-648: The Maharashtra Film Company with the support of the Maharaja of Kolhapur. His first significant historical film, Sairandhri (1920), was well-received. Although the studio initially focused on silent films, it closed its doors in 1930 following the advent of sound. Members such as Vishnupant Damle , Sheikh Fattelal, and V. Shantaram had left in 1929 to establish Prabhat Film Company . By 1932, eight Marathi films had been released, three of which were by Prabhat Film Company, which went on to dominate

2668-617: The National Film Award for acting. Contemporary figures such as Nagraj Manjule , Ashutosh Gowariker , Makarand Deshpande , Atul Kulkarni , Mahesh Manjrekar , Ashok Saraf , Laxmikant Berde , Sadashiv Amrapurkar , Siddharth Jadhav , Shreyas Talpade , Shivaji Satam , Mrunal Thakur , Radhika Apte , Sai Tamhankar , Urmila Matondkar , Sonali Bendre , Amruta Khanvilkar , Renuka Shahane , Sharvari , Rohini Hattangadi and Reema Lagoo have achieved national recognition for their contributions to cinema. Phalke Films Company

2784-507: The Palme d'Or at Cannes and Indian films competed for the award most years in the 1950s and early 1960s. Ray is regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century cinema , along with his contemporaries Dutt and Ghatak. In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Poll ranked Ray at No.  7 in its list of Top 10 Directors of all time. Multiple films from this era are included among

2900-480: The greatest films of all time in various critics' and directors' polls, including The Apu Trilogy , Jalsaghar , Charulata Aranyer Din Ratri , Pyaasa , Kaagaz Ke Phool , Meghe Dhaka Tara , Komal Gandhar , Awaara , Baiju Bawra , Mother India , Mughal-e-Azam and Subarnarekha (also tied at No. 11). Sivaji Ganesan became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won

3016-637: The " Darth Vader " Apple II for its black case design. Bell & Howell founded an Education Group within the company in 1907. This Education Group created Bell & Howell Schools in 1966. In that same year, the Education Group purchased a controlling share of DeVry Institute of Technology . Two years later in 1968, Bell & Howell's Education Group, via a controlling interest in DeVry, acquired Ohio Institute of Technology in Columbus, Ohio. Over

3132-534: The "Prize of the Public" at the Besançon Film Festival of France in the year 1981. Forbes included J. V. Somayajulu 's performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Swathi Muthyam (1986) was India's official entry to the 59th Academy Awards . Swarna Kamalam (1988) the dance film choreographed by Kelucharan Mohapatra , and Sharon Lowen

3248-421: The 1910s and 1930s, which only had silent films, the majority of films were made on Hindu mythological subjects. Later during the 1970s, films were made on rural stories. Between the 1980s and 1990s, comedy and thriller films started to flourish. Since the turn of the millennium, there have been films based on social subjects and biographical dramas. Although the industry is much smaller than Bollywood (which

3364-442: The 1947 partition of India divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan. Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter. The Indian government had established a Films Division by 1948, which eventually became one of the world's largest documentary film producers with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9,000 prints for permanent film theatres across

3480-506: The 1960s, Indira Gandhi supported the production of off-beat cinema through the FFC. Baburao Patel of Filmindia called B. N. Reddy 's Malliswari (1951) an "inspiring motion picture" which would "save us the blush when compared with the best of motion pictures of the world". Film historian Randor Guy called Malliswari scripted by Devulapalli Krishnasastri a "poem in celluloid, told with rare artistic finesse, which lingers long in

3596-688: The 1970s. Madhumati (1958, Bimal Roy ) popularised the theme of reincarnation in Western popular culture . Actor Dilip Kumar rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian movie star of the time. He was a pioneer of method acting , predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando . Much like Brando's influence on New Hollywood actors, Kumar inspired Hindi actors, including Amitabh Bachchan , Naseeruddin Shah , Shah Rukh Khan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui . Neecha Nagar (1946) won

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3712-506: The 1980s and 1990s include Nana Patekar , Ajinkya Deo , Nitish Bharadwaj , Prashant Damle , Ramesh Bhatkar , Sachin Khedekar , Ranjana , Varsha Usgaonkar , Nivedita Joshi , Supriya Pilgaonkar , Ashwini Bhave , Priya Berde , Alka Kubal , Sonali Kulkarni , Neena Kulkarni , and Mrinal Kulkarni . In more recent times, actors like Upendra Limaye , Girish Kulkarni and Vikram Gokhale have garnered critical acclaim, with receiving

3828-659: The Bell & Howell logo or Bell & Howell/Canon in place of the Canon branding. The firm dropped the production of movie cameras by the end of the 1970s. Bell & Howell was a supplier of media equipment for schools and offices. The film laboratory line is now a separate company, BHP Inc, which is a division of Research Technology International. In 1960, Bell & Howell merged with an Electronics and Instrumentation company CEC, Lennox Road, Basingstoke , UK. This facility produced pressure transducers and other devices for applications in areas such as North Sea oil platforms,

3944-690: The Best Actor award at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995. Tamil cinema is influenced by Dravidian politics , with prominent film personalities C N Annadurai , M G Ramachandran , M Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa becoming Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu . By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India

4060-678: The Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as Zanjeer , Yaadon Ki Baarat and Don . Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor Rajinikanth . Sridevi is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in Hindi , Tamil , Malayalam , Kannada and Telugu cinema . She

4176-694: The Filmo Straight Eight camera, and in 1936 the Double-Run Filmo 8. The 1938 Kodak cassette holding 25 feet (7.6 m) of Double-Eight film was taken by the Filmo Auto-8 in 1940. The firm added microfilm products in 1946. In 1954, Bell & Howell purchased DeVry Industries ' 16mm division. Although known for manufacturing their film projectors, a partnership with Canon between 1961 and 1976 offered still cameras. Many of their 35mm SLR cameras were manufactured by Canon with

4292-664: The Indian box office since the 1990s. Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s; according to Forbes , Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China. Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include Arjun Rampal , Sunny Deol , Akshay Kumar , Ajay Devgn , Hrithik Roshan , Anil Kapoor , Sanjay Dutt , Sridevi , Madhuri Dixit , Juhi Chawla , Karisma Kapoor , Kajol , Tabu , Aishwarya Rai , Rani Mukerji and Preity Zinta . Haider (2014, Vishal Bhardwaj ),

4408-524: The Mumbai film industry, Marathi cinema notably outshone other Indian film industries, including Bollywood, in box office collections and critical appreciation during the first quarter of 2010. The landmark film Sairat (2016), a romantic drama directed by Nagraj Manjule and starring Rinku Rajguru and Akash Thosar , emerged as a game-changer, becoming the biggest weekend opener for a Marathi film and breaking records previously held by Natsamrat . Sairat

4524-667: The Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry (Bollywood). As of 2022, Telugu cinema leads Indian cinema with 23.3 crore (233 million) tickets sold, followed by Tamil cinema with 20.5 crore (205 million) and Hindi cinema with 18.9 crore (189 million). Indian cinema is a global enterprise, and its films have attracted international attention and acclaim throughout South Asia . Since talkies began in 1931, Hindi cinema has led in terms of box office performance, but in recent years it has faced stiff competition from Telugu cinema. Overseas Indians account for 12% of

4640-487: The Pendharkar brothers and Master Vinayak . Shahu Maharaj aimed to establish Kolhapur as the "Hollywood of Marathi Cinema." However, the studio produced only three films and closed after the failure of Phalke's Gangavataran (1937). In the early 1940s, Shantaram founded his own production house, Rajkamal Kalamandir , which later produced notable films such as Lokshahir Ram Joshi (1947) and Pinjra (1972), both

4756-676: The advent of sound in the 1930s, a shift toward more naturalistic acting emerged in Marathi cinema, although traces of the theatrical style remained. V. Shantaram , a prominent actor-director of the era, introduced a more refined approach to acting. Renowned actors of this time included Shanta Apte , Durga Khote , Lalita Pawar , Meenakshi Shirodkar , Shobhna Samarth , Chandrakant Mandare , Shahu Modak , Master Vinayak , and Baburao Pendharkar . Following India's independence, Marathi filmmakers began to focus on mythology and pressing social issues such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and

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4872-423: The best camera of the time, manufactured by Bell & Howell , and Savkari Pash (Indian Shylock) in 1925, a social film based on a short story by Narayan Hari Apte . Baburao was not particularly keen on the talkies, for he believed that they would destroy the visual culture so painfully evolved over the years. Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), directed by V. Shantaram was the first talkie of Maharashtra and also

4988-402: The biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was Amar Akbar Anthony (1977, Manmohan Desai ). Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s. Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981), Disco Dancer (1982), Himmatwala (1983), Tohfa (1984), Naam (1986), Mr India (1987), and Tezaab (1988). In

5104-629: The business of "moving pictures". In South India , film pioneer Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu , credited as the father of Telugu cinema , built the first cinemas in Madras (now Chennai ), and a film studio was established in the city by Nataraja Mudaliar. In 1921, Naidu produced the silent film, Bhishma Pratigna , generally considered to be the first Telugu feature film . The first Tamil and Malayalam films , also silent films, were Keechaka Vadham (1917–1918, R. Nataraja Mudaliar ) and Vigathakumaran (1928, J. C. Daniel Nadar ). The latter

5220-514: The chemical industry, and the Ariane Space vehicles. This division was divested to Transamerica Corporation in 1983. In 1977, Bell & Howell signed an agreement with BASF to develop a new amateur videotape recorder, which would have made use of a 6.25 millimetres (0.246 in) tape on which 28 of parallel tracks were to be recorded with the aid of a fixed head. The machine was expected to be ready by Christmas 1979, but did not reach

5336-417: The company into a limited company, but he declined. However, Phalke eventually accepted a partnership with Waman Apte, Laxman Phatak, Mayashankar Bhatt, Madhavji Jesingh, and Gokuldas Damodar, leading to the company's conversion into "Hindustan Cinema Films Company." The first film produced under this new venture was Shri Krishna Janma . In 1917, Baburao Mistry , popularly known as Baburao Painter, founded

5452-524: The company out of bankruptcy and renamed the company "Bell and Howell, LLC". In 2010 consumer electronics manufacturer Elite Brands licensed the Bell + Howell brand name to use on optical and imaging products including digital cameras and camcorders, binoculars, telescopes, lenses, and various camera accessories. BHH, LLC has also expanded licensing of the Bell + Howell brand name for a range of products including lighting and security, personal care, tools, pest control, auto accessories and luggage. In 2011

5568-543: The country include Mumbai , Hyderabad , Chennai , Kolkata , Kochi , Bangalore , Bhubaneswar - Cuttack , and Guwahati . For a number of years, the Indian film industry has ranked first in the world in terms of annual film output. In 2022, Indian cinema earned ₹ 15,000 crore ($ 1.9 billion) at the box-office. Ramoji Film City located in Hyderabad is certified by the Guinness World Records as

5684-520: The country. The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism . Mainly led by Bengalis, early examples include Dharti Ke Lal (1946, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas ), Neecha Nagar (1946, Chetan Anand ), Nagarik (1952, Ritwik Ghatak ) and Do Bigha Zamin (1953, Bimal Roy), laying

5800-460: The early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation, dominated by musical romance films . Screenwriter duo Salim–Javed ( Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar ) revitalised the industry. They established the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films with Zanjeer (1973) and Deewaar (1975). They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mother India and Gunga Jumna in an urban context reflecting 1970s India, channelling

5916-453: The emergence of directors such as V. Shantaram and Anant Mane , who made Marathi films based on the folk art form Tamasha . Mane’s Sawaal Majha Aika! (1964), marked his third Best Feature Film Award win and featured many popular songs. Shantaram's Pinjra (1972) was a major hit, becoming one of the biggest commercial successes of its time, and ran for an impressive 134 weeks in Pune . It

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6032-1001: The fact that he was the first director who filmed his movie in CinemaScope , used chroma key technique and did wire-flying in Dhadakebaaz, used puppetry in Zapatlela, he filmed Zapatlela's sequel in 3D format , probably this film was the first ever sequel film made in Marathi cinema, and ventured into film genres such as horror comedy , thriller, and fantacy . Both Kothare and Pilgaonkar acted and directed their respective films; latter even sang many songs for his movies. Other directors also made entertaining movies during this period, including Bin Kamacha Navra (1984), Amhi Doghe Raja Rani (1986), Kalat Nakalat (1989), Chaukat Raja (1991), Ek Hota Vidushak (1992) and Sawat Mazi Ladki (1993) . Following

6148-439: The film had Marathi and English intertitles , it is considered a Marathi film by IFFI and NIFD, citing that while filming, Phalke had employed a full Marathi crew, including actors. Some claim that the first ever Marathi movie was Shree Pundalik of Dadasaheb Torne ; it was released on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay . But this claim is disputed; it is not considered the first Marathi or Indian movie because it

6264-402: The films based on Tamasha genre. During this period, many producers ventured into filmmaking under their own banners, with notable examples including Anant Mane ’s Chetana Pictures and Dada Kondke ’s Sadicha Chitra, the latter featuring Kondke himself in leading roles. However, despite the number of films being produced during this era, few production houses managed to establish a lasting name in

6380-677: The first Indian film with a continuious run of more than 25 weeks at West End (present Naaz Talkies, Mumbai). As cinema grew in the Union of India, major production houses rose, and one of them was again a company owned wholly by Maharashtrians , the Prabhat Film Company . Prabhat's Sant Tukaram (1936) was the first Indian work to win the Best Film Award at the Venice Film Festival in 1937. In 1954, at

6496-500: The first double version talkie of Indian cinema ; prior to it, all the movies were silent films with Marathi and English intertitles. It was released one year after the first sound film of the nation, Alam Ara (1931), and five years after the first Hollywood sound film, The Jazz Singer (1927), which is the first sound film made in the world. Bhalji Pendharkar 's Shyam Sundar was the first talkie to be made in Pune and apparently

6612-423: The first time a Marathi film documented Dashavatara , an early form of folk theatre, in its original style. As theaters reopened, the industry shifted its focus toward innovative storytelling and a variety of genres. The ensemble film Jhimma became the first to release in theaters post-pandemic, achieving significant success by running for 50 days, ultimately grossing over ₹14.07 crore. The following year 2022,

6728-436: The foundations for Indian neorealism The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959, Satyajit Ray ) won prizes at several major international film festivals and firmly established the parallel cinema movement. It was influential on world cinema and led to a rush of coming-of-age films in art house theatres. Cinematographer Subrata Mitra developed the technique of bounce lighting , to recreate the effect of daylight on sets, during

6844-607: The globe, compared to Hollywood 's 2.6 billion tickets sold. Realistic parallel cinema continued throughout the 1970s, practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema. Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as Aradhana (1969), Sachaa Jhutha (1970), Haathi Mere Saathi (1971), Anand (1971), Kati Patang (1971) Amar Prem (1972), Dushman (1972) and Daag (1973). By

6960-467: The growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, unprecedented growth of slums and urban poverty, corruption and crime, as well as anti-establishment themes. This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by Amitabh Bachchan , who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in Gunga Jumna and gave a voice to the urban poor. By the mid-1970s, Bachchan's position as

7076-894: The highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, Yash Chopra 's Chandni (1989) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed. Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of Mr. India (1987), Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988), Chaalbaaz (1989), Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), Lamhe (1991), Saajan (1991), Khuda Gawah (1992), Khalnayak (1993), Darr (1993), Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya (1998) and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998). Cult classic Bandit Queen (1994) directed by Shekhar Kapur received international recognition and controversy. In

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7192-560: The highest-grossing Marathi films of all time. Additionally, Pondicherry became the first Marathi film to be entirely shot on smartphone, while Har Har Mahadev made history as the first Marathi film to be released in Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada languages. Throughout the decade, the industry continued to produce biographical, comedy, drama, and historical films, but woman-centric films reached new heights. Notably, Kedar Shinde 's Baipan Bhaari Deva , centered around six elderly sisters, became

7308-564: The industry with 18 films in the following decade—more than any other studio in the pre-independence era. Prabhat’s first major hit was Shantaram's Amrit Manthan (1934). In 1933, Prabhat Film Company undertook the ambitious project of making Sairandhri the first color film in Indian cinema, processing it at UFA Studios in Germany , but the results were unsatisfactory. After Prabhat shifted its operations to Pune, Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur helped found Kolhapur Cinestone in collaboration with

7424-746: The industry's revenue. The history of cinema in India extends to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the Lumière and Robert Paul moving pictures in London in 1896, commercial cinematography became a worldwide sensation and these films were shown in Bombay (now Mumbai ) that same year. In 1897, a film presentation by filmmaker Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's camera and encouragement, Indian photographer Hiralal Sen filmed scenes from that show, exhibited as The Flower of Persia (1898). The Wrestlers (1899), by H. S. Bhatavdekar , showing

7540-555: The industry. In the mid-1980s, Mahesh Kothare founded his production house, Jenma Films, under which he produced and directed more than ten successful films, later founding its spin-off, Kothare Vision, in 2008. Around the same time, Shantaram’s son also ventured into production, establishing V. Shantaram Productions, further extending the family’s legacy in Marathi cinema. Under this banner, he delivered superhit films like Balache Baap Brahmachari and Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi , which became classics in Marathi film history. This era also marked

7656-453: The largest film industry in India in terms of box office. In 2022, Hindi cinema represented 33% of box office revenue, followed by Telugu representing 20%, Tamil representing 16%, Kannada representing 8%, and Malayalam representing 6%. Other prominent film industries are Marathi , Punjabi , Bengali , Gujarati , Bhojpuri , and Odia cinema . As of 2022, the combined revenue of South Indian film industries has surpassed that of

7772-517: The largest film studio complex in the world measuring over 1,666 acres (674 ha ). Indian cinema is composed of multilingual and multi-ethnic film art. The term ' Bollywood ', often mistakenly used to refer to Indian cinema as a whole, is only the Hindi-language segment, with Indian cinema being an umbrella term that includes various film industries, each offering films in diverse languages and styles. In 2021, Telugu cinema emerged as

7888-567: The late 1950s, Jayshree Gadkar became one of the most influential actresses of the 1960s after her memorable performance in Sangtye Aika . In recognition of Marathi cinema, the Maharashtra government launched the annual Maharashtra State Film Awards , with Prapanch being the first film to win the Best Film award. Anant Mane is also credited for sustaining Marathi cinema with his groundbreaking work on Tamasha films. The 1970s saw

8004-455: The late 1980s, Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster Disco Dancer (1982) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor Mithun Chakraborty and music director Bappi Lahiri had

8120-567: The late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of crime films such as Satya (1998) and Vaastav (1999). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir", reflecting social problems in the city. Ram Gopal Varma directed the Indian Political Trilogy , and the Indian Gangster Trilogy ; film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled

8236-485: The latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood. The first instalment of the trilogy, Satya , was also listed in CNN-IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time. Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the " Three Khans ": Aamir Khan , Shah Rukh Khan , and Salman Khan . Combined, they starred in the top ten highest-grossing Bollywood films , and have dominated

8352-413: The market. Bell & Howell purchased University Microfilms International in the 1980s. UMI produced a product called ProQuest. In the 2000s, Bell & Howell decided to focus on their information technology businesses. The imaging business was sold to Eastman Kodak , and the international mail business was sold to Pitney Bowes . On June 6, 2001, Bell & Howell became a ProQuest Company, which

8468-515: The masses (admission as low as an anna [one-sixteenth of a rupee] in Bombay). Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry. In 1927, the British government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed

8584-461: The memory". Commercial Hindi cinema began thriving, including acclaimed films Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959, Guru Dutt ) Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955, Raj Kapoor ). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; Awaara presented Bombay as both a nightmare and a dream, while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life. Epic film Mother India (1957, Mehboob Khan )

8700-478: The mid '80s Mahesh Kothare and Sachin Pilgaonkar made many box-office hit films. Kothare used to make action - comedy - thriller genre movies, while Pilgaonkar used to make mainly comedy movies. Pilgaonkar made hit classics such as buddy films Gammat Jammat (1987), Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi (1988), the latter becoming one of the highest-grossing Marathi films of its time, earning ₹3 crores. He also directed

8816-406: The pandemic. The pandemic forced the industry to adapt rapidly, embracing digital platforms for film releases, which allowed filmmakers to reach audiences. Films like Well Done Baby (2021) and The Disciple (2021) were released straight on streaming platforms. Additionally, Picasso , directed by Abhijeet Mohan Warang, was the first Marathi film to have a direct digital release. It also marked

8932-455: The powerful lobby at the national level, unlike South Indian cinema , because the state encouraged Hindi cinema for profit mainly; the regional film industrial advantage being soaked up by Bollywood. In the mid-2000s, Marathi cinema explored a range of compelling themes through films that resonated with audiences. Not Only Mrs. Raut (2003) highlighted women's struggles against exploitation, while Aga Bai Arrecha! (2004) humorously depicted

9048-423: The rest were owned by studios. Bell & Howell introduced products that improved the quality of projected images in a movie theater. The Kinodrome 35-mm projector mechanism, introduced in 1907, steadied projected images and reduced the flicker that can occur during motion-picture projection. The 35-mm perforator, introduced in 1910, set the standard throughout the industry as to the expected distance and width of

9164-761: The rise of Dada Kondke , who became a leading figure by producing and directing hit films like Songadya , Ekta Jeev Sadashiv , Andhala Marto Dola , Pandu Havaldar , Tumcha Aamcha Jamala , Ram Ram Gangaram , Bot Lavin Titha Gudgulya , Aali Angavar , and Hyoch Navra Pahije . He holds a Guinness World Record for delivering nine silver jubilee hits at the box office. This decade also introduced notable actors such as Smita Patil , Usha Chavan , Usha Naik , Asha Kale , Anjana Mumtaz , Nilu Phule , Kashinath Ghanekar , Shriram Lagoo , Ravindra Mahajani , and Vikram Gokhale . The 1980s were dominated by Ashok Saraf and Laxmikant Berde , who were regarded as

9280-426: The rise of biographical films such as Mee Sindhutai Sapkal (2010), Balgandharva (2011), Dr. Prakash Baba Amte (2014), Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush (2015), Ekk Albela (2016), Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar (2018), and Anandi Gopal (2019). Moreover, the adult comedy genre gained prominence with films like No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey (2012), Takatak (2019), and Boyz (2017). The superhero genre

9396-662: The rise of two influential female producers, Uma Bhende and Smita Talwalkar , who made their mark with their production houses, Shri Prasad Chitra and Asmita Chitra, respectively, contributing significantly to the industry's growth. Nowadays, Marathi movies have been listed at many international film festivals, which provides a platform for such movies and the filmmakers to know big in the world film industry. All Lights Film Services provided platform for Marathi films such as Pinky – Ek Sathyakatha, Kapus Kondyachi Goshta , Hou De Jarasa Ushir, Sopanchi Aye Bahina Bhai, Touring Talkies, Langar to almost all leading international festivals across

9512-508: The sale of Bell and Howell to Boston-based WestView Capital Partners ("WestView"). Bell & Howell marketed a specially designed Apple II Plus computer to the educational market beginning in July 1979. The modified Apple had additional security elements for classroom use such as a tamper-proof cover. The case color was black but the inside was a standard Apple II Plus. The modified Apple II became known colloquially among computer enthusiasts as

9628-489: The same time, Jabbar Patel's Samna (1974) marked a pivotal shift in Marathi cinema, offering a profound critique of systemic corruption and social inequities, further broadening the scope of the industry. By this time, Marathi cinema largely gravitated towards either Tamasha-based films or traditional family dramas, alongside Kondke's signature comedies. The mid-1980s saw two comedy heroes raised to stardom, Ashok Saraf and Laxmikant Berde , become popular superstars. In

9744-469: The second Marathi film, after Shwaas , to receive this honour. Road movie De Dhakka (2008), satire film Nishani Dava Anghatha (2009) based on failure of government of India's adult education program, political satire Gallit Gondhal Dillit Mujra (2009), film raising state's farmar's issue, rampant corruption in government officials, satire Jau Tithe Khau (2007), Kaydyach Bola (2005) and

9860-613: The second film of the trilogy and later pioneered other effects such as the photo-negative flashbacks and X-ray digressions. During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of ₹ 250 million (equivalent to ₹ 26 billion or US$ 320 million in 2023) in 1953. The government created the Film Finance Corporation (FFC) in 1960 to provide financial support to filmmakers. While serving as Information and Broadcasting Minister of India in

9976-483: The second highest-grossing Marathi film of all time, grossing over ₹92 crore and making history as the first female-centric movie to achieve such success. In the early days of Marathi cinema, theater experience was essential for actors. Dadasaheb Phalke , regarded as the father of Indian cinema, laid the foundation with his pioneering film Raja Harishchandra in 1913. During this period, acting styles in Marathi films were heavily influenced by stage performances. With

10092-417: The significant success of Maherchi Sadi (1991), starring Alka Kubal , which grossed a record ₹12 crores and became a landmark in Marathi cinema, the industry experienced a wave of family drama films. This surge saw filmmakers exploring relatable themes centered around family dynamics, societal values, and emotional narratives, further solidifying the family drama genre's popularity in Marathi cinema. While

10208-487: The social drama Jogwa (2009) made impacts on the audience's mind during this period. Since the beginning of the new decade in 2010, Marathi cinema has witnessed a remarkable resurgence with the release of several contemporary artistic films, including Vihir (2009), Deool (2011), Mala Aai Vhhaychy! (2011), Fandry (2013), Ek Hazarachi Note (2014), Elizabeth Ekadashi (2014), Ventilator (2016), and Mulshi Pattern (2018), which have collectively given

10324-474: The sprocket holes running on each side of the 35-mm film; before this there had been no agreed upon standard Bell & Howell developed a continuous film printing process in 1911, that was gradually accepted across the film printing industry. Historically, Bell & Howell Co. was an important supplier of many different media technologies, and it produced products such as: In 1934, Bell & Howell introduced their first amateur 8mm movie projector, in 1935

10440-440: The struggles of rural populations. The 1950s and 1960s are often considered the golden era of Marathi cinema, with filmmakers like V. Shantaram , Bhalji Pendharkar , Anant Mane , Raja Paranjape , and Raja Thakur creating impactful works. Notable actors of this period included Sulochana Latkar , Sandhya , Hansa Wadkar , Usha Kiran , Chandrakant Gokhale , Raja Gosavi , Suryakant Mandhare , and Ramesh Deo . Rising to fame in

10556-462: The supernatural revenge drama Bhutacha Bhau (1989), feel good movie Aayatya Gharat Gharoba (1991), Aamchya Sarkhe Aamhich (1990) , and around the same time Kothare made hit films Dhoom Dhadaka (1985) , Dhadakebaaz (1990), De Danadan (1987), and horror-thriller Zapatlela (1993), which was an unofficial remake of Hollywood cult classic slasher film Child's Play (1988). He introduced technological advancements, such as

10672-412: The superstars of Marathi cinema. Ashok Saraf featured in over 300 films, portraying a variety of leading roles, while Sachin gained widespread recognition for his film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi , which became the first Marathi movie to gross 30 million at the box office. Mahesh Kothare is also credited for introducing the first cinemascope film, Dhadakebaaz , in 1990. Other notable personalities from

10788-442: The theatre of Maharashtra earned recognition at the national level, the cinema failed to make a mark. A major reason was the proximity to the production centre of Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ), which encroached on the identity of Marathi cinema. Other reasons include the shortage of cinema halls for distribution due to poor marketing, a lack of money magnets, a vibrant theatre scene, and the emergence of private television. It also lacked

10904-1533: The third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after Maqbool (2003) and Omkara (2006), won the People's Choice Award at the 9th Rome Film Festival in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour. The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like Shahid Kapoor , Ranbir Kapoor , Ranveer Singh , Ayushmann Khurrana , Varun Dhawan , Sidharth Malhotra , Sushant Singh Rajput , Kartik Aaryan , Arjun Kapoor , Aditya Roy Kapur and Tiger Shroff , as well as actresses like Vidya Balan , Priyanka Chopra , Kareena Kapoor , Katrina Kaif , Kangana Ranaut , Deepika Padukone , Sonam Kapoor , Anushka Sharma , Shraddha Kapoor , Alia Bhatt , Parineeti Chopra and Kriti Sanon with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female-centric films such as The Dirty Picture (2011), Kahaani (2012), Queen (2014), Highway (2014), Tanu Weds Manu Returns (2015), Raazi (2018) and Gangubai Kathiawadi (2022). Salim–Javed were highly influential in South Indian cinema . In addition to writing two Kannada films , many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While

11020-399: The transformative nature of contemporary Marathi cinema, stating, "The kind of Marathi cinema that is being made today is very fresh and different. This is thanks to directors and writers getting exposed to world cinema via television and film festivals. They are coming up with new storylines and innovative concepts." With the outstanding contributions from various producers and directors within

11136-553: The very first edition of the National Awards, Shyamchi Aai won the first President's Gold Medal for Cinema. It was directed by Acharya P. K. Atre , and it was an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Sane Guruji . Marathi cinema was in its full bloom by this time with the advent of greats like V. Shantaram, Master Vinayak , Bhalji Pendharkar and Acharya Atre , followed by Raja Paranjpe , Dinkar D. Patil , G. D. Madgulkar , Sudhir Phadke and Raja Thakur . The 1960s saw

11252-526: The world's largest film producer. Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as "Bollywood". Summary of the 2022 box office revenues. By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600   million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films. In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3.6 billion tickets annually across

11368-480: The world. Cinema of India The Cinema of India , consisting of motion pictures made by the Indian film industry , has had a large effect on world cinema since the second half of the 20th century. Indian cinema is made up of various film industries , each producing films in different languages, including Hindi , Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Bengali , Punjabi , Bhojpuri and others. Major centres of film production across

11484-424: Was Ayodhyecha Raja , released in 1932, one year after Alam Ara , the first Hindi talkie. All Marathi films until then were silent films with intertitles . Pinjara (1972), directed by V Shantaram , was first colour film in Marathi cinema. Kolhapur was a centre for film production during the 20th century, though currently, a majority of films are made in Mumbai. During Marathi cinema's infancy between

11600-467: Was Kisan Kanya (1937, Moti B). Viswa Mohini (1940) was the first Indian film to depict the Indian movie-making world. Swamikannu Vincent , who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore , introduced the concept of "tent cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras and called Edison's Grand Cinema Megaphone. This

11716-402: Was also the first Marathi film to be made in color. Directors like Datta Dharmadhikari and Rajdutt later gained popularity for their traditional family dramas. Noteworthy films from this period include the family drama Manini (1961), the historical fiction Mohityanchi Manjula (1963) by Bhalji Pendharkar and the drama Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava (1968), which took six years to make, was

11832-498: Was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in Rajahmundry , Andhra Pradesh. The advent of sound to Indian cinema launched musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani , marking the beginning of song-and-dance in Indian films. By 1935, studios emerged in major cities such as Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as filmmaking became an established industry, exemplified by the success of Devdas (1935). The first colour film made in India

11948-438: Was chosen for a term of one year: Donald Joseph Bell (1869–1934), chairman; Albert Summers Howell (1879–1951), secretary; and Marguerite V. Bell (wife of Donald Bell), vice chairman. The firm made products for the motion picture industry. The Bell & Howell 2709 was the first all metal, commercially available motion picture camera. The 2709 was so expensive that only Charlie Chaplin and three other people owned one, while

12064-451: Was coined in the 1970s, when the conventions of commercial Bombay-produced Hindi films were established. Key to this was Nasir Hussain and Salim–Javed's creation of the masala film genre, which combines elements of action , comedy , romance , drama , melodrama and musical . Their film Yaadon Ki Baarat (1973) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film. Masala films made Bachchan

12180-535: Was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors. Bombay Talkies opened in 1934 and Prabhat Studios in Pune began production of Marathi films. Sant Tukaram (1936) was the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival, at the 1937 edition of the Venice Film Festival. The film was judged one of the three best films of the year. However, while Indian filmmakers sought to tell important stories,

12296-620: Was featured at the Ann Arbor Film Festival , fetching three Indian Express Awards . B. Narsing Rao , K. N. T. Sastry , and A. Kutumba Rao garnered international recognition for their works in new-wave cinema. Narsing Rao's Maa Ooru (1992) won the " Media Wave Award " of Hungary; Daasi (1988) and Matti Manushulu (1990) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the 16th and 17th MIFF respectively. Sastry's Thilaadanam (2000) received "New Currents Award" at

12412-751: Was introduced with Baji , the first film of its kind in Marathi cinema. In the late 2010s, historical films began to gain attraction, particularly through the works of director Digpal Lanjekar , who created a series titled Shri Shivraj Ashtak , focusing on the Maratha Empire . Deool , directed by Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni , made history by becoming the third Marathi film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, following Shyaamchi Aai and Shwaas . Its sequel, Deool Band (2015), also garnered significant attention from audiences. Acclaimed director Dr. Jabbar Patel emphasized

12528-542: Was not a movie in the true sense; it was a recording of a then popular theater play; the cameraman who filmed that movie, Jonson, was a British national; it was processed in London ; and the negative also remained in the United Kingdom . Kolhapur was a centre of film production in the twentieth century. Maharashtra Film Company 's Sairandhri (1920), starring Balasaheb Pawar , Kamala Devi and Zunzarrao Pawar,

12644-559: Was premiered in Coronation cinema in Girgaon . Although some claim Shree Pundalik (1912) of Dadasaheb Torne is the first ever film made in India, some film scholars have argued that Pundalik was not a true Indian film because it was simply a recording of a stage play, filmed by a British cameraman and it was processed in London. Raja Harishchandra of Phalke had a story based on Hindu Sanskrit legend of Harishchandra ,

12760-481: Was the first Indian film to be nominated for the US-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades. It spawned a new genre of dacoit films . Gunga Jumna (1961, Dilip Kumar ) was a dacoit crime drama about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that became common in Indian films in

12876-507: Was the first Indian film to cast women artists. Notably, Sairandhri became the first Indian film to face censorship by the British Government. Because of his special interest in sets, costume design and painting, he chose episodes from Maratha history for interpreting in the new medium and specialized in the historical genre. Baburao Painter made many silent movies till 1930, including Surekha Haran (1921), for which he brought

12992-503: Was the first Indian social drama film and featured the first Dalit -caste film actress. The first chain of Indian cinemas, Madan Theatre , was owned by Parsi entrepreneur Jamshedji Framji Madan , who oversaw the production and distribution of films for the chain. These included film adaptations from Bengal's popular literature and Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra (1917), a remake of Phalke's influential film. Films steadily gained popularity across India as affordable entertainment for

13108-662: Was the first Marathi film to gross over ₹100 crore (approximately $ 16 million) worldwide, solidifying its status as a cultural phenomenon. The decade saw directors such as Nagraj Manjule , Ravi Jadhav , Satish Rajwade , Aditya Sarpotdar and Sanjay Jadhav making significant contributions to the industry. The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on the Marathi film industry, as it did on cinema worldwide. With theaters closing and production halting, many films scheduled for release were postponed, leading to significant financial losses for filmmakers and production houses. Approximately 110 Marathi language films remained unreleased due to

13224-529: Was the first sound film of Marathi cinema . Irani also produced South India's first sound film, the Tamil–Telugu bilingual talking picture Kalidas (1931, H. M. Reddy ). The first Telugu film with audible dialogue, Bhakta Prahlada (1932), was directed by H. M. Reddy , who directed the first bilingual (Telugu and Tamil) talkie Kalidas (1931). East India Film Company produced its first Telugu film, Savitri (1933, C. Pullayya ), adapted from

13340-549: Was the second Marathi film to win the President's Medal after Shyamchi Aai (1950). In 2009, Harishchandrachi Factory (with a budget of Rs. 6 crore) told the struggle of Dadasaheb Phalke in making Raja Harishchandra (1913), directed by theatre-veteran Paresh Mokashi . It was selected as India's official entry to the Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film category, making it

13456-526: Was then a publicly traded company, but is now a subsidiary of the private Cambridge Information Group . In September 2001, the remaining industrial businesses along with the Bell & Howell name were sold to private equity firm Glencoe Capital. The company merged with the North American arm of Böwe Systec Inc. In 2003, Böwe Systec later acquired the entire company. It was known as Böwe Bell & Howell until 2011, when Versa Capital Management bought

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