A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of Earth 's water surface areas using physiographical or geopolitical criteria. As such, it usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources, encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. Generally, a maritime boundary is delineated at a particular distance from a jurisdiction's coastline. Although in some countries the term maritime boundary represents borders of a maritime nation that are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , maritime borders usually serve to identify the edge of international waters .
255-667: (Redirected from Maritime Boundary Treaty ) This is a list of maritime boundary treaties . Maritime boundary treaties are treaties that establish a specified ocean or sea boundary between two or more countries or territories. These are also called maritime boundary agreements , maritime delimitation treaties , or maritime delimitation agreements . Africa [ edit ] Country 1 Country 2 Agreement date Treaty name Notes [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Portugal 26 Apr 1960 Exchange of Notes between France and Portugal regarding
510-575: A dictator , and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders, ruling for 42 years. He ruled until being overthrown and killed during the 2011 Libyan Civil War , which was part of the wider Arab Spring , with authority transferred to the National Transitional Council then to the elected General National Congress . Since 2011, Libya has been involved in a political and humanitarian crisis , and by 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya, which led to
765-684: A reconnaissance mission heralding attacks on enemy targets. In the weeks that followed, US American forces were in the forefront of NATO operations against Libya. More than 8,000 US personnel in warships and aircraft were deployed in the area. At least 3,000 targets were struck in 14,202 strike sorties, 716 of them in Tripoli and 492 in Brega . The US air offensive included flights of B-2 Stealth bombers, each bomber armed with sixteen 2000-pound bombs, flying out of and returning to their base in Missouri in
1020-459: A resistance leader against Italian colonization and became a national hero despite his capture and execution on 16 September 1931. His face is currently printed on the Libyan ten dinar note in memory and recognition of his patriotism. Another prominent resistance leader, Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (later King Idris I ), Emir of Cyrenaica, continued to lead the Libyan resistance until the outbreak of
1275-508: A second civil war , with parts of Libya split between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based governments as well as various tribal and Islamist militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and a unity government took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this. In March 2022, the House of Representatives ceased recognising
1530-593: A case before the International Court of Justice , Nigeria argued that the declaration was invalid because although it had been signed by its head of state, it had not been ratified by the Nigerian government. In 2002, the ICJ rejected this argument and held that the argument entered into force upon signing. [REDACTED] Gambia [REDACTED] Senegal 4 Jun 1975 Treaty fixing
1785-402: A costly royal government. The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from petroleum sales enabled one of the world's poorest nations to establish an extremely wealthy state. Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government's finances, popular resentment began to build over the increased concentration of the nation's wealth in the hands of King Idris and
2040-540: A differently configured boundary line, there is no dispute that a few small islands close to the North Korean coastline have remained jurisdiction of the United Nations since 1953. The map at the right shows the differing maritime boundary lines of the two Koreas. The ambits of these boundaries encompass overlapping jurisdictional claims. The explicit differences in the way the boundary lines are configured
2295-681: A four-day border war that came to be known as the Egyptian–Libyan War . Both nations agreed to a ceasefire under the mediation of the Algerian president Houari Boumédiène . Hundreds of Libyans lost their lives in the country's support for Idi Amin 's Uganda in its war against Tanzania . Gaddafi financed various other groups from anti-nuclear movements to Australian trade unions. On 2 March 1977, Libya officially became Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Libya adopted its plain green national flag on 19 November 1977. The country had
2550-525: A full-scale revolt beginning on 17 February . Libya's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia. While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprising in Libya. The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared
2805-411: A law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and wage parity. In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation. In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of girls under the age of sixteen and making the woman's consent a necessary prerequisite for a marriage. On 25 October 1975, a coup attempt was launched by a group of 20 military officers, mostly from
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#17327758585703060-615: A meeting in Paris. In April 2019, Khalifa Haftar launched Operation Flood of Dignity , in an offensive by the Libyan National Army aimed to seize Western territories from the Government of National Accord (GNA). In June 2019, forces allied to Libya's UN-recognized Government of National Accord successfully captured Gharyan, a strategic town where military commander Khalifa Haftar and his fighters were based. According to
3315-408: A multilateral treaty. Contemporary negotiations have produced tripoint and quadripoint determinations. For example, in the 1982 Australia–France Marine Delimitation Agreement , for the purposes of drawing the treaty's equidistant lines it was assumed that France has sovereignty over Matthew and Hunter Islands , a territory that is also claimed by Vanuatu . The northernmost point in the boundary
3570-754: A new cabinet. On 14 October 2012, the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer Ali Zeidan as prime minister-designate. Zeidan was sworn in after his cabinet was approved by the GNC. On 11 March 2014, after having been ousted by the GNC for his inability to halt a rogue oil shipment, Prime Minister Zeidan stepped down, and was replaced by Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani . The Second Civil War began in May 2014 following fighting between rival parliaments with tribal militias and jihadist groups soon taking advantage of
3825-653: A number of historic sites. On 11 September 2012, Islamist militants mounted an attack on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi , killing the US ambassador to Libya, J. Christopher Stevens , and three others. The incident generated outrage in the United States and Libya. On 7 October 2012, Libya's Prime Minister-elect Mustafa A.G. Abushagur was ousted after failing a second time to win parliamentary approval for
4080-547: A period of military anarchy during which coup followed coup and few deys survived in office more than a year. One such coup was led by Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli . The Karamanlis ruled from 1711 until 1835 mainly in Tripolitania, and had influence in Cyrenaica and Fezzan as well by the mid-18th century. Ahmed's successors proved to be less capable than himself, however, the region's delicate balance of power allowed
4335-420: A permanent constitution." The stated purpose of that process was "...intended to culminate in the creation of a modern, democratic state based on the principle of inclusion, the rule of law, separation of powers and respect for human rights." The SRSG praised the participants for achieving agreement, stating that "The Libyan people have unequivocally expressed themselves in favour of peace." The SRSG then informed
4590-503: A representative mix of utopian socialism and Arab nationalism with a streak of Bedouin supremacy. In February 1977, Libya started delivering military supplies to Goukouni Oueddei and the People's Armed Forces in Chad. The Chadian–Libyan War began in earnest when Libya's support of rebel forces in northern Chad escalated into an invasion . Later that same year, Libya and Egypt fought
4845-414: A spokesman for GNA forces, Mustafa al-Mejii, dozens of LNA fighters under Haftar were killed, while at least 18 were taken prisoner. In March 2020, UN-backed government of Fayez Al-Sarraj commenced Operation Peace Storm. The government initiated the bid in response to the state of assaults carried by Field Marshal Haftar 's LNA . "We are a legitimate, civilian government that respects its obligations to
5100-487: Is Arab . The largest city and capital, Tripoli , is located in northwestern Libya and contains over a million of Libya's seven million people. Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians established city-states and trading posts in western Libya, while several Greek cities were established in
5355-455: Is a line. The terms "frontier", "borderland" and "border" are zones of indeterminate width. Such areas form the outermost part of a country. Borders are bounded on one side by a national boundary. There are variations in the specific terminology of maritime boundary agreements which have been concluded since the 1970s. Such differences are less important than what is being delimited. Features that affect maritime boundaries include islands and
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#17327758585705610-525: Is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Sweden 30 Jan 1932 Declaration between Sweden and Denmark concerning the boundaries of the Sund [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Soviet Union 29 Nov 1957 Descriptive Protocol relating to the sea frontier between Norway and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in
5865-725: Is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Thailand 11 Dec 1975 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia relating to the delimitation of the sea-bed boundary between the two countries in the Andaman Sea (with charts) [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Sri Lanka 23 Mar 1976 Agreement between Sri Lanka and India on
6120-401: Is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Iran [REDACTED] Qatar 20 Sep 1969 Agreement concerning the boundary line dividing the continental shelf between Iran and Qatar [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Malaysia 27 Oct 1969 Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of Indonesia on
6375-483: Is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Ireland [REDACTED] United Kingdom 7 Nov 1988 1. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Ireland concerning the delimitation of areas of the continental shelf between the two countries 2. Protocol supplementary to the agreement between
6630-572: Is a tripoint with the Solomon Islands . The boundary runs in a roughly north–south direction and then turns and runs west–east until it almost reaches the 170th meridian east . The concept of maritime boundaries is a relatively new concept. The historical record is a backdrop for evaluating border issues. The evaluation of historic rights are governed by distinct legal regimes in customary international law, including research and analysis based on The study of treaties on maritime boundaries
6885-440: Is important as (a) as a source of general or particular international law; (b) as evidence of existing customary law; and (c) as evidence of the emerging development of custom. The development of "customary law" affects all nations. The attention accorded this subject has evolved beyond formerly-conventional norms like the three-mile limit . Multilateral treaties and documents describing the baselines of countries can be found on
7140-690: Is now an internal boundary of the [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates [REDACTED] Iran [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia 24 Oct 1968 Agreement concerning the sovereignty over the islands of Al-'Arabiyah and Farsi and the delimitation of the boundary line separating submarine areas between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran (with exchanges of letters, map and English translation) [REDACTED] Abu Dhabi [REDACTED] Qatar 30 Mar 1969 Agreement on settlement of maritime boundary lines and sovereign rights over islands between Qatar and Abu Dhabi [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates
7395-513: Is shown in the map at the right. In a very small area, this represents a unique illustration of differences in mapping and delineation strategies. Violent clashes in these disputed waters include what are known as the first Yeonpyeong incident , the second Yeonpyeong incident , and the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong . Libya Libya , officially the State of Libya , is a country in
7650-545: Is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world , and the 16th-largest in the world . Libya claims 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of the Libyan town of Ghat . The country's official religion is Islam , with 96.6% of the Libyan population being Sunni Muslims . The official language of Libya is Arabic , with vernacular Libyan Arabic being spoken most widely. The majority of Libya's population
7905-823: The 10th-largest proven oil reserves in the world. Libya is a member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the African Union , the Arab League , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and OPEC . The origin of the name "Libya" first appeared in an inscription of Ramesses II , written as rbw in hieroglyphic. The name derives from a generalized identity given to a large confederacy of ancient east "Libyan" Berbers , North African people(s) and tribes who lived around
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8160-708: The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750, and Libya came under the rule of Baghdad. When Caliph Harun al-Rashid appointed Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab as his governor of Ifriqiya in 800, Libya enjoyed considerable local autonomy under the Aghlabid dynasty. By the 10th century, the Shiite Fatimids controlled Western Libya, and ruled the entire region in 972 and appointed Bologhine ibn Ziri as governor. Ibn Ziri's Berber Zirid dynasty ultimately broke away from
8415-656: The First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War . By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripolitania's economy began to crumble. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons. Civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, marking the end of both
8670-444: The Government of National Unity and proclaimed an alternative government, the Government of National Stability (GNS). Both governments have been functioning simultaneously since then, which has led to dual power in Libya. The international community continues to recognise the unity government as the legitimate government of the country. Libya is a developing country ranking 92nd by HDI, the highest score in mainland Africa, and has
8925-702: The Great Karnak Inscription , the military alliance comprised the Meshwesh , the Lukka , and the "Sea Peoples" known as the Ekwesh , Teresh , Shekelesh , and the Sherden . The Great karnak inscription reads: "... the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryey, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen — Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Taking
9180-538: The Interim Transitional National Council as an alternative government. One of Gaddafi's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet, wherein he resigned, defected, and advised Gaddafi to flee. By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. On 27 February 2011, the National Transitional Council was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control. On 10 March 2011, the United States and many other nations recognised
9435-558: The Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943. During World War II , Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign . The Italian population then went into decline. Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951. A bloodless military coup in 1969 , initiated by a coalition led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi , overthrew King Idris I and created a republic . Gaddafi was often described by critics as
9690-510: The Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912), Italy simultaneously turned the three regions into colonies. From 1912 to 1927, the territory of Libya was known as Italian North Africa . From 1927 to 1934, the territory was split into two colonies, Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania , run by Italian governors. Some 150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting roughly 20% of the total population. Omar Mukhtar rose to prominence as
9945-654: The Khawr Abd Allah waterway. Many disputes have been resolved through negotiations, but not all of them. Among the array of unsettled disputes, the maritime borders of the two Koreas in the Yellow Sea represent a visually stark contrast. A western line of military control between the two Koreas was unilaterally established by the United Nations Command in 1953. Although the North asserts
10200-611: The Maghreb region of North Africa . It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east , Sudan to the southeast , Chad to the south , Niger to the southwest , Algeria to the west , and Tunisia to the northwest , as well as maritime borders with Greece , Italy and Malta to the north. Libya comprises three historical regions: Tripolitania , Fezzan , and Cyrenaica . With an area of almost 1.8 million km (700,000 sq mi), it
10455-519: The National Transitional Council estimated 50,000 wounded. Following the defeat of loyalist forces, Libya was torn among numerous rival, armed militias affiliated with distinct regions, cities and tribes, while the central government had been weak and unable to effectively exert its authority over the country. Competing militias pitted themselves against each other in a political struggle between Islamist politicians and their opponents. On 7 July 2012, Libyans held their first parliamentary elections since
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10710-779: The Second World War . The so-called " pacification of Libya " by the Italians resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica, killing approximately one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000. Ilan Pappé estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in Italian concentration camps in Libya )." In 1934, Italy combined Cyrenaica , Tripolitania and Fezzan and adopted
10965-599: The Tulunids , Ikhshidids , Ayyubids, and Mamluks before Ottoman conquest in 1517. Fezzan acquired independence under Awlad Muhammad dynasty after Kanem rule. Ottomans finally conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577. After a successful invasion of Tripoli by Habsburg Spain in 1510, and its handover to the Knights of St. John , the Ottoman admiral Sinan Pasha took control of Libya in 1551. His successor Turgut Reis
11220-616: The ancient Greeks colonized the area around Barca in Eastern Libya and founded the city of Cyrene . Within 200 years, four more important Greek cities were established in the area that became known as Cyrenaica . The area was home to the renowned philosophy school of the Cyrenaics . In 525 BC the Persian army of Cambyses II overran Cyrenaica, which for the next two centuries remained under Persian or Egyptian rule. Alexander
11475-456: The Agreement of 10 March 1965 between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Norway 15 Jun 1979 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and
11730-492: The Agreement of 28 May 1980 between Norway and Iceland concerning Fishery and Continental Shelf Questions and the Agreement derived therefrom of 22 October 1981 on the Continental Shelf between Jan Mayen and Iceland Establishes [REDACTED] Iceland – [REDACTED] Jan Mayen boundary [REDACTED] Bulgaria [REDACTED] Turkey 4 Dec 1997 Agreement between
11985-833: The Aland Sea and the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Turkey 17 Apr 1973 Protocol between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Republic of Turkey concerning the Establishment of the Maritime Boundary between Soviet and Turkish Territorial Waters in the Black Sea [REDACTED] Georgia , [REDACTED] Russia , and [REDACTED] Ukraine are successor states to
12240-733: The Area between the Faroe Islands and the United Kingdom Establishes [REDACTED] Faroe Islands – [REDACTED] United Kingdom boundary [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina [REDACTED] Croatia 30 Jun 1999 Treaty on the State Border between the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina [REDACTED] Latvia [REDACTED] Lithuania 9 Jul 1999 Agreement between
12495-645: The Argentine Republic and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay entrusting the Rio de la Plata Administrative Commission with the delimitation of the boundary between Martin Garcia and Timoteo Domínguez Islands [REDACTED] Trinidad and Tobago [REDACTED] Venezuela 18 Apr 1990 Treaty between the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Republic of Venezuela on
12750-409: The Baltic Sea between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Sweden 18 Apr 1988 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the delimitation of
13005-725: The Bardo Museum in Tunisia on 18 March 2015 was reportedly carried out by two Libyan-trained militants. During 2015 an extended series of diplomatic meetings and peace negotiations were supported by the United Nations, as conducted by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG), Spanish diplomat Bernardino León . UN support for the SRSG-led process of dialogue carried on in addition to
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#173277585857013260-590: The Caribbean of a Maritime Boundary between Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Anguilla – [REDACTED] United States Virgin Islands boundary 2. [REDACTED] British Virgin Islands – [REDACTED] United States Virgin Islands boundary 3. [REDACTED] British Virgin Islands – [REDACTED] Puerto Rico border [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Jamaica 12 Nov 1993 Maritime delimitation treaty between Jamaica and
13515-535: The Continental Shelf between Iran and Bahrain [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Thailand 17 Dec 1971 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia relating to the Delimitation of a Continental Shelf Boundary between the two Countries in the Northern Part of the Straits of Malacca and in the Andaman Sea [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Thailand 21 Dec 1971 Agreement between
13770-440: The Continental Shelf between the two Countries [REDACTED] Equatorial Guinea [REDACTED] Gabon 12 Sep 1974 Convention demarcating the land and maritime frontiers of Equatorial Guinea and Gabon In 2004, Equatorial Guinea objected to the authenticity of the treaty [REDACTED] Cameroon [REDACTED] Nigeria 1 Jun 1975 Maroua Declaration In
14025-499: The Continental Shelf between the two Countries [REDACTED] West Germany [REDACTED] United Kingdom 25 Nov 1971 Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Republic of Germany relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea between the two Countries [REDACTED] Netherlands [REDACTED] United Kingdom 25 Nov 1971 Protocol between
14280-400: The Convention of 28 December 1858 supplementary to the Treaty on delimitation of 2 December 1856 delimiting the frontier from the mouth of the Bidassoa to the point where the department of Basses-Pyrénées adjoins Aragon and Navarre [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Soviet Union 5 Feb 1985 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and
14535-401: The Convention of 28 December 1858 supplementary to the Treaty on delimitation of 2 December 1856 delimiting the frontier from the mouth of the Bidassoa to the point where the department of Basses-Pyrénées adjoins Aragon and Navarre [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Sweden 13 Jan 1988 Agreement on principles for the delimitation of the sea areas in
14790-503: The Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Costa Rica, additional to the Treaty signed at San José on 17 March 1977 [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Chile 29 Nov 1984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Argentina (with annexes and maps) [REDACTED] Costa Rica [REDACTED] Ecuador 12 Mar 1985 Agreement between
15045-420: The Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas between the Republic of Venezuela and the Dominican Republic [REDACTED] Canada [REDACTED] United States 29 Mar 1979 Special Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America to Submit to a Chamber of the International Court of Justice the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
15300-421: The Delimitation of the Boundary between the Continental Shelf and Fishery Zone of Finland and the Economic Zone of Sweden in the Aland Sea and the Northern Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina [REDACTED] Croatia 14 Dec 1995 Treaty on the State Border between the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina Establishes land and maritime boundaries between
15555-403: The Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Between the Republic of Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Black Sea [REDACTED] Georgia , [REDACTED] Russia , and [REDACTED] Ukraine are successor states to the treaty [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] United Kingdom 22 Dec 1978 Protocol supplementary to
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#173277585857015810-536: The Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries in the Adriatic Sea [REDACTED] Croatia , [REDACTED] Montenegro , and [REDACTED] Slovenia are successor states to the treaty [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Sweden 27 Jul 1968 Agreement between Sweden and Norway concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf [REDACTED] East Germany [REDACTED] Poland 29 Oct 1968 Treaty between
16065-540: The Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two States [REDACTED] West Germany [REDACTED] Netherlands 29 Sep 1975 and 24 Nov 1975 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning delimitation of the frontier at the Molenbeek (Miihlenbach) and the Rammelbeek (Rammelbach) between the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany [REDACTED] Portugal [REDACTED] Spain 12 Feb 1976 1. Agreement between Portugal and Spain on
16320-413: The Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries between the Republic of Tunisia and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria [REDACTED] Angola [REDACTED] Namibia 4 Jun 2002 Accord on the delimitation of the maritime border between Angola and Namibia [REDACTED] Egypt [REDACTED] Cyprus 17 Feb 2003 Agreement between
16575-424: The Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary Between Tokelau and the United States of America Establishes [REDACTED] Tokelau – [REDACTED] American Samoa boundary [REDACTED] Papua New Guinea [REDACTED] Indonesia 13 Dec 1980 Agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Government of Papua New Guinea Concerning the Maritime Boundary between
16830-422: The Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] Yemen 12 Jun 2000 International Border Treaty between the Republic of Yemen and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] Kuwait [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia 2 Jul 2000 Agreement between
17085-431: The Delimitation of the Maritime Zones in the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] United Kingdom 18 May 1999 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, on the one hand, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, on the other hand, relating to Maritime Delimitation in
17340-487: The Delimitation of the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone 2. Agreement between Portugal and Spain on the Continental Shelf [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Italy 24 May 1977 Agreement between the Hellenic Republic and the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Respective Continental Shelf Areas of the two States [REDACTED] East Germany [REDACTED] Sweden 22 Jun 1978 Treaty between
17595-512: The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe [REDACTED] Seychelles [REDACTED] Tanzania 23 Jan 2002 Agreement between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf [REDACTED] Algeria [REDACTED] Tunisia 11 Feb 2002 Agreement on Provisional Arrangements for
17850-429: The East. Parts of Libya were variously ruled by Carthaginians , Numidians , Persians , and Greeks before the entire region becoming a part of the Roman Empire . Libya was an early centre of Christianity . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century when invasions brought Islam to the region. From then on, centuries of Arab migration to
18105-517: The Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus Granted Cyprus independence from the United Kingdom and established: 1. [REDACTED] Cyprus – [REDACTED] Greece boundary 2. [REDACTED] Cyprus – [REDACTED] Turkey boundary 3. [REDACTED] Cyprus – [REDACTED] Akrotiri and Dhekelia boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Monaco 18 May 1963 Exchange of letters on settlement of problems concerning
18360-948: The Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe on the Joint Development of Petroleum and other Resources, in respect of Areas of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Two States [REDACTED] Gabon [REDACTED] São Tomé and Príncipe 26 Apr 2001 Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Border between the Gabonese Republic and
18615-739: The Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea concerning their maritime boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Seychelles 19 Feb 2001 Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of France and of Seychelles Establishes [REDACTED] Glorioso Islands – [REDACTED] Seychelles boundary [REDACTED] Nigeria [REDACTED] São Tomé and Príncipe 21 Feb 2001 Treaty between
18870-2462: The Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands concerning Maritime Boundaries and Cooperation on Related matters See also [ edit ] List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries Notes [ edit ] ^ The Netherlands Antilles–Venezuela boundary is now the Curaçao –Venezuela and the Caribbean Netherlands –Venezuela boundaries. ^ Amended 4 Jun 1974 by diplomatic exchange of notes. ^ Dyomkin, Denis; Gwladys Fouche (27 April 2010). "UPDATE 1-Russia and Norway reach Barents Sea border deal" . Reuters . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . References [ edit ] Anderson, Ewan W. (2003). International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas. Routledge: New York. ISBN 9781579583750 ; OCLC 54061586 Charney, Jonathan I. , David A. Colson, Robert W. Smith. (2005). International Maritime Boundaries, 5 vols. Hotei Publishing: Leiden. ISBN 9780792311874 ; ISBN 9789041119544 ; ISBN 9789041103451 ; ISBN 9789004144613 ; ISBN 9789004144798 ; OCLC 23254092 Jagota, S. P. (1985). Maritime Boundary. Martinis Nijhoff: Dordrecht. ISBN 9789024731336 ; ISBN 9789024726165 ; OCLC 1175640 Koo, Min Gyu. (2010). Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9781441962232 ; OCLC 626823444 Kratochwil, Friedrich V., Paul Rohrlich, Harpreet Mahajan. (1985). Peace and Disputed Sovereignty. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 9780819149534 ; ISBN 978-0-8191-4954-1 ; OCLC 12550771 External links [ edit ] Portal : [REDACTED] Politics Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation , un.org VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase , vliz.be Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_maritime_boundary_treaties&oldid=1144146892 " Categories : Border-related lists Boundary treaties Law of
19125-786: The Final Act approving the proposals of the First Joint Commission established by the Act of Puerto Montt (with Final Act of the First Joint Commission dated on 6 April 1978) [REDACTED] Mexico [REDACTED] United States 4 May 1978 Treaty on Maritime Boundaries between the United Mexican States and the United States of America (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean) [REDACTED] Dominican Republic [REDACTED] Venezuela 3 May 1979 Treaty on
19380-590: The Flensborg Fiord area [REDACTED] West Germany [REDACTED] Netherlands 28 Jan 1971 Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] West Germany 28 Jan 1971 Treaty between
19635-724: The French Embassy in Suva constituting an Agreement concerning provisional maritime delimitation between the two countries Establishes provisional [REDACTED] Wallis and Futuna – [REDACTED] Tuvalu boundary [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Solomon Islands 13 Sep 1988 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of Solomon Islands establishing certain sea and seabed boundaries [REDACTED] Papua New Guinea [REDACTED] Solomon Islands 25 Jan 1989 Treaty between
19890-613: The French Republic Establishes [REDACTED] Brazil – [REDACTED] French Guiana boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Saint Lucia 4 Mar 1981 Agreement on Delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of Saint Lucia Establishes [REDACTED] Martinique – [REDACTED] Saint Lucia boundary [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Costa Rica 6 Apr 1984 Treaty on
20145-498: The French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Venezuela Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Guadeloupe – [REDACTED] Venezuela boundary 2. [REDACTED] Martinique – [REDACTED] Venezuela boundary [REDACTED] Brazil [REDACTED] France 30 Jan 1981 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between the Federative Republic of Brazil and
20400-500: The German Democratic Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf (with Protocol) [REDACTED] Germany is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Turkey 23 Jun 1978 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning
20655-658: The German Democratic Republic and the Polish People's Republic on the Delimitation of the Sea Areas in the Oder Bay [REDACTED] Germany is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Poland [REDACTED] Soviet Union 30 Jun 1989 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, the Government of the Polish People’s Republic and the Government of
20910-461: The Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia establishing an exclusive economic zone boundary and certain seabed boundaries Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Australia – [REDACTED] Indonesia boundary [REDACTED] Christmas Island – [REDACTED] Indonesia boundary [REDACTED] Niue [REDACTED] United States 13 May 1997 Treaty between
21165-625: The Government of Brazil and the Government of Uruguay on the definitive demarcation of the sea outlet of the River Chui and the lateral maritime border [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Uruguay 19 Nov 1973 Treaty between Uruguay and Argentina concerning the Rio de la Plata and the Corresponding Maritime Boundary [REDACTED] Canada [REDACTED] Denmark 17 Dec 1973 Agreement between
21420-507: The Government of Costa Rica and the Government of Ecuador Relating to the Delimitation of the Maritime Areas between Costa Rica and Ecuador [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Honduras 2 Aug 1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Colombia and Honduras [REDACTED] Dominica [REDACTED] France 7 Sep 1987 Agreement on Maritime Delimitation between
21675-404: The Government of French Republic and the Government of Dominica Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Dominica – [REDACTED] Guadeloupe boundary 2. [REDACTED] Dominica – [REDACTED] Martinique boundary [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Uruguay 18 Jun 1988 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between
21930-515: The Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom concerning the delimitation of areas of the continental shelf between the two countries [REDACTED] Poland [REDACTED] Sweden 10 Feb 1989 Agreement concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Fishing Zones between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Polish People's Republic [REDACTED] East Germany [REDACTED] Poland 22 May 1989 Treaty between
22185-585: The Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland constituting an agreement pursuant to Article 83 paragraph 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 on the provisional delimitation of an area of the continental shelf [REDACTED] Cyprus [REDACTED] Egypt 17 Feb 2003 Agreement between
22440-672: The Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of Singapore to Delimit Precisely the Territorial Waters Boundary in Accordance with the Straits Settlements and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement 1927 [REDACTED] Israel [REDACTED] Jordan 18 Jan 1996 Maritime Boundary Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of
22695-511: The Government of New Zealand establishing certain Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf Boundaries [REDACTED] Federated States of Micronesia [REDACTED] Palau 2006 Treaty between the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Palau concerning Maritime Boundaries and Cooperation on Related matters [REDACTED] Marshall Islands [REDACTED] Federated States of Micronesia 5 Jul 2006 Treaty between
22950-857: The Government of the Cook Islands and the Government of the French Republic Establishes [REDACTED] Cook Islands – [REDACTED] French Polynesia boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Solomon Islands 12 Nov 1990 Agreement on maritime delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Solomon Islands Establishes [REDACTED] New Caledonia – [REDACTED] Solomon Islands boundary [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Indonesia 14 Mar 1997 Treaty between
23205-429: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of New Zealand concerning the delimitation of the maritime boundaries between Wallis and Futuna and Tokelau (with map) Establishes [REDACTED] Tokelau – [REDACTED] Wallis and Futuna boundary [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] New Zealand 25 Jul 2004 Treaty between the Government of Australia and
23460-427: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium on the delimitation of the territorial sea 2. Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium on the delimitation of the continental shelf [REDACTED] Germany [REDACTED] Poland 14 Nov 1990 Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and
23715-467: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Kiribati concerning the Delimitation of a Boundary Line between the Exclusive Economic Zone around French Polynesia and the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Kiribati Establishes [REDACTED] Kiribati – [REDACTED] French Polynesia boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] New Zealand 30 Jun 2003 Agreement between
23970-584: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Madagascar concerning the delimitation of maritime spaces located between the Reunion Island and Madagascar Establishes [REDACTED] Réunion – [REDACTED] Madagascar boundary [REDACTED] Benin [REDACTED] Nigeria August 2005 Maritime Boundary Agreement [REDACTED] Cameroon [REDACTED] Nigeria 14 Mar 2008 Agreement between
24225-483: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Establishes [REDACTED] French Polynesia – [REDACTED] Pitcairn Islands boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Tuvalu 6 Aug 1985 to 5 Nov 1985 Exchange of notes between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Tuvalu and
24480-726: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, on one hand, and Anguilla on the other 2. Agreement on maritime delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning Guadeloupe and Montserrat Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Saint Martin – [REDACTED] Anguilla boundary 2. [REDACTED] Guadeloupe – [REDACTED] Montserrat boundary [REDACTED] Dominican Republic [REDACTED] United Kingdom 2 Aug 1996 Agreement between
24735-543: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area East of 30 Minutes West of the Greenwich Meridian [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Monaco 17 Feb 1984 Convention on Maritime Delimitation between the Government of His Most Serene Highness
24990-401: The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the completion of the delimitation of the continental shelf in the southern North Sea [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Russia 8 Mar 1992 Joint Protocol on Working Program for the development of contacts and cooperation between
25245-615: The Government of the Kingdom of Denmark along with the Local Government of Greenland on the one hand, and the Government of the Republic of Iceland on the other hand on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and the Fishery Zone in the Area between Greenland and Iceland Establishes [REDACTED] Greenland – [REDACTED] Iceland boundary [REDACTED] Iceland [REDACTED] Norway 11 Nov 1997 Additional Protocol to
25500-441: The Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada Establishes [REDACTED] Canada – [REDACTED] Greenland boundary [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Ecuador 23 Aug 1975 Agreement concerning delimitation of marine and submarine areas and maritime co-operation between
25755-670: The Government of the Kingdom of Norway concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area between the Faroe Islands and Norway and concerning the Boundary between the Fishery Zone near the Faroe Islands and the Norwegian Economic Zone Establishes [REDACTED] Faroe Islands – [REDACTED] Norway border [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Sweden 25 Jun 1979 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between Denmark and Sweden concerning
26010-417: The Government of the Kingdom of Norway relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Soviet Union 20 May 1965 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the boundaries of sea areas and of the continental shelf in
26265-476: The Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of India on the Delimitation of Seabed Boundary between the two Countries in the Andaman Sea Establishes the [REDACTED] Andaman and Nicobar Islands – [REDACTED] Thailand boundary [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Turkey 23 Jun 1978 Agreement between
26520-474: The Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the two Countries in the Andaman Sea [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Papua New Guinea 13 Dec 1980 Agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Government of Papua New Guinea Concerning
26775-411: The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland amending the Agreement of 6 October 1965 relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf under the North Sea between the two countries [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] United Kingdom 25 Nov 1971 Agreement between the Government of
27030-510: The Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the boundary of the continental shelf between Finland and the Soviet Union in the north-eastern part of the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Yugoslavia 8 Jan 1968 Agreement between Italy and Yugoslavia concerning
27285-559: The Government of the Republic of Finland, the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on the common maritime boundary point in the Baltic Sea Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Ireland [REDACTED] United Kingdom 18–31 Oct 2001 Exchange of Notes between
27540-456: The Government of the Republic of France and the Government of Fiji relating to the Delimitation of their Economic Zone Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Fiji – [REDACTED] New Caledonia boundary 2. [REDACTED] Fiji – [REDACTED] Wallis and Futuna boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] United Kingdom 25 Oct 1983 Convention on Maritime Boundaries between
27795-566: The Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on the Extension of the 1974 Continental Shelf Boundary between the two Countries in the Andaman Sea and the Indian Ocean Establishes [REDACTED] Andaman and Nicobar Islands – [REDACTED] Indonesia boundary [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Thailand 22 Jun 1978 Agreement between
28050-726: The Government of the Republic of Indonesia, The Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand Relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Boundaries in the Northern Part of the Strait of Malacca Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Thailand [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Singapore 25 May 1973 Agreement Stipulating
28305-553: The Government of the Republic of Namibia and the Government of the Republic of South Africa with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands [REDACTED] Equatorial Guinea [REDACTED] São Tomé and Príncipe 26 Jun 1999 Treaty Regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Republic of Equatorial Guinea and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe [REDACTED] Equatorial Guinea [REDACTED] Nigeria 23 Sep 2000 Treaty between
28560-730: The Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of Georgia on the Confirmation of the Maritime Boundaries between them in the Black Sea [REDACTED] Lithuania [REDACTED] Russia 24 Jul 1997 Treaty between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Iceland 11 Nov 1997 Agreement between
28815-584: The Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Between the Republic of Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Black Sea [REDACTED] Georgia , [REDACTED] Russia , and [REDACTED] Ukraine are successor states to the treaty [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Thailand 24 Oct 1979 1. Treaty between
29070-552: The Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf boundary [REDACTED] Oman [REDACTED] Yemen 14 Dec 2003 Agreement on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Republic of Yemen (with map) [REDACTED] Jordan [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia 16 Dec 2007 Agreement on
29325-581: The Government of the Union of Myanmar, the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand on the determination of the trijunction point between the three countries in the Andaman Sea Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Myanmar [REDACTED] Thailand [REDACTED] Myanmar [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Singapore 26 Apr 1995 Agreement between
29580-589: The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regarding the delimitation of the economic zone, the fishing zone and the continental shelf in the gulf of Finland and in the North-Eastern part of the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Malta [REDACTED] Libya 10 Nov 1986 Agreement between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya and
29835-594: The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Dominican Republic concerning the delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Dominican Republic and the Turks and Caicos Islands Establishes [REDACTED] Dominican Republic – [REDACTED] Turks and Caicos Islands boundary [REDACTED] Mexico [REDACTED] United States 9 Jun 2000 Treaty between
30090-426: The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Netherlands 31 Mar 1966 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark concerning
30345-527: The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on the Delimitation in the Caribbean of a Maritime Boundary between the US Virgin Islands and Anguilla 2. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on the Delimitation in
30600-533: The Government of the United States of America and the Government of Niue on the delimitation of a maritime boundary Establishes [REDACTED] Niue – [REDACTED] American Samoa boundary [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] East Timor 20 May 2002 (backdated) Timor Sea Treaty between the Government of East Timor and the Government of Australia [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Kiribati 18 Dec 2002 Agreement between
30855-512: The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 Nautical Miles [REDACTED] Honduras [REDACTED] United Kingdom 4 Dec 2001 Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Honduras and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning
31110-657: The Great ended Persian rule in 331 BC and received tribute from Cyrenaica. Eastern Libya again fell under the control of the Greeks, this time as part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom . After the fall of Carthage the Romans did not immediately occupy Tripolitania (the region around Tripoli), but left it instead under control of the kings of Numidia , until the coastal cities asked and obtained its protection. Ptolemy Apion ,
31365-678: The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya and the Republic of Malta implementing Article III of the Special Agreement and the Judgment of the International Court of Justice [REDACTED] Libya [REDACTED] Tunisia 8 Aug 1988 Agreement between the Libyan Arab Socialist People's Jamahariya and the Republic of Tunisia to Implement the Judgment of
31620-454: The Gulf of Finland [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] West Germany 9 Jun 1965 1. Agreement between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the delimitation, in the coastal regions, of the continental shelf of the North Sea 2. Protocol to the Agreement between
31875-404: The Gulf of Maine Area [REDACTED] Costa Rica [REDACTED] Panama 2 Feb 1980 Treaty Concerning Delimitation of Marine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Panama [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Venezuela 17 Jul 1980 Delimitation Treaty between the Government of
32130-529: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan [REDACTED] Thailand [REDACTED] Vietnam 9 Aug 1997 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Gulf of Thailand [REDACTED] Oman [REDACTED] Pakistan 12 Jun 2000 Muscat Agreement on
32385-803: The Independent State of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands Concerning Sovereignty, Maritime and Seabed Boundaries between the Two Countries, and Cooperation on Related Matters [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Indonesia 11 Dec 1989 Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia on the zone of cooperation in an area between the Indonesian province of East Timor and Northern Australia no longer in force [REDACTED] Cook Islands [REDACTED] France 3 Aug 1990 Agreement on Maritime Delimitation between
32640-651: The Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning sovereignty and maritime boundaries in the area between the two countries, including the area known as Torres Strait, and related matters [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Tonga 11 Jan 1980 Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Tonga on the delimitation of economic zones Establishes [REDACTED] Wallis and Futuna – [REDACTED] Tonga boundary [REDACTED] Cook Islands [REDACTED] United States 11 Jun 1980 Treaty between
32895-734: The International Court of Justice in the Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case [REDACTED] Mozambique [REDACTED] Tanzania 28 Dec 1988 Agreement between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique regarding the Tanzania / Mozambique Boundary [REDACTED] Cape Verde [REDACTED] Senegal 17 Feb 1993 Treaty on
33150-512: The Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania. Order was not recovered easily, and the revolt of the Libyan under Abd-El-Gelil and Gûma ben Khalifa lasted until the death of the latter in 1858. The second period of direct Ottoman rule saw administrative changes, and greater order in the governance of the three provinces of Libya. Ottoman rule finally reasserted to Fezzan between 1850 and 1875 for earning income from Saharan commerce. After
33405-417: The Karamanli. The 1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war occurred in those years. In 1793, Turkish officer Ali Pasha deposed Hamet Karamanli and briefly restored Tripolitania to Ottoman rule. Hamet's brother Yusuf (r. 1795–1832) re-established Tripolitania's independence. In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania, and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as
33660-470: The Kingdom of Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf under the North Sea (with annexes and exchange of letters) [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Tunisia 20 Aug 1971 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tunisia and the Government of the Italian Republic concerning the Delimitation of
33915-466: The Kingdom of Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the delimitation, in the coastal regions, of the continental shelf of the North Sea [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Norway 8 Dec 1965 Agreement between Denmark and Norway relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] United Kingdom 3 Mar 1966 Agreement between
34170-473: The Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Sweden 29 Sep 1972 Agreement between Sweden and Finland concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bothnian Sea,
34425-706: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Kuwait concerning the submerged area adjacent to the divided zone [REDACTED] People's Republic of China [REDACTED] Vietnam 25 Dec 2000 Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the delimitation of the territorial seas, the exclusive economic zones and continental shelves in Beibu Bay/Bac Bo Gulf [REDACTED] Azerbaijan [REDACTED] Kazakhstan 29 Nov 2001 Boundary agreement between
34680-556: The Kingdom of Thailand and Malaysia relating to the Delimitation of the Territorial Seas of the two Countries 2. Memorandum of Understanding between the Kingdom of Thailand and Malaysia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Boundary between the two Countries in the Gulf of Thailand [REDACTED] Burma [REDACTED] Thailand 25 Jul 1980 Agreement between
34935-466: The Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf 2. Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Latvia 30 Apr 1997 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Estonia, the Government of
35190-674: The Maghreb shifted the demographic scope of Libya in favour of Arabs . In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire and the Knights of St John occupied Tripoli until Ottoman rule began in 1551 . Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continued until the Italo-Turkish War , which resulted in the Italian occupation of Libya and the establishment of two colonies, Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934), later unified in
35445-403: The Maritime Boundary between the Republic of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and Cooperation on related Matters [REDACTED] North Korea [REDACTED] Soviet Union 17 Apr 1985 Agreement between the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and on the Delimitation of the Soviet-Korean National Border [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to
35700-696: The Maritime Boundary between the two Countries in the Gulf of Mannar and the Bay of Bengal and Related Matters [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Maldives 23–24, 31 Jul 1976 Agreement between Sri Lanka, India and Maldives concerning the determination of the trijunction point between the three countries in the Gulf of Mannar Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Sri Lanka [REDACTED] Maldives [REDACTED] Sri Lanka [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Sri Lanka 22 Nov 1976 Supplementary Agreement between Sri Lanka and India on
35955-508: The North-eastern Part of the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Iceland [REDACTED] Norway 28 May 1980 Agreement between Norway and Iceland concerning Fishery and Continental Shelf Questions Establishes [REDACTED] Iceland – [REDACTED] Jan Mayen boundary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] United Kingdom 24 Jun 1982 Agreement between
36210-401: The Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911 as the Eyalet of Tripolitania. Libya gained independence in 1951 as the United Libyan Kingdom ( المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah ), changing its name to the Kingdom of Libya ( المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah ), literally "Libyan Kingdom", in 1963. Following a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969,
36465-404: The Polish People's Republic and the German Democratic Republic concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Germany is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Poland [REDACTED] Soviet Union 28 Aug 1969 Treaty between the Polish People's Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning
36720-421: The Prince of Monaco and the Government of the French Republic [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Sweden 9 Nov 1984 Agreement concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and fishing zones [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Spain 31 Jan 1985 and 7 Feb 1985 Exchange of letters constituting an agreement amending Annex V of
36975-412: The Regime of the Soviet–Korean State Frontier [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Oman [REDACTED] Yemen 1 Oct 1992 International boundary agreement between the Sultanate of Oman and the Republic of Yemen [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Thailand 27 Oct 1993 Agreement between
37230-441: The Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Kazakhstan Includes delimitation of maritime boundaries [REDACTED] Azerbaijan [REDACTED] Russia 23 Sep 2002 Seabed Boundary Agreement between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation [REDACTED] Azerbaijan [REDACTED] Kazakhstan 14 May 2003 Seabed Boundary Tripoint Agreement between
37485-416: The Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation Trilateral treaty involving boundaries in the Caspian Sea [REDACTED] Azerbaijan [REDACTED] Russia [REDACTED] Kazakhstan [REDACTED] Russia [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Vietnam 26 Jun 2003 Agreement between
37740-524: The Republic of Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the delimitation of their maritime border (with maps) [REDACTED] Mauritius [REDACTED] Seychelles 29 Jul 2008 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Mauritius and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone between the Two States [REDACTED] Kenya [REDACTED] Tanzania 23 Jun 2009 Agreement between
37995-435: The Republic of Colombia [REDACTED] Cuba [REDACTED] Jamaica 18 Feb 1994 Agreement between the Government of the Jamaica and the Government of the Republic of Cuba on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the two States [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] United Kingdom 27 Jun 1996 1. Agreement on maritime delimitation between
38250-526: The Republic of Colombia and the Dominican Republic [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Haiti 17 Feb 1978 Agreement on Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Haiti [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Chile 20 Feb 1978 Act of Puerto Montt [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] Venezuela 28 Mar 1978 Maritime boundary Treaty between
38505-458: The Republic of Cyprus and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone [REDACTED] Cape Verde [REDACTED] Mauritania 23 Apr 2004 Treaty on the Delimitation of the Maritime Frontier between the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and the Republic of Cape Verde [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Madagascar 14 Apr 2005 Agreement between
38760-402: The Republic of Cyprus and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone [REDACTED] Romania [REDACTED] Ukraine 17 Jun 2003 Treaty between Romania and Ukraine on the Romanian–Ukrainian State Border Regime, Collaboration, and Mutual Assistance on Border Matters Partially amends the agreed-to maritime boundary between
39015-415: The Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia on the Maritime Delimitation in the Gulf of Riga, the Strait of Irbe and the Baltic Sea 2. Protocol to the Agreement between the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia on the Maritime Delimitation in the Gulf of Riga, the Strait of Irbe and the Baltic Sea, 12 July 1996, between the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia and the Minister President of
39270-564: The Republic of Haiti and the Republic of Cuba Regarding the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries between the Two States [REDACTED] Cuba [REDACTED] United States 16 Dec 1977 Maritime Boundary Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba Treaty was never ratified by the United States. [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Dominican Republic 13 Jan 1978 Agreement on Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between
39525-711: The Republic of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and Cooperation on related Matters [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] France 4 Jan 1982 Agreement on Marine Delimitation between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Australia – [REDACTED] New Caledonia boundary 2. [REDACTED] Norfolk Island – [REDACTED] New Caledonia boundary 3. [REDACTED] Kerguelen Island – [REDACTED] Heard and McDonald Islands boundary [REDACTED] Fiji [REDACTED] France 19 Jan 1983 Agreement between
39780-406: The Republic of Latvia [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Finland 18 Oct 1996 Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Republic of Estonia on the Boundary of the Maritime Zones in the Gulf of Finland and on the Northern Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] Netherlands 18 Dec 1996 1. Treaty between
40035-403: The Republic of Latvia and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on the Common Maritime Boundary Point in the Baltic Sea Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Latvia [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Georgia [REDACTED] Turkey 14 Jul 1997 Protocol between
40290-560: The Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Lithuania on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] United Kingdom 4 Jul 2000 Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the French Republic concerning the establishment of a maritime boundary between France and Jersey [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Finland 16 Jan 2001 Agreement between
40545-632: The Republic of Malta implementing Article III of the Special Agreement and the Judgment of the International Court of Justice [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Italy 28 Nov 1986 Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries in the Area of the Strait of Bonifacio Establishes boundary between Corsica and Sardinia [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Turkey 23 Dec 1986 and 6 Feb 1987 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on
40800-411: The Republic of Panama and the Republic of Colombia [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Costa Rica 17 Mar 1977 Treaty on Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Costa Rica [REDACTED] Cuba [REDACTED] Haiti 27 Oct 1977 Agreement between
41055-521: The Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] United Kingdom 29 May 1991 Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] United Kingdom 23 Jul 1991 Agreement between
41310-867: The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada on the delimitation of marine and submarine areas (with map) [REDACTED] Bahamas [REDACTED] Cuba 3 Oct 2011 Agreement between the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and the Republic of Cuba for the delimiting line between their maritime zones (with schedule and map) Asia [ edit ] Country 1 Country 2 Agreement date Treaty name Notes [REDACTED] Japan [REDACTED] Russian Empire 7 Feb 1855 Treaty of Shimoda [REDACTED] Johor Sultanate [REDACTED] United Kingdom 19 Oct 1927 Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927 [REDACTED] Malaysia and [REDACTED] Singapore are successor states to
41565-418: The Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Bulgaria on determination of the boundary in the mouth area of the Mutludere/Rezovska river and delimitation of the maritime areas between the two states in the Black Sea [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Sweden 2 Nov 1998 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on
41820-436: The Republic of Venezuela and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Established: 1. [REDACTED] Netherlands Antilles – [REDACTED] Venezuela boundary 2. [REDACTED] Aruba – [REDACTED] Venezuela boundary [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Chile 2 May 1978 Exchange of notes between Argentina and Chile constituting an agreement relating to
42075-472: The Republics of Colombia and Ecuador [REDACTED] Cuba [REDACTED] Mexico 26 Jul 1976 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Panama 20 Nov 1976 Treaty on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Related Matters between
42330-414: The Russian Federation and Norway [REDACTED] Albania [REDACTED] Italy 18 Dec 1992 Agreement between Albania and Italy for the determination of the continental shelf of each of the two countries [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Sweden 2 Jun 1994 Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden on
42585-408: The Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway on the maritime delimitation in the Varangerfjord area (with map) [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Russia 15 Sep 2010 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the one hand, and the Government of the Republic of Russia on the other hand, concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and
42840-602: The Security Council that "Libya is at a critical stage" and urging "all parties in Libya to continue to engage constructively in the dialogue process", stating that "only through dialogue and political compromise, can a peaceful resolution of the conflict be achieved. A peaceful transition will only succeed in Libya through a significant and coordinated effort in supporting a future Government of National Accord...". Talks, negotiations and dialogue continued on during mid-2015 at various international locations, culminating at Skhirat in Morocco in early September. Also in 2015, as part of
43095-421: The Senussi at a young age. He spent a considerable period of exile in Egypt under Italian rule and returned to Libya after the Axis powers were ousted in 1943. On December 24, 1951, as King Idris I, he addressed the nation via radio from Benghazi . On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. Idris represented Libya in
43350-408: The Shiite Fatimids, and recognized the Sunni Abbasids of Baghdad as rightful Caliphs. In retaliation, the Fatimids brought about the migration of thousands from mainly two Arab Qaisi tribes, the Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal to North Africa. This act drastically altered the fabric of the Libyan countryside, and cemented the cultural and linguistic Arabisation of the region. Zirid rule in Tripolitania
43605-411: The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma and the Republic of India on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Andaman Sea, in the Coco Channel and in the Bay of Bengal Establishes [REDACTED] Burma – [REDACTED] Andaman and Nicobar Islands boundary [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] United States 1 Jun 1990 Agreement between
43860-598: The Special Maritime Boundary Zone Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Ecuador [REDACTED] Peru [REDACTED] Canada [REDACTED] France 27 Mar 1972 Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the French Republic on Their Mutual Fishing Relations Establishes [REDACTED] Canada – [REDACTED] Saint Pierre and Miquelon boundary [REDACTED] Brazil [REDACTED] Uruguay 21 Jul 1972 Exchange of notes constituting an Agreement between
44115-609: The State frontier line established between the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and the Kingdom of Morocco [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Mauritius 2 Apr 1980 Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of Mauritius on the delimitation of the French and Mauritian economic zones between the islands of Reunion and Mauritius Establishes [REDACTED] Réunion – [REDACTED] Mauritius boundary [REDACTED] Libya [REDACTED] Malta 10 Nov 1986 Agreement between
44370-520: The Territorial Sea Boundary Lines between Indonesia and the Republic of Singapore in the Strait of Singapore [REDACTED] Japan [REDACTED] South Korea 30 Jan 1974 Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Korea concerning the Establishment of Boundary in the Northern Part of the Continental Shelf adjacent to the two Countries [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Sri Lanka 10 Jul 1974 Agreement between Sri Lanka and India on
44625-437: The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 , with a 10–0 vote and five abstentions including Russia, China, India, Brazil and Germany. The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a no-fly zone and the use of "all means necessary" to protect civilians within Libya. On 19 March, the first act of NATO allies to secure the no-fly zone began by destroying Libyan air defenses when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on
44880-560: The USSR concerning the Common Delimitation Point of their Maritime Boundaries in the Baltic Sea Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Estonia , [REDACTED] Latvia , [REDACTED] Lithuania , and [REDACTED] Russia are successor states to the treaty [REDACTED] Poland [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] France 8 Oct 1990 1. Agreement between
45135-406: The United Nations informed the United Nations that the country's official name was henceforth the "State of Libya"; "Libya" remained the official short form, and the country continued to be listed under "L" in alphabetical lists. The coastal plain of Libya was inhabited by Neolithic peoples from as early as 8000 BC. The Afroasiatic ancestors of the Berber people are assumed to have spread into
45390-413: The United Republic of Tanzania and the Republic of Kenya on the delimitation of the maritime boundary of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf (with map) Americas [ edit ] Country 1 Country 2 Agreement date Treaty name Notes [REDACTED] Guatemala [REDACTED] Mexico 27 Sep 1882 Treaty on the delimitation of
45645-436: The United States of America and the Cook Islands on friendship and delimitation of the maritime boundary between the United States of America and the Cook Islands Establishes [REDACTED] Cook Islands – [REDACTED] American Samoa border [REDACTED] New Zealand [REDACTED] United States 2 Dec 1980 Treaty Between the United States of America and New Zealand on
45900-409: The United States of America and the Republic of Venezuela Establishes: 1. [REDACTED] Puerto Rico – [REDACTED] Venezuela boundary 2. [REDACTED] United States Virgin Islands – [REDACTED] Venezuela boundary [REDACTED] Netherlands [REDACTED] Venezuela 31 Mar 1978 Boundary Delimitation Treaty between
46155-445: The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the maritime boundary Treaty was never ratified by either the Soviet Union or [REDACTED] Russia [REDACTED] North Korea [REDACTED] Soviet Union 3 Sep 1990 Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea concerning
46410-610: The United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the delimitation of the area within territorial waters adjacent to the leased naval base at Argentia, Newfoundland [REDACTED] Canada is a successor state to the agreement [REDACTED] Chile [REDACTED] Peru 18 Aug 1952 Declaration on the maritime zone Trilateral treaty [REDACTED] Ecuador [REDACTED] Peru [REDACTED] Chile [REDACTED] Peru 4 Dec 1954 Agreement on
46665-432: The Varangerfjord, demarcated in 1957 [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Cyprus [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Turkey [REDACTED] United Kingdom 16 Aug 1960 Treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Kingdom of Greece, the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Cyprus concerning
46920-400: The area by the Late Bronze Age . The earliest known name of such a tribe was the Garamantes , based in Germa . The Phoenicians were the first to establish trading posts in Libya. By the 5th century BC, the greatest of the Phoenician colonies, Carthage , had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa, where a distinctive civilization, known as Punic , came into being. In 630 BC,
47175-419: The best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children — leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire." The name "Libya" was brought back into use in 1903 by Italian geographer Federico Minutilli. It was intended to supplant terms applied to Ottoman Tripolitania , the coastal region of what is today Libya, having been ruled by
47430-578: The border between Mexico and Guatemala Establishes land and maritime boundaries between the two countries [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] Venezuela 26 Feb 1942 Treaty between the United Kingdom and Venezuela relating to the Submarine Areas of the Gulf of Paria [REDACTED] Trinidad and Tobago is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] United States 13 Aug 1947 and 23 Oct 1947 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between
47685-622: The boundary in historic waters between the two countries and related matters (with map) [REDACTED] Iran [REDACTED] Oman 25 Jul 1974 Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Iran and Oman [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates 21 Aug 1974 Agreement on the delimitation of boundaries [REDACTED] Dubai [REDACTED] Iran 31 Aug 1974 Offshore Boundary Agreement between Iran and Dubai [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates
47940-427: The boundary of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Gdansk and the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] West Germany 22 and 28 Oct 1970 Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning the delimitation of the borderline between Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany in
48195-585: The city of Misrata . This resulted in the arrest and executions of the coup plotters. In March 1977, Libya officially became the "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya". Gaddafi officially passed power to the General People's Committees and henceforth claimed to be no more than a symbolic figurehead. The new jamahiriya (Arab for "republic") governance structure he established was officially referred to as " direct democracy ". Gaddafi, in his vision of democratic government and political philosophy , published The Green Book in 1975. His short book inscribed
48450-419: The command of Amr ibn al-As , the Rashidun army conquered Cyrenaica . In 647 an army led by Abdullah ibn Saad took Tripoli from the Byzantines definitively. The Fezzan was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi in 663. The Berber tribes of the hinterland accepted Islam, however they resisted Arab political rule. For the next several decades, Libya was under the purview of the Umayyad Caliph of Damascus until
48705-506: The context of land boundaries. Some maritime boundaries have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which involve regional problems. The delineation or delimitation of maritime boundaries has strategic, economic and environmental implications (see maritime delimitation ). The terms boundary , frontier and border are often used as if they were interchangeable, but they are also terms with precise meanings. A boundary
48960-424: The continental United States. The support provided by the NATO air forces contributed to the ultimate success of the revolution. By 22 August 2011, rebel fighters had entered Tripoli and occupied Green Square , which they renamed Martyrs' Square in honour of those killed since 17 February 2011. On 20 October 2011, the last heavy fighting of the uprising came to an end in the city of Sirte . The Battle of Sirte
49215-446: The continental shelf and of the Swedish fishing zone and the Soviet economic zone in the Baltic Sea [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] East Germany 14 Sep 1988 Treaty between the German Democratic Republic and the Kingdom of Denmark on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and the Fishery Zones [REDACTED] Germany
49470-429: The council headed by Mahmoud Jibril as acting prime minister and as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people and withdrawing the recognition of Gaddafi's regime. Pro-Gaddafi forces were able to respond militarily to rebel pushes in Western Libya and launched a counterattack along the coast toward Benghazi, the de facto centre of the uprising. The town of Zawiya , 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Tripoli,
49725-552: The countries [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Norway 18 Dec 1995 Agreement between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area between Jan Mayen and Greenland and concerning the Boundary between the Fishery Zones in the Area Establishes [REDACTED] Greenland – [REDACTED] Jan Mayen boundary [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Latvia 12 July 1996 1. Agreement between
49980-485: The declaration of a baseline . The conditions under which a state may establish such baseline are described in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). A baseline of a country can be the low water line, a straight baseline (a line that encloses bays, estuaries, inland waters,...) or a combination of the two. Maritime spaces can be divided into the following groups based on their legal status: While many maritime spaces can be classified as belonging to
50235-399: The delimitation of Monegasque territorial waters constituting an agreement relating to article 4 of the Treaty of 17 July 1918 establishing the relations of France with the Principality of Monaco [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] United Kingdom 10 Mar 1965 Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and
50490-491: The delimitation of marine and submarine areas [REDACTED] Soviet Union [REDACTED] United States 1 Jun 1990 Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the maritime boundary The treaty was never ratified by the Soviet Union or [REDACTED] Russia . [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] United States 5 Nov 1993 1. Treaty between
50745-419: The delimitation of the USSR and Turkey economic zone in the Black Sea [REDACTED] Georgia , [REDACTED] Russia , and [REDACTED] Ukraine are succeeding parties to the agreement [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Spain 22 Sep 1987 and 10 Jun 1988 Exchange of letters constituting an agreement between France and Spain amending Annex V of
51000-417: The delimitation of the continental shelf under the North Sea between the two countries [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Sweden 5 Apr 1967 Agreement concerning the delimitation of the fishery areas of Norway and Sweden in the North-Eastern Skagerrak [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Soviet Union 5 May 1967 Agreement between
51255-459: The delimitation of the continental shelves between the two countries [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Malaysia 17 Mar 1970 Treaty between the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia Relating to the delimitation of the Territorial Seas of the Two Countries in the Strait of Malacca [REDACTED] Bahrain [REDACTED] Iran 17 Jun 1971 Agreement concerning Delimitation of
51510-488: The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Egypt 6 Aug 2020 Agreement between Greece and Egypt on the partial delimitation of the exclusive economic zone Oceania [ edit ] Country 1 Country 2 Agreement date Treaty name Notes [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Papua New Guinea 18 Dec 1978 Treaty between Australia and
51765-872: The delimitation of the maritime areas between the Cayman Islands and the Republic of Honduras Establishes [REDACTED] Honduras – [REDACTED] Cayman Islands boundary [REDACTED] Honduras [REDACTED] Mexico 18 Apr 2005 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between the Government of the United Mexican States and the Government of the Republic of Honduras [REDACTED] Barbados [REDACTED] France 15 Oct 2009 Barbados/France Maritime Boundary Delimitation Treaty Establishes [REDACTED] Barbados – [REDACTED] Guadeloupe and [REDACTED] Barbados – [REDACTED] Martinique boundaries [REDACTED] Grenada [REDACTED] Trinidad and Tobago 21 Apr 2010 Treaty between
52020-399: The delimitation of the maritime boundaries in the Gulf of Aqaba between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (with map) [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Singapore 10 Mar 2009 Treaty between the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Singapore relating to the delimitation of the territorial seas of the two countries in
52275-470: The delimitation of the maritime frontier between the Republic of Cape Verde and the Republic of Senegal [REDACTED] Guinea-Bissau [REDACTED] Senegal 13 Oct 1993 Management and Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau [REDACTED] Namibia [REDACTED] South Africa 28 Feb 1994 Treaty between
52530-422: The delimitation of the territorial waters between Denmark and Sweden [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] Soviet Union 25 Feb 1980 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regarding the delimitation of the areas of Finnish and Soviet jurisdiction in the field of fishing in the Gulf of Finland and
52785-404: The elections, to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC, who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC, refusing to recognise the new House of Representatives. Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli, forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to Tobruk . In January 2015, meetings were held with the aim to find a peaceful agreement between
53040-602: The end of the civil war, unnamed organized assailants bulldozed a Sufi mosque with graves in the centre of the Libyan capital Tripoli . It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days. Numerous acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage were carried out by suspected Islamist militias, including the removal of the Nude Gazelle Statue and the destruction and desecration of World War II-era British grave sites near Benghazi. Many other cases of heritage vandalism were reported to be carried out by Islamist-related radical militias and mobs that either destroyed, robbed, or looted
53295-404: The end of the former regime. On 8 August, the National Transitional Council officially handed power over to the wholly-elected General National Congress , which was then tasked with the formation of an interim government and the drafting of a new Libyan Constitution to be approved in a general referendum . On 25 August 2012, in what Reuters reported as "the most blatant sectarian attack" since
53550-492: The extension of the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Gulf of Mannar from position 13 m to the trijunction point between Sri Lanka, India and Maldives (point T) [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Maldives 28 Dec 1976 Agreement between India and Maldives on Maritime Boundary in The Arabian Sea and Related Matters [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Indonesia 14 Jan 1977 Agreement between
53805-572: The fisheries zones in the Barents Sea . The agreement settles on a compromise between the median line favoured by Norway, and the meridian based sector favoured by Russia. [REDACTED] Cyprus [REDACTED] Israel 17 Dec 2010 Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone (with annexes) [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Italy 2 Jun 2020 Agreement between Greece and Italy on
54060-412: The government in Tripoli. European slaves and large numbers of enslaved Blacks transported from Sudan were also a feature of everyday life in Tripoli. In 1551, Turgut Reis enslaved almost the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo , some 5,000 people, sending them to Libya. In time, real power came to rest with the pasha's corps of janissaries . In 1611 the deys staged a coup against
54315-506: The international community, but is committed primarily to its people and has an obligation to protect its citizens," Sarraj said in line with his decision. On 28 August 2020, the BBC Africa Eye and BBC Arabic Documentaries revealed that a drone operated by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) killed 26 young cadets at a military academy in Tripoli , on 4 January. Most of the cadets were teenagers and none of them were armed. The Chinese-made drone Wing Loong II fired Blue Arrow 7 missile, which
54570-431: The last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as a Roman province . As part of the Africa Nova province, Tripolitania was prosperous, and reached a golden age in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, when the city of Leptis Magna , home to the Severan dynasty , was at its height. On the Eastern side, Cyrenaica's first Christian communities were established by
54825-407: The later establishment of the Tunisian Hafsid Kingdom independent from the Almohads. In the 14th century, the Banu Thabit dynasty ruled Tripolitania before reverting to direct Hafsid control. By the 16th century, the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire . After Abbasid control was weakened, Cyrenaica was under Egypt-based states such as
55080-399: The lowest income per capita figures globally, it also suffered from one of the highest illiteracy rates. King Idris I, already in his sixties, had no direct heir to succeed him. His cousin, whom he had married in 1932, reportedly experienced numerous miscarriages, and their son, born in 1953, tragically died shortly after birth. Crown Prince Rida, Idris's brother, was the designated heir, but
55335-408: The lush regions of Cyrenaica and Marmarica . An army of 40,000 men and a confederacy of tribes known as "Great Chiefs of the Libu " were led by King Meryey who fought a war against pharaoh Merneptah in year 5 (1208 BCE). This conflict was mentioned in the Great Karnak Inscription in the western delta during the 5th and 6th years of his reign and resulted in a defeat for Meryey. According to
55590-512: The maritime boundaries between the Republic of the Gambia and the Republic of Senegal [REDACTED] Kenya [REDACTED] Tanzania 17 Dec 1975 to 9 Jul 1976 Exchange of Notes between the United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya concerning the Delimitation of the Territorial Waters Boundary between the two States, 17 December 1975 – 9 July 1976 [REDACTED] Mauritania [REDACTED] Morocco 14 Apr 1976 Convention concerning
55845-406: The maritime boundary between Senegal and Portuguese Guinea [REDACTED] Senegal and [REDACTED] Guinea-Bissau are successor states to this agreement [REDACTED] Tunisia [REDACTED] Italy 20 Aug 1971 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tunisia and the Government of the Italian Republic concerning the Delimitation of
56100-505: The name "Libya" (used by the Ancient Greeks for all of North Africa except Egypt) for the unified colony, with Tripoli as its capital. The Italians emphasized infrastructure improvements and public works. In particular, they greatly expanded Libyan railway and road networks from 1934 to 1940, building hundreds of kilometres of new roads and railways and encouraging the establishment of new industries and dozens of new agricultural villages. In June 1940, Italy entered World War II . Libya became
56355-593: The name of the state was changed to the Libyan Arab Republic ( الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ). The official name was "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 1986 ( الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية ), and "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" ( الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى , al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá listen ) from 1986 to 2011. The National Transitional Council , established in 2011, referred to
56610-441: The national elite. This discontent continued to mount with the rise of Nasserism and Arab nationalism throughout North Africa and the Middle East . On 1 September 1969, a group of rebel military officers led by Muammar Gaddafi launched a coup d'état against King Idris , which became known as the Al Fateh Revolution. Gaddafi was referred to as the " Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution " in government statements and
56865-422: The official Libyan press. He began dominating history and politics of Libya for the next four decades. Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of Italian Libyan Jews . The day became a national holiday known as "Vengeance Day". Libya's increase in prosperity
57120-594: The ongoing support from the international community, the UN Human Rights Council requested a report about the Libyan situation and the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein , established an investigative body (OIOL) to report on human rights and rebuilding the Libyan justice system. Chaos-ridden Libya emerged as a major transit point for people trying to reach Europe . Between 2013 and 2018, nearly 700,000 migrants reached Italy by boat, many of them from Libya. In May 2018 Libya's rival leaders agreed to hold parliamentary and presidential elections following
57375-416: The only plain-coloured flag in the world until 2011, when Libya adopted its current flag. From 1977 onward, per capita income in the country rose to more than US$ 11,000, the fifth-highest in Africa, while the Human Development Index became the highest in Africa and greater than that of Saudi Arabia . This was achieved without borrowing any foreign loans, keeping Libya debt-free . The Great Manmade River
57630-405: The pasha, and Dey Sulayman Safar was appointed as head of government. For the next hundred years, a series of deys effectively ruled Tripolitania. The two most important Deys were Mehmed Saqizli (r. 1631–49) and Osman Saqizli (r. 1649–72), both also Pasha, who ruled effectively the region. The latter conquered also Cyrenaica. Lacking direction from the Ottoman government, Tripoli lapsed into
57885-536: The power vacuum. Most notably, radical Islamist fighters seized Derna in 2014 and Sirte in 2015 in the name of the Islamic State . In February 2015, neighbouring Egypt launched airstrikes against IS in support of the Tobruk government. In June 2014, elections were held to the House of Representatives , a new legislative body intended to take over from the General National Congress . The elections were marred by violence and low turnout, with voting stations closed in some areas. Secularists and liberals did well in
58140-427: The removal of some aspects of foreign control in 1947. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies , Italy relinquished all claims to Libya. A national assembly crafted a constitution that established a monarchy and extended an offer for the throne to Sayyid Idris , the Emir of Cyrenaica . Sayyid Idris held the esteemed position as the leader of the influential Senussi religious brotherhood , which
58395-452: The rival parties in Libya. The so-called Geneva-Ghadames talks were supposed to bring the GNC and the Tobruk government together at one table to find a solution of the internal conflict. However, the GNC actually never participated, a sign that internal division not only affected the "Tobruk Camp", but also the "Tripoli Camp". Meanwhile, terrorism within Libya steadily increased, also affecting neighbouring countries. The terrorist attack against
58650-411: The royal family was riddled with incessant disputes. King Idris's devout Muslim piety, which solidified his support among the Bedouin population , clashed with the modernizing and urban intellectual currents in Libya. To address the rivalry between Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, Benghazi and Tripoli alternated as the capital every two years. The swift emergence of a large number of bureaucrats resulted in
58905-399: The same group, this does not imply that they all have the same legal regime. International straits and canals have their own legal status as well. The zones of maritime boundaries are expressed in concentric limits surrounding coastal and feature baselines. In the case of overlapping zones, the boundary is presumed to conform to the equidistance principle or it is explicitly described in
59160-420: The sea Lists of treaties Maritime boundaries Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Maritime boundary Maritime boundaries exist in the context of territorial waters , contiguous zones , and exclusive economic zones ; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within
59415-457: The setting for the hard-fought North African Campaign that ultimately ended in defeat for Italy and its German ally in 1943. From 1943 to 1951, Libya was under Allied occupation . The British military administered the two former Italian Libyan provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaïca, while the French administered the province of Fezzan. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until
59670-404: The state as simply "Libya". The UN formally recognized the country as "Libya" in September 2011 based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the ISO 3166-1 was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in English, "Libye (la)" in French. In December 2017 the Permanent Mission of Libya to
59925-469: The submerged seabed of the continental shelf . The process of boundary delimitation in the ocean encompasses the natural prolongation of geological features and outlying territory . The process of establishing "positional" borders encompasses the distinction between previously resolved and never-resolved controversies. The limits of maritime boundaries are expressed in polylines and in polygon layers of sovereignty and control, calculated from
60180-409: The subsequent UN negotiations. By December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya , a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris . However, the new kingdom faced challenging prospects. It lacked significant industry and agricultural resources. The kingdom's primary exports consisted of hides, wool, horses, and ostrich feathers. Despite having one of
60435-439: The time of the Emperor Claudius . It was heavily devastated during the Kitos War and almost depopulated of Greeks and Jews alike. Although repopulated by Trajan with military colonies, from then started its decline. Libya was early to convert to Nicene Christianity and was the home of Pope Victor I ; however, Libya was also home to many non-Nicene varieties of early Christianity, such as Arianism and Donatism . Under
60690-534: The treaty [REDACTED] Bahrain [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia 22 Feb 1958 Bahrain–Saudi Arabia boundary agreement [REDACTED] Qatar [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia 4 Dec 1965 Agreement on the delimitation of the offshore and land boundaries between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Qatar [REDACTED] Abu Dhabi [REDACTED] Dubai 18 Feb 1968 Offshore boundary agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai This boundary
60945-457: The treaty [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Spain 29 Jan 1974 Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Spanish State on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelves of the two States in the Bay of Biscay (Golfe de Gascogne/Golfo de Vizcaya) [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Spain 19 Feb 1974 Convention between Spain and Italy on
61200-466: The treaty [REDACTED] North Korea [REDACTED] Soviet Union 22 Jan 1986 Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on the Delimitation of the Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf [REDACTED] Russia is a successor state to the treaty [REDACTED] Burma [REDACTED] India 23 Dec 1986 Agreement between
61455-629: The two states. [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Norway 20 Feb 2006 Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the one hand, and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Rule Government of Greenland on the other hand, concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and the fisheries zones in the area between Greenland and Svalbard Establishes [REDACTED] Greenland – [REDACTED] Svalbard boundary [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Russia 11 Jul 2007 Agreement between
61710-406: The two territories. Controversies about territorial waters tend to encompass two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which are a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries, which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea. An example of this may be reviewed in the context of the ongoing Kuwait-Iraq maritime dispute over
61965-405: The usual work of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL). In July 2015 SRSG Leon reported to the UN Security Council on the progress of the negotiations, which at that point had just achieved a political agreement on 11 July setting out "a comprehensive framework... includ[ing] guiding principles... institutions and decision-making mechanisms to guide the transition until the adoption of
62220-399: The website of the United Nations. For example, the Australia–France Marine Delimitation Agreement establishes ocean boundaries between Australia and New Caledonia in the Coral Sea (including the boundary between Australia's Norfolk Island and New Caledonia). It consists of 21 straight-line maritime segments defined by 22 individual coordinate points forming a modified equidistant line between
62475-608: The western part of the Strait of Singapore (with annexes) [REDACTED] Israel [REDACTED] Cyprus 17 Dec 2010 Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone (with annexes) Europe [ edit ] Country 1 Country 2 Agreement date Treaty name Notes [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Turkey 4 Jan 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey (1932) [REDACTED] Greece
62730-408: Was accompanied by increased internal political repression, and political dissent was made illegal under Law 75 of 1973. Widespread surveillance of the population was carried out through Gaddafi's Revolutionary Committees. Gaddafi also wanted to ease the strict social restrictions imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the Revolutionary Women's Formation to encourage reform. In 1970,
62985-472: Was also built to allow free access to fresh water across large parts of the country. In addition, financial support was provided for university scholarships and employment programs. Much of Libya's income from oil, which soared in the 1970s, was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring dozens of paramilitaries and terrorist groups around the world. An American airstrike led by then US president Ronald Reagan intended to kill Gaddafi failed in 1986. Libya
63240-443: Was bombarded by air force planes and army tanks and seized by Jamahiriya troops , "exercising a level of brutality not yet seen in the conflict." Organizations of the United Nations, including United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and the United Nations Human Rights Council , condemned the crackdown as violating international law, with the latter body expelling Libya outright in an unprecedented action. On 17 March 2011
63495-410: Was both the last decisive battle and the last one in general of the First Libyan Civil War where Gaddafi was captured and killed by NATO -backed forces on 20 October 2011. Sirte was the last Gaddafi loyalist stronghold and his place of birth. The defeat of loyalist forces was celebrated on 23 October 2011, three days after the fall of Sirte. At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war. In addition,
63750-438: Was finally put under sanctions by the United Nations after the bombing of a commercial flight at Lockerbie in 1988 killed 270 people. In the 1990s, the government's rule was threatened by militant Islamism and an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Gaddafi. The government responded with repressive measures. Riots and Islamic activisim were crushed by Revolutionary Guard Corps . Nevertheless, Cyrenaica between 1995 and 1998
64005-415: Was founded by his grandfather in the preceding century as a response to Western influence in the Arab world . This devout Islamic movement garnered significant support from the desert Bedouin and became a major political force in Libya. During the declining years of the Ottoman Empire , it effectively governed the Libyan interior. Born in an oasis in Cyrenaica in 1890, Sayyid Idris assumed leadership of
64260-428: Was named the Bey of Tripoli and later Pasha of Tripoli in 1556. By 1565, administrative authority as regent in Tripoli was vested in a pasha appointed directly by the sultan in Constantinople / Istanbul . In the 1580s, the rulers of Fezzan gave their allegiance to the sultan, and although Ottoman authority was absent in Cyrenaica , a bey was stationed in Benghazi late in the next century to act as agent of
64515-443: Was operated from UAE-run Al-Khadim Libyan air base. In February, these drones stationed in Libya were moved to an air base near Siwa in the western Egyptian desert. The Guardian probed and discovered the blatant violation of UN arms embargo by the UAE and Turkey on 7 October 2020. As per the reporting, both the nations sent large-scale military cargo planes to Libya in support of their respective parties. On 23 October 2020,
64770-436: Was politically unstable, due to the tribal allegiances of the local troops. In 2003, Gaddafi announced that all of his regime's weapons of mass destruction were disassembled, and that Libya was transitioning toward nuclear power . The first civil war came during the Arab Spring movements which overturned the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt . Libya first experienced protests against Gaddafi's regime on 15 February 2011, with
65025-443: Was short-lived though, and already in 1001 the Berbers of the Banu Khazrun broke away. Tripolitania remained under their control until 1146, when the region was overtaken by the Normans of Sicily . For the next 50 years, Tripolitania was the scene of numerous battles among Ayyubids , the Almohad rulers and insurgents of the Banu Ghaniya . Later, a general of the Almohads, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, ruled Libya from 1207 to 1221 before
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