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32-640: The Maroni ( French: [maʁɔni] ) or Marowijne ( Dutch: [maːroːˈʋɛinə] ; Sranan Tongo : Marwina-Liba ) is a river in South America that forms the border between French Guiana and Suriname . The Maroni runs through the Guianan moist forests ecoregion. It originates in the Tumuk Humak Mountains and forms the (disputed) border between France ( region of French Guiana) and Suriname. In its upper reaches, it

64-540: A phonology-based orthography was felt. A more suitable orthography developed as an informal consensus from the publications of linguists studying Sranan and related creoles. For every-day use, the Dutch-based spelling remained common, while some literary authors adopted (variants of) the linguistic spelling. To end this situation, the Surinamese government commissioned a committee of linguists and writers to define

96-426: A standard spelling, which was adopted and came into force in 1986. This standard essentially followed the linguistic consensus. However, as the language is not taught in schools, while Dutch is, many speakers are not clearly aware of the principles on which this spelling is based and continue to use a Dutch-like, variant spelling. Although the formal Dutch-based educational system repressed the use of Sranan Tongo, in

128-629: Is also common in computer-mediated communication . People often greet each other in Sranan Tongo by saying, for example, fa waka ( ' how are you ' ), instead of the more formal Dutch hoe gaat het ( ' how is it going ' ). In 2021, Sranan Tongo appeared for the first time in the Eurovision Song Contest in Jeangu Macrooy 's song, " Birth of a New Age ". As a written language, Sranan Tongo has existed since

160-501: Is also known as the Lawa , and close to its source it is known as the Litani . The total length of Litani, Lawa and Maroni is 612 km (380 mi). There are two nature preserves located in the estuary region on the Surinamese side of the river, near the village of Galibi . They provide protection for the birds and the leatherback sea turtles that hatch there. In 1860, the question

192-549: Is approximately 90 km long; the average tidal range in the estuary is 2 m; in the dry season, the salt reaches about 40 km upstream to the town of Albina . The estimated potential hydro power for Suriname is between 1150 and 1250 megawatts. The Maroni is the most extensively studied of all the rivers in Suriname. In the 16th century, there were already ships exploring the estuary, by Lawrence Keymis , Thomas Masham , Antonio de Berrio and Adriaen Cabeliau and in

224-566: Is commonly but incorrectly cited as "having a vocabulary of only 340 words"; in fact, contemporary Sranan Tongo dictionaries have several thousand word entries. The Sranan Tongo words for ' to know ' and ' small children ' are sabi and pikin (respectively derived from Portuguese saber and pequeno ). The Portuguese were the first European explorers of the West African coast. A trading pidgin language developed between them and Africans, and later explorers, including

256-893: The Galibi and the Bonis . He left the Maroni to follow a tributary, the Itany River , along the way he visited the Roucouyenne and then followed an Emerillon trail over the spine of the Tumuk Humak Mountains . He descended the other side of the mountains to the Jari River , a tributary of the Amazon. By December 1877 he had reached the Brazilian city of Belém . He was nearly naked and had lost or used most of his possessions, and

288-697: The Geologisch Mijnbouwkundige Dienst (GMD) and the Centraal Bureau voor Luchtkartering (CBL). Sranan Tongo language Developed originally among enslaved Africans from Central and West Africa in Suriname, its use as a lingua franca expanded after the Dutch took over the colony in 1667. 85% of the vocabulary comes from English and Dutch . It also became a common language used among other ethnic groups after Dutch and their respective mother tongues . Sranan Tongo

320-1190: The Lord's Prayer in standard and Dutch-based spelling, followed by an English translation. Wi Tata na heimel, yu nen mu de santa! yu kondre mu kon! yu wani mu go doro na grontapu so leki na heimel! Gi wi tide da nyanyan fu wi! Gi wi pardon fu den ogri, di wi du, so leki wi owktu de gi pardon na den suma, disi du wi ogri! No meki wi kon na ini tesi! Ma puru wi na da ogriwan! Bikasi ala kondre de fu yu èn ala tranga nanga glori de fu yu, te teigo. Amen.   Wi Tata na hemel, joe nem moe de santa! joe kondre moe kon! joe wani moe go doro na grontapoe so leeki na hemel! Gi wi tiedee da njanjan foe wi! Gi wi pardon foe den ogri, di wi doe, so leeki wi ooktu de gi pardon na den soema, disi doe wi ogri! No meeki wi kon na ini tessie! Ma poeroe wi na da ogriwan! Biekasi ala kondre de foe joe en ala tranga nanga glori de foe joe, te teego. Amen. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us. Save us from

352-676: The Netherlands reached an agreement that the conflict should be subject to arbitration. Czar Alexander III of Russia , acting as the arbitrator, decided that the Lawa was the headwater of the Maroni, and thus should be considered the border. However, this decision created another issue as to which river is the source of the Lawa. The Netherlands considered the Malani (Marowijnekreek in Dutch) to be

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384-890: The University of Strasbourg before being transferred to the French Navy's medical school at Brest . In 1868 he was assigned to the Cérès as a medical assistant and served in Senegal , the French West Indies and French Guiana . At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, he volunteered to serve as a marine. He was sent to the Loire Valley where he was wounded and captured by Prussian forces on December 17, 1870. He escaped soon after and

416-521: The 17th century, by Harcourt, Fisher and De Vries. In the 18th century more extensive excursions took place, by Mentell, Patris, Le Blond and Heneman and in the 19th century by Zegelaar, Jules Crevaux , Coudreau, Ten Kate, Joost and others. Of importance in the 20th century were the Gonini and Tapanahony expeditions, and the Tumuk Humak and Southern Border Expeditions. From these arose the research of

448-461: The 20th century, most written texts in Sranan, seen at the time as a low-prestige language, used a spelling that was not standardized but based on Dutch orthography. In view of the considerable differences between the phonologies of Sranan and Dutch, this was not a satisfactory situation. With the emergence of a movement striving for the emancipation of Sranan as a respectable language, the need for

480-537: The English, also used this creole. Based on its lexicon , Sranan Tongo has been found to have developed originally as an English-based creole language, because of the early influence of English colonists here in what was then part of English colony of Guiana , who imported numerous Africans as slaves for the plantations. After the Dutch takeover in 1667, following the Treaty of Westminster (1674) (in exchange for ceding

512-598: The North American eastern seaboard colony of New Netherland to the English), a substantial overlay of words were adopted from the Dutch language. Sranan Tongo's lexicon is a fusion of mostly English and Dutch vocabulary (85%), plus some vocabulary from Spanish, Portuguese and West African languages . It began as a pidgin spoken primarily by enslaved Africans from various tribes in Suriname, who often did not have an African language in common. Sranan Tongo also became

544-809: The Orinoco delta in gulf of Paria, collected a large harvest of objects of botany, zoology and anthropology, Dr. Crevaux is exhausted and must rest some time among the Gouaraounos Indians. He returned to France on March 25, 1881, and was made an "Officer" of the Légion d'honneur . Crevaux was asked to undertake a fourth expedition, this time to explore the boundaries of the Amazon and Paraguay river basins. He arrived in Argentina in December 1881 and

576-570: The Tumuk Humak Mountains, at approximately 2° N, 54° W; it also absorbs the Koelebreek , among others. The Maroni basin is 68,700 km; above the island Langatabbetje (110 km away from the mouth of the river) this area is 63,700 km. Between 1952 and 1973, the average discharge near Langatabbetje was about 1,700 m/second. The minimum was 95 m/second, the maximum 6,550 m/second. The estuary

608-669: The following result: the Lawa had a discharge of 35,960 m/minute at a width of 436 m; the Tapanahony had a discharge of 20,291 m/minute at a width of 285  m. Thus, the Lawa River was the headwater of the Maroni River. There were no problems with this decision until 1885. However, the discovery of gold in the area between the Lawa and the Tapanahony created a new border conflict. On 29 November 1888, France and

640-685: The interior of French Guiana , this time he traveled up the Oyapock River to its source and again crossed the Tumuk Humak Mountains , near his modern namesake, Crevaux Peak. He reached the Jari River again and traveled west up the Paru River and then came back down the Amazon . In November 1878 he arrived in Belém again. Crevaux soon left again up the Amazon to explore the Japurá River . He collected many biological specimens along

672-403: The language of communication between the slaves. So the slave owners could not understand the slaves, the slaves would often make escaping plans in Sranan Tongo. Under Dutch rule, the slaves were not permitted to learn or speak Dutch. As other ethnic groups, such as East Indians and Chinese, were brought to Suriname as indentured workers, Sranan Tongo became a lingua franca . Until the middle of

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704-488: The late 18th century. The first publication in Sranan Tongo was in 1783 by Hendrik Schouten who wrote a part Dutch, part Sranan Tongo poem, called Een huishoudelijke twist ( ' A Domestic Tiff ' ). The first important book was published in 1864 by Johannes King , and relates to his travels to Drietabbetje for the Moravian Church . Early writers often used their own spelling system. An official orthography

736-610: The past pejoratively dismissed as Taki Taki (literally meaning ' talk talk ' or ' say say ' ), it gradually became more accepted by the establishment and wider society to speak it. During the 1980s, this language was popularized by publicly known speakers, including chairman Dési Bouterse , who often delivered national speeches in Sranan Tongo. Sranan Tongo remains widely used in Suriname and in Dutch urban areas populated by immigrants from Suriname. They especially use it in casual conversation, often freely mixing it with Dutch. Written code-switching between Sranan Tongo and Dutch

768-608: The settlement of Caiza and found that the people of Caiza were at war with the Tobas . Despite the conflict, Crevaux decided to press forward and on April 19, 1882, Crevaux's party left Caiza to travel up the Pilcomayo . On April 27, 1882, Crevaux's party was invited to shore to eat with a group of Tobas where the expedition was ambushed and Crevaux was clubbed to death. In 1886 another French explorer, Arthur Thouar, found Yella Petrona and Crevaux's killers. Petrona admitted to telling

800-650: The source of the Lawa; the French considered the Litani , located further to the west, to be the source of the Lawa. This issue has still not been resolved. The Litani originates in the Tumuk Humak Mountains at approximately 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 ° N 55° W; along its path it is fed by Koele Koelebreek , the Lokereek , the Mapaonikreek and the Oelemari River . The Malani also has its source in

832-455: The time of trial, and deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours, now and for ever. Amen. Jules Crevaux Jules Crevaux (1847–1882) was a French medical doctor, soldier, and explorer. He is known for his multiple explorations into the interior of French Guiana and the Amazon . Jules Crevaux was born on April 1, 1847, in the north-eastern French town of Lorquin . He began to study medicine at

864-963: The trip and returned to France where he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie . Crevaux was sent on a third expedition with a group of scientists with the purpose of collecting botanical specimens in South America . The group traveled up the Magdalena River , crossed the Andes and descended the Guaviare River , that he baptizes rio de Lesseps, to the Orinoco River in Venezuelan territory. After having explored 3,400 km of river in 161 days arrived in

896-512: Was adopted by the government of Suriname on July 15, 1986, in Resolution 4501. A few writers have used Sranan in their work, most notably the poet Henri Frans de Ziel ("Trefossa"), who also wrote God zij met ons Suriname , Suriname's national anthem , whose second verse is sung in Sranan Tongo. Other notable writers in Sranan Tongo are Eugène Drenthe , André Pakosie , Celestine Raalte , Michaël Slory , and Bea Vianen . Following are

928-569: Was asked, by representatives of the Bolivian government, to explore the upper course of the Pilcomayo River . The expedition was transported to the Bolivian border and granted the services of two marines for protection. The party reached the Bolivian town of Tarija by March 1882. Here the party picked up a Toba guide girl named Yella Petrona, who agreed to guide the party through her people's territory. The expedition continued to

960-483: Was believed by the Brazilian inhabitants to be an escaped French prisoner and was refused any help. He was eventually aided by a fellow Frenchman who bought him passage on a ship back to France. Upon returning to France , Crevaux gave an account of his journey to the Société de Géographie and was made a "Knight" of the Légion d'honneur . Crevaux returned to French Guiana in August 1878. He set out once again into

992-422: Was posed from the French side, which of the two tributary rivers was the headwater, and thus the border. A joint French-Dutch commission was appointed to review the issue. The Dutch side of the commission consisted of J.H. Baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg , J.F.A. Cateau van Rosevelt and August Kappler . Luits Vidal, Ronmy, Boudet and Dr. Rech composed the French side. In 1861 measurements were taken, which produced

Maroni (river) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-553: Was wounded again on January 24, 1871. Following the war, he completed his medical studies and was granted his M.D.. He was appointed as chief physician on the La Motte-Piquet. He was sent to the colony of French Guiana in 1876. The interior of French Guiana was virtually unknown and Crevaux decided to lead an exploration into its depths. On July 8, 1877, Crevaux traveled up the Maroni River where he encountered

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