107-506: " La Marseillaise " is the national anthem of France . The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria , and was originally titled " Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin " ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine "). The French National Convention adopted it as the First Republic 's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by Fédéré (volunteers) from Marseille marching to
214-700: A royal anthem in the European fashion for the Kingdom of Vietnam . Following the reinstating of La Marseillaise in 1830 , in the wake of the July Revolution , as the national anthem of France, it became common for newly formed nations to define national anthems, notably as a result of the Latin American wars of independence , for Argentina (1813), Peru (1821), Brazil (1831) but also Belgium (1830). Consequently, adoption of national anthems prior to
321-403: A Bourbon Restoration. The opinions expressed in the declaration were largely those of Antoine de Bésiade, Count of Avaray , Louis's closest advisor in exile. Louis XVIII was forced once again to leave Jelgava when Tsar Alexander informed him that his safety could not be guaranteed in continental Europe. In July 1807, Louis boarded a Swedish frigate bound for Stockholm , bringing with him only
428-527: A Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit . The name of Louis was bestowed because it was typical of a prince of France; Stanislas was chosen to honour his great-grandfather King Stanislaus I of Poland who was still alive at the time; and Xavier was chosen for Saint Francis Xavier , whom his mother's family held as one of their patron saints. At the time of his birth, Louis Stanislas was fourth in line to
535-559: A contemporary living there at the time, the Prussian local authorities, wishing to honour the arrivals, had music played, but trying to give this a national and patriotic character, unwittingly chose La Marseillaise , the hymn of the French Republic with unflattering allusions to both Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. They later apologised for their mistake. It was very soon after their arrival that Louis and Marie-Thérèse learned of
642-492: A correspondence with Napoleon Bonaparte (by then First Consul of France ), urging him to restore the Bourbons to their throne, but the future emperor was impervious to this idea and continued to consolidate his own position as ruler of France. Louis XVIII encouraged his niece to write her memoirs, as he wished them to be used as Bourbon propaganda. In 1796 and 1803, Louis also used the diaries of Louis XVI's final attendants in
749-657: A decade. His Bourbon Restoration government was a constitutional monarchy , unlike the absolutist Ancien Régime in France before the Revolution. As a constitutional monarch, Louis XVIII's royal prerogative was reduced substantially by the Charter of 1814 , France's new constitution. His return in 1815 led to a second wave of White Terror headed by the Ultra-royalist faction. The following year, Louis dissolved
856-662: A few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy . As the vast majority of Alsatians did not speak French , a German version („Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag entgegen") was published in October 1792 in Colmar . The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795, making it France's first anthem. It later lost this status under Napoleon I , and
963-400: A generous pension, though later discontinued payment. Marie-Thérèse finally joined Louis XVIII at Jelgava in 1799. In the winter of 1798–1799, Louis XVIII wrote a biography of Marie Antoinette titled Réflexions historiques sur Marie Antoinette . Moreover, being surrounded at Jelgava with many old courtiers, he attempted to recreate the court life of Versailles, re-establishing various of
1070-426: A harmonious relationship and often quarrelled, as did their wives. Louis Stanislas did impregnate his wife in 1774, having conquered his aversion. However, the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. A second pregnancy in 1781 also miscarried, and the marriage remained childless. On 27 April 1774, Louis XV fell ill after contracting smallpox and died a few days later on 10 May, aged 64. Louis Stanislas' elder brother,
1177-510: A hostile stance against this rejection, and Louis XVI had to implement a "bed of justice" ( Lit de justice ), which automatically registered an edict in the Parlement of Paris, to ratify the desired reforms. On 8 May, two of the leading members of the Parlement of Paris were arrested. There was rioting in Brittany , Provence, Burgundy and Béarn in reaction to their arrest. This unrest
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#17327728751161284-1714: A kɛl u.tʁa.ʒə |] [kɛl tʁɑ̃s.pɔʁ.z‿il dwa.t‿ɛk.si.te ‖] [sɛ nu kõ.n‿o.zə me.di.te |] [də ʁɑ̃.dʁ‿a lɑ̃.tik ɛs.kla.va.ʒə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] [kwa de ko.ɔʁ.tə.z‿e.tʁɑ̃.ʒɛ.ʁə |] [fə.ʁe la lwa dɑ̃ no fwa.je ‖] [kwa se fa.lɑ̃.ʒə mɛʁ.sə.nɛ.ʁə |] 𝄆 [tɛ.ʁa.sə.ʁe no fje gɛ.ʁje ‖] 𝄇 [gʁɑ̃ djø paʁ de mɛ̃.z‿ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne.ə |] [no fʁõ su lə ʒu sə plwa.ʁɛ ‖] [də vil dɛs.pɔ.tə də.vjɑ̃.dʁɛ |] [le mɛ.tʁə də no dɛs.ti.ne.ə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] [tʁɑ̃.ble ti.ʁɑ̃.z‿e vu pɛʁ.fi.də |] [lɔ.pʁɔ.bʁə də tu le paʁ.ti ‖] [tʁɑ̃.ble vo pʁɔ.ʒe pa.ʁi.si.də |] 𝄆 [võ.t‿ɑ̃.fɛ̃ ʁə.sə.vwaʁ lœʁ pʁi ‖] 𝄇 [tu.t‿ɛ sɔl.da puʁ vu kõ.ba.tʁə |] [sil tõ.bə no ʒœ.nə e.ʁo ‖] [la tɛ.ʁ‿ɑ̃ pʁɔ.dɥi də nu.vo |] [kõ.tʁə vu tu pʁɛ.z‿a sə ba.tʁə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] [fʁɑ̃.sɛ ɑ̃ gɛ.ʁje ma.ɲa.ni.mə |] [pɔʁ.te.z‿u ʁə.tə.ne vo ku ‖] [e.paʁ.ɲe se tʁis.tə vik.ti.mə |] 𝄆 [a ʁə.gʁe saʁ.mɑ̃ kõ.tʁə nu ‖] 𝄇 [me.se dɛs.pɔ.tə sɑ̃.gi.nɛ.ʁə |] [me.se kõ.pli.sə də bwi.je ‖] [tu.se ti.gʁə ki sɑ̃ pi.tje |] [de.ʃi.ʁə lə sɛ̃ də lœʁ mɛ.ʁə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] [a.muʁ sa.kʁe də la pa.tʁi.ə |] [kõ.dɥi su.tjɛ̃ no bʁa vɑ̃.ʒœʁ ‖] [li.bɛʁ.te li.bɛʁ.te ʃe.ʁi.ə |] 𝄆 [kõ.ba.z‿a.vɛk te de.fɑ̃.sœʁ ‖] 𝄇 [su no dʁa.po kə la vik.twa.ʁə |] [a.kuʁ a.te mɑ.lə.z‿a.ksɑ̃ ‖] [kə.te.z‿ɛ.nə.mi.z‿ɛks.pi.ʁɑ̃ |] [vwa tõ tʁi.õ.pe nɔ.tʁə glwa.ʁə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] [ku.plɛ de.z‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃]: [nu.z‿ɑ̃.tʁə.ʁõ dɑ̃ la ka.ʁjɛ.ʁə |] [kɑ̃ no.z‿ɛ.ne ni sə.ʁõ ply ‖] [nu.z‿i tʁu.və.ʁõ lœʁ pu.sjɛ.ʁə |] 𝄆 [e la tʁa.sə də lœʁ vɛʁ.ty ‖] 𝄇 [bjɛ̃ mwɛ̃ ʒa.lu də lœʁ syʁ.vi.vʁə |] [kə də paʁ.ta.ʒe lœʁ sɛʁ.kœj ‖] [nu.z‿o.ʁõ lə sy.blim ɔʁ.gœj |] [də le vɑ̃.ʒe u də le sɥi.vʁə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] Arise, children of
1391-484: A manifesto in response to Louis XVII's death. The manifesto, known as the " Declaration of Verona ", was Louis XVIII's attempt to introduce the French people to his politics. The Declaration of Verona beckoned France back into the arms of the monarchy, "which for fourteen centuries was the glory of France". Louis XVIII negotiated the release of Marie-Thérèse from her Paris prison in 1795. He desperately wanted her to marry her first cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême ,
1498-448: A new property tax, and new elected provincial assemblies which would have a say in local taxation. Calonne's proposition was rejected outright by the notables, and, as a result, Louis XVI dismissed him. The Archbishop of Toulouse, Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne , acquired Calonne's ministry. Brienne attempted to salvage Calonne's reforms, but ultimately failed to convince the notables to approve them. A frustrated Louis XVI dissolved
1605-586: A patriotic gathering in Marseille, and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille. A newly graduated medical doctor, Mireur later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28. The song's lyrics reflect the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria) that was under way when it was written. Strasbourg itself was attacked just
1712-557: A strong resemblance to the anthem. This incipit was first thought to have been published before La Marseillaise, but it appeared to be a misconception as Viotti published several variations of "La Marseillaise" in 1795 and wrote as a note "I have never composed the quartets below" ( Je n'ai jamais composé les quatuors ci dessous ). As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of
1819-458: A wide array of contexts. Certain etiquette may be involved in the playing of a country's anthem. These usually involve military honours, standing up, removing headwear etc. In diplomatic situations the rules may be very formal. There may also be royal anthems , presidential anthems , state anthems etc. for special occasions. They are played on national holidays and festivals, and have also come to be closely connected with sporting events. Wales
1926-577: Is a soldier to fight you, If our young heroes fall, The earth will produce new ones, Ready to fight against you! Refrain Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors, Endure or hold back your blows! Spare these pitiful victims, 𝄆 That regret arming against us. 𝄇 But these bloodthirsty despots, But these accomplices of Bouillé , All these tigers who, without mercy, Would tear apart their mother's breast! Refrain Sacred love of
2033-694: Is defined by being officially designated as the national song of a particular state, then La Marseillaise , which was officially adopted by the French National Convention in 1796 , would qualify as the first official national anthem. The Olympic Charter of 1920 introduced the ritual of playing the national anthems of the gold medal winners. From this time, the playing of national anthems became increasingly popular at international sporting events, creating an incentive for such nations that did not yet have an officially defined national anthem to introduce one. The United States introduced
2140-456: Is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS , so it's extremely easy for the tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that". In 1979, a reggae version, " Aux armes et cætera " by Serge Gainsbourg , was received poorly by some in France, particularly in Le Figaro , where Michel Droit accused Gainsbourg of making money from the national anthem and suggesting that he
2247-501: Is under threat". That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote " Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin " ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine "), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner , a Bavarian freemason in French service from Cham . A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event. De Dietrich was executed the next year during
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#17327728751162354-466: Is unknown and disputed. Very few countries have a national anthem written by a world-renowned composer. Exceptions include Germany, whose anthem " Das Lied der Deutschen " uses a melody written by Joseph Haydn , and Austria, whose national anthem " Land der Berge, Land am Strome " is sometimes credited to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The music of the " Pontifical Anthem ", anthem of the Vatican City,
2461-497: Is used for sign-ons and closedowns instead). The use of a national anthem outside of its country, however, is dependent on the international recognition of that country. For instance, Taiwan has not been recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a separate nation since 1979 and must compete as Chinese Taipei ; its " National Banner Song " is used instead of its national anthem . In Taiwan,
2568-550: The Ancien Régime . Accordingly, in 1805 he reformulated his public policies with a view to reclaiming his throne, issuing a declaration that was far more liberal than his earlier pronouncements. This repudiated his Declaration of Verona, promised to abolish conscription, retain the Napoleonic administrative and judicial system, reduce taxes, eliminate political prisons, and guarantee amnesty to everyone who did not oppose
2675-692: The Austrian Netherlands in conjunction with the royal family's failed Flight to Varennes in June 1791. When the Count of Provence arrived in the Low Countries , he proclaimed himself regent of France. He exploited a document that he and Louis XVI had written before the latter's failed escape to Varennes-en-Argonne . The document gave him the regency in the event of his brother's death or inability to perform his role as king. He would join
2782-494: The Comte de Blacas as his principal political advisor. Queen Marie Joséphine died on 13 November 1810. That same winter, Louis had a particularly severe attack of gout , which was a recurring problem for him at Hartwell, and he had to take to a wheelchair. In 1812, Napoleon I embarked on an invasion of Russia , initiating a war which would prove to be the turning point in his fortunes. The expedition failed miserably, and Napoleon
2889-595: The Duchy of Alençon in December 1774. The duchy was given to enhance Louis Stanislas's prestige. However, the appanage generated only 300,000 livres a year, an amount much lower than it had been at its peak in the fourteenth century. Louis Stanislas travelled about France more than other members of the Royal Family, who rarely left the Île-de-France . In 1774, he accompanied his sister Clotilde to Chambéry on
2996-526: The Duchy of Brunswick after his departure from Verona. He lived in a modest two-bedroom apartment over a shop. Louis XVIII was forced to leave Blankenburg when King Frederick William II of Prussia died. In light of this, Marie-Thérèse decided to wait a while longer before reuniting with her uncle. In 1798, Tsar Paul I of Russia offered Louis the use of Jelgava Palace in Courland (now Latvia). The Tsar also guaranteed Louis' safety and bestowed on him
3103-579: The Dutch Revolt , it was already a popular orangist hymn during the 17th century, though it would take until 1932 for it to be officially recognized as the Dutch national anthem. The lyrics of the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo , predate those of the Dutch anthem by several centuries, being taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, but were not set to music until 1880 . If a national anthem
3210-647: The Middle East , Oceania , Africa , and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare . Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom , Russia , and the Soviet Union ); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states . In
3317-466: The Paris attacks ), saying it was "... the great example of courage and solidarity when facing danger; that's why it is so invigorating, that's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world, ever. Most national anthems are pompous, brassy, ceremonious, but this is genuinely thrilling. Very important in the song ... is the line 'before us is tyranny, the bloody standard of tyranny has risen'. There
La Marseillaise - Misplaced Pages Continue
3424-583: The Reign of Terror . The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as "La Marseillaise" after the melody was first sung on the streets by volunteers ( fédérés in French) from Marseille by the end of May. These fédérés were making their entrance into the city of Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at
3531-619: The Sixth Coalition first defeated Napoleon in 1814, Louis XVIII was placed in what he, and the French royalists, considered his rightful position. However, Napoleon escaped from his exile in Elba and restored his French Empire. Louis XVIII fled, and a Seventh Coalition declared war on the French Empire, defeated Napoleon again, and again restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. Louis XVIII ruled as king for slightly less than
3638-668: The Storming of the Bastille two days later. On 16 July, the King's brother, Charles, Comte d'Artois , left France with his wife and children, along with many other courtiers. Artois and his family took up residence in Turin , the capital city of his father-in-law's ( Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria IV ) Kingdom of Sardinia , with the family of Louis Joseph, Prince de Condé . The Count of Provence decided to remain at Versailles. When
3745-671: The Tuileries Palace . In March 1791, the National Assembly created a law outlining the regency of Louis Charles in case his father died while he was still too young to reign. This law awarded the regency to Louis Charles' nearest male relative in France (at that time the Count of Provence), and after him, the Duke of Orleans , thus bypassing the Count of Artois. If Orleans were unavailable, the regency would be submitted to election. The Count of Provence and his wife fled to
3852-833: The early modern period , some European monarchies adopted royal anthems . Some of these anthems have survived into current use. " God Save the King/Queen ", first performed in 1619, remains the royal anthem of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms . La Marcha Real , adopted as the royal anthem of the Spanish monarchy in 1770, was adopted as the national anthem of Spain in 1939. Denmark retains its royal anthem, Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (1780) alongside its national anthem ( Der er et yndigt land , adopted 1835). In 1802, Gia Long commissioned
3959-513: The "dual representation" proposal. Louis Stanislas was the only notable to vote to increase the size of the Third Estate. Necker disregarded the notables' judgment, and convinced Louis XVI to grant the extra representation. The king duly obliged on 27 December. The Estates-General were convened in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. The Count of Provence favoured a stalwart position against
4066-615: The 1930s was mostly by newly formed or newly independent states, such as the First Portuguese Republic ( A Portuguesa , 1911), the Kingdom of Greece (" Hymn to Liberty ", 1865), the First Philippine Republic ( Marcha Nacional Filipina , 1898), Lithuania ( Tautiška giesmė , 1919), Weimar Germany ( Deutschlandlied , 1922), Ireland ( Amhrán na bhFiann , 1926) and Greater Lebanon (" Lebanese National Anthem ", 1927). Though
4173-544: The Bourbons were forced to assume pseudonyms. With Louis XVIII using the title Comte d'Isle , named after his estate in Languedoc and at times spelt as Comte de Lille. After an arduous journey from Jelgava, he and his family took up residence in the years 1801–1804 at the Łazienki Palace in Warsaw , which after the partitions of Poland became part of the province of South Prussia . According to Wirydianna Fiszerowa ,
4280-486: The Children of France , as he was her favourite among his siblings. Louis Stanislas was taken away from his governess when he turned seven, the age at which the education of boys of royal blood and of the nobility was turned over to men. Antoine de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, Duke of La Vauguyon [ fr ] , a friend of his father, was named as his governor. Louis Stanislas was an intelligent boy, excelling in
4387-762: The Dauphin Louis Joseph . Louis Stanislas and his brother, the Count of Artois , served as godfathers by proxy for Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor , the Queen's brother. When Marie Antoinette gave birth to her second son, Louis Charles , in March 1785, Louis Stanislas slid further down the line of succession. In 1780, Anne Nompar de Caumont , Countess of Balbi, entered the service of Marie Joséphine. Louis Stanislas soon fell in love with his wife's new lady-in-waiting and installed her as his mistress, which resulted in
La Marseillaise - Misplaced Pages Continue
4494-500: The Dauphin Louis Auguste, succeeded their grandfather as King Louis XVI. As eldest brother of the King, Louis Stanislas received the title Monsieur . Louis Stanislas longed for political influence. He attempted to gain admittance to the King's council in 1774, but failed. Louis Stanislas was left in a political limbo that he called "a gap of 12 years in my political life". Louis XVI granted Louis Stanislas revenues from
4601-589: The Desired (French: le Désiré ), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. Before his reign, he spent 23 years in exile from France beginning in 1791, during the French Revolution and the First French Empire . Until his accession to the throne of France, he held the title of Count of Provence as brother of King Louis XVI ,
4708-1031: The Duke of Angoulême. This stay in Sweden was short-lived since in November 1807 he disembarked at Great Yarmouth , on the Eastern coast of England. He then took up residence in Gosfield Hall in Essex, leased to him by the Marquess of Buckingham . In 1808, Louis brought his wife and queen, Marie Joséphine, to join him in England. His stay at Gosfield Hall did not last long; he soon moved to Hartwell House in Buckinghamshire, where over one hundred courtiers were housed. The King paid £500 in rent each year to
4815-617: The Fatherland, Lead, support our avenging arms Liberty, Liberty beloved, 𝄆 Fight with your defenders! 𝄇 Under our flags may victory Hurry to your virile accents, So that your dying enemies See your triumph and our glory! Refrain Children's verse: We will start our career When our elders are no more, We will find their dust there 𝄆 And the trace of their virtues 𝄇 Much less jealous to survive them Than to share their coffin, We will have
4922-710: The Fatherland, The day of glory has arrived! Against us, of tyranny 𝄆 The blood-stained standard is raised, 𝄇 Do you hear in the countryside, Those blood-thirsty soldiers ablare? They're coming right into your arms To tear the throats of your sons, your wives! Refrain: 𝄆 To arms, citizens, Form up your battalions March on, march on! Let blood impure Water our furrows! 𝄇 What do they want, this horde of slaves, Of traitors , of conjured kings? For whom these ignoble chains, 𝄆 These long-prepared irons? 𝄇 Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage What outburst it must arouse! It's us they dare to conspire To return to
5029-572: The First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. Initially, the French army did not distinguish itself, and Coalition armies invaded France. On 25 April 1792, Baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich , the Mayor of Strasbourg and Worshipful Master of the local Masonic lodge , asked his Freemason guest Rouget de Lisle to compose a song "that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that
5136-708: The French . In July, Louis XVIII and his nephew departed for Sweden for a Bourbon family conference, where Louis XVIII, the Count of Artois, and the Duke of Angoulême issued a statement condemning Napoleon's move. When the King of Prussia decreed that Louis XVIII would have to leave Prussian territory, and hence Warsaw, Tsar Alexander I invited Louis XVIII to resume residence in Jelgava, which he did. However, having to live under less generous conditions than those enjoyed under Paul I, Louis XVIII decided to embark for England as soon as possible. As time went on, Louis XVIII realised that France would never accept an attempt to return to
5243-673: The Legislative Assembly declared that all of the émigrés were traitors to France. Their property and titles were confiscated. The monarchy of France was abolished by the National Convention on 21 September 1792. Louis XVI was executed in January 1793 . This left his young son, Louis Charles, as the titular King. The princes-in-exile proclaimed Louis Charles "King Louis XVII ". The Count of Provence now unilaterally declared himself regent for his nephew, who
5350-441: The Queen gave birth to a daughter, who was named Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France and given the honorific title Madame Royale . That the baby was a girl came as a relief to the Count of Provence, who kept his position as heir to Louis XVI, since Salic Law excluded women from acceding to the throne of France. However, Louis Stanislas did not remain heir to the throne much longer. On 22 October 1781, Marie Antoinette gave birth to
5457-657: The Revolution) would be compensated for their losses. Allied troops entered Paris on 31 March 1814. Louis, unable to walk, had sent the Count of Artois to France in January 1814 and issued letters patent appointing Artois Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom in the event of his being restored as king. On 11 April, five days after the French Senate had invited Louis to resume the throne of France, Napoleon I abdicated. The Count of Artois ruled as Lieutenant-General of
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#17327728751165564-410: The Royal Family plotted to abscond from Versailles to Metz , Provence advised the King not to leave, a suggestion he accepted. The Royal Family was forced to leave the palace at Versailles on the day after the Women's March on Versailles , 5 October 1789. They were taken to Paris. There, the Count of Provence and his wife lodged in the Luxembourg Palace , while the rest of the Royal Family stayed in
5671-413: The Swiss magnate Jacques Necker . In November 1788, a second Assembly of Notables was convened by Jacques Necker, to consider the makeup of the next Estates-General. The Parlement of Paris recommended that the Estates should be the same as they were at the last assembly, in 1614 (this would mean that the clergy and nobility would have more representation than the Third Estate ). The notables rejected
5778-408: The Third Estate and its demands for tax reform. On 17 June, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly , an Assembly not of the Estates, but of the people. The Count of Provence urged the King to act strongly against the declaration, while the King's popular minister Jacques Necker aimed at reaching a compromise with the new assembly. Louis XVI was characteristically indecisive. On 9 July,
5885-578: The United Kingdom ( God Save the King ) and Sweden ( Du gamla, Du fria ; the country also has a royal anthem, Kungssangen ). Countries that have moved to officially adopt de iure their long-standing de facto anthems since the 1990s include: Luxembourg ( Ons Heemecht , adopted 1993), South Africa ( National anthem of South Africa , adopted 1997), Israel ( Hatikvah , composed 1888, de facto use from 1948, adopted 2004) and Italy ( Il Canto degli Italiani , composed 1847, de facto use from 1946, adopted 2017). National anthems are used in
5992-408: The assembly declared itself a National Constituent Assembly that would give France a Constitution. On 11 July, Louis XVI dismissed Necker, which led to widespread rioting across Paris. On 12 July, the sabre charge of the Régiment Royal–Allemand Cavalerie (Royal German Cavalry Regiment) of Charles-Eugène de Lorraine, Prince de Lambesc , against a crowd gathered at the Tuileries gardens , sparked
6099-503: The assembly. Brienne's reforms were then submitted to the Parlement of Paris in the hopes that they would be approved. (A parlement was responsible for ratifying the King's edicts; each province had its own parlement , but the Parlement of Paris was the most significant of all.) The Parlement of Paris refused to accept Brienne's proposals and declared that any new taxation would have to be approved by an Estates-General (the nominal parliament of France). Louis XVI and Brienne took
6206-401: The best-known national anthems were written by little-known or unknown composers such as Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle , composer of " La Marseillaise " and John Stafford Smith who wrote the tune for " The Anacreontic Song ", which became the tune for the U.S. national anthem, " The Star-Spangled Banner ". The author of "God Save the King", one of the oldest and best-known anthems in the world,
6313-400: The capital. The song is the first example of the "European march" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music. The Italian violinist Guido Rimonda pointed out in 2013 that the incipit of "Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore" of Giovanni Battista Viotti has
6420-486: The classics. His education was of the same quality and consistency as that of his older brother, Louis Auguste, despite the fact that Louis Auguste was heir and Louis Stanislas was not. Louis Stanislas's education was quite religious in nature; several of his teachers were priests, such as Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet , Bishop of Limoges; the Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet ; and the Jesuit Guillaume-François Berthier . La Vauguyon drilled into young Louis Stanislas and his brothers
6527-406: The country generally). Various solutions may be used when countries with different national anthems compete in a unified team. When North Korea and South Korea participated together in the 2018 Winter Olympics , the folk song " Arirang ", beloved on both sides of the border and seen as a symbol of Korea as a whole, was used as an anthem instead of the national anthem of either state. Most of
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#17327728751166634-666: The country's first constitution, and in Malta, written by Dun Karm Psaila , already a National Poet . A similar case is Liberia, the national anthem of which was written by its third president, Daniel Bashiel Warner . A national anthem, when it has lyrics (as is usually the case), is most often in the national or most common language of the country, whether de facto or official , though there are notable exceptions. Most commonly, states with more than one national language may offer several versions of their anthem, for instance: Louis XVIII Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as
6741-429: The country's national anthem is sung before instead of during flag-rising and flag-lowering , followed by the National Banner Song during the actual flag-rising and flag-lowering. Even within a state, the state's citizenry may interpret the national anthem differently (such as in the United States some view the U.S. national anthem as representing respect for dead soldiers and policemen whereas others view it as honouring
6848-494: The couple's already limited affection for each other cooling entirely. Louis Stanislas commissioned a pavilion for his mistress on a parcel of land at Versailles which became known as the Parc Balbi . Louis Stanislas lived a quiet and sedentary lifestyle at this point, not having a great deal to do since his self-proclaimed political exclusion in 1774. He kept himself occupied with his vast library of over 11,000 books at Balbi's pavilion, reading for several hours each morning. In
6955-418: The court of Versailles. The marriage remained unconsummated for years. Biographers disagree about the reason. The most common theories propose Louis Stanislas' alleged impotence (according to biographer Antonia Fraser ) or his unwillingness to sleep with his wife due to her poor personal hygiene. She never brushed her teeth, plucked her eyebrows, or used any perfumes. At the time of his marriage, Louis Stanislas
7062-432: The custom of an officially adopted national anthem became popular in the 19th century, some national anthems predate this period, often existing as patriotic songs long before their designation as national anthem. If an anthem is defined as consisting of both a melody and lyrics, then the oldest national anthem in use today is the national anthem of the Netherlands, the Wilhelmus . Written between 1568 and 1572 during
7169-493: The death of Tsar Paul I. Louis hoped that Paul's successor, Alexander I , would repudiate his father's banishment of the Bourbons, which he later did. Louis then intended to set off to the Kingdom of Naples . The Count of Artois asked Louis to send his son, Louis-Antoine, and daughter-in-law, Marie-Thérèse, to him in Edinburgh , but the King did not do so at that time. Artois had an allowance from King George III of Great Britain and he sent some money to Louis, whose court-in-exile
7276-522: The early 1780s, he also incurred huge debts totalling 10 million livres, which his brother Louis XVI paid. An Assembly of Notables (the members consisted of magistrates, mayors, nobles and clergy) was convened in February 1787 to ratify the financial reforms sought by the Controller-General of Finance Charles Alexandre de Calonne . This provided the Count of Provence, who abhorred the radical reforms proposed by Calonne, his long-awaiting opportunity to establish himself in politics. The reforms proposed
7383-414: The former court ceremonies, including the lever and coucher (ceremonies that accompanied waking and bedding, respectively). On 9 June 1799, Marie-Thérèse married her cousin Louis-Antoine at the Jelgava Palace. Desperate to display to the world a united family, Louis XVIII ordered his wife Queen Marie Joséphine , who at the time was living apart from her husband in Schleswig-Holstein , to attend
7490-414: The host nation's anthem being played last. In some countries, the national anthem is played to students each day at the start and/or end of school as an exercise in patriotism, such as in Tanzania. In other countries the state anthem may be played in a theatre before a play or in a cinema before a movie. Many radio and television stations have adopted this and play the national anthem when they sign on in
7597-415: The ideals of the French Revolution, was not enamoured of "La Marseillaise". Contrasting its qualities with the "beauty" and "simplicity" of " God Save the King ", he wrote in 1796: The War whoop of anarchy, the Marseillais Hymn, is to my ear, I must confess, independently of all moral association, a most dismal, flat, and unpleasing ditty: and to any ear it is at any rate a long winded and complicated one. In
7704-413: The instance of a melody so mischievous in its application, it is a fortunate incident, if, in itself, it should be doomed neither in point of universality, nor permanence, to gain equal hold on the affections of the people. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , President of France for most of the 1970s, said that it is ridiculous to sing about drenching French fields with impure Prussian blood as a Chancellor of
7811-463: The journey to meet her bridegroom Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont , heir to the throne of Sardinia . In 1775, he visited Lyon and also his spinster aunts Adélaïde and Victoire while they were taking the waters at Vichy . The four provincial tours that Louis Stanislas took before the year 1791 amounted to a total of three months. On 5 May 1778, Dr. Lassonne, Marie Antoinette's private physician, confirmed her pregnancy. On 19 December 1778,
7918-614: The last king of the Ancien Régime . On 21 September 1792, the National Convention abolished the monarchy and deposed Louis XVI, who was later executed by guillotine . When his young nephew Louis XVII died in prison in June 1795, the Count of Provence claimed the throne as Louis XVIII. Following the French Revolution and during the Napoleonic era , Louis XVIII lived in exile in Prussia , Great Britain , and Russia . When
8025-3429: The melody: Other attributions (the credo of the fourth Mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg) have been refuted. Generally only the first verse is sung. Allons enfants de la Patrie, Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie 𝄆 L'étendard sanglant est levé, 𝄇 Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats ? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes ! Refrain : 𝄆 Aux armes, citoyens, Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons ! Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons ! 𝄇 Que veut cette horde d'esclaves, De traîtres, de rois conjurés ? Pour qui ces ignobles entraves, 𝄆 Ces fers dès longtemps préparés ? 𝄇 Français, pour nous, ah ! quel outrage Quels transports il doit exciter! C'est nous qu'on ose méditer De rendre à l'antique esclavage ! Refrain Quoi ;! des cohortes étrangères Feraient la loi dans nos foyers ! Quoi ! Ces phalanges mercenaires 𝄆 Terrasseraient nos fiers guerriers! 𝄇 Grand Dieu ! Par des mains enchaînées Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient De vils despotes deviendraient Les maîtres de nos destinées ! Refrain Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides L'opprobre de tous les partis, Tremblez ! vos projets parricides 𝄆 Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix ! 𝄇 Tout est soldat pour vous combattre, S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros, La terre en produit de nouveaux, Contre vous tout prêts à se battre ! Refrain Français, en guerriers magnanimes, Portez ou retenez vos coups ! Épargnez ces tristes victimes, 𝄆 À regret s'armant contre nous. 𝄇 Mais ces despotes sanguinaires, Mais ces complices de Bouillé, Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié, Déchirent le sein de leur mère ! Refrain Amour sacré de la Patrie, Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs Liberté, Liberté chérie, 𝄆 Combats avec tes défenseurs ! 𝄇 Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire Accoure à tes mâles accents, Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! Refrain Couplet des enfants : Nous entrerons dans la carrière Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus, Nous y trouverons leur poussière 𝄆 Et la trace de leurs vertus 𝄇 Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre Que de partager leur cercueil, Nous aurons le sublime orgueil De les venger ou de les suivre. Refrain [a.lõ.z‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃ də la pa.tʁi.ə |] [lə ʒuʁ də glwaʁ ɛ.t‿a.ʁi.ve ‖] [kõ.tʁə nu də la ti.ʁa.ni.ə |] 𝄆 [le.tɑ̃.daʁ sɑ̃.glɑ̃.t‿ɛ lə.ve ‖] 𝄇 [ɑ̃.tɑ̃.de vu dɑ̃ le kɑ̃.pa.ɲə |] [my.ʒiʁ se fe.ʁɔ.sə sɔl.da ‖] [il vjɛ.nə ʒys.kə dɑ̃ vo bʁɑ |] [e.gɔʁ.ʒe vo fis vo kõ.pa.ɲə ‖] [ʁə.fʁɛ̃]: 𝄆 [o.z‿aʁ.mə si.twa.jɛ̃ |] [fɔʁ.me vo ba.ta.jõ |] [maʁ.ʃõ | maʁ.ʃõ ‖] [kœ̃ sɑ̃ ɛ̃.pyʁ |] [a.bʁœ.və no si.jõ ‖] 𝄇 [kə vø sɛ.tə ɔʁ.də dɛs.kla.və |] [də tʁɛ.tʁə də ʁwa kõ.ʒy.ʁe ‖] [puʁ ki se.z‿i.ɲɔ.blə.z‿ɑ̃.tʁa.və |] 𝄆 [se fεʁ de lõg.tɑ̃ pʁe.pa.ʁe ‖] 𝄇 [fʁɑ̃.sɛ puʁ nu
8132-461: The modern democratic Germany takes the salute in Paris. A 1992 campaign to change the words of the song involving more than 100 prominent French citizens, including Danielle Mitterrand , wife of then-President François Mitterrand , was unsuccessful. The British historian Simon Schama discussed "La Marseillaise" on BBC Radio 4 's Today programme on 17 November 2015 (in the immediate aftermath of
8239-604: The morning and again when they sign off at night. For instance, the national anthem of China is played before the broadcast of evening news on Hong Kong's local television stations including TVB Jade . In Colombia, it is a law to play the National Anthem at 6:00 and 18:00 on every public radio and television station, while in Thailand, " Phleng Chat Thai " is played at 08:00 and 18:00 nationwide (the Royal Anthem
8346-403: The national anthem of Singapore. None were deemed suitable. The tune eventually selected was (and still is) the anthem of the constituent state of Perak , which was in turn adopted from a popular French melody titled "La Rosalie" composed by the lyricist Pierre-Jean de Béranger . A few anthems have words by Nobel laureates in literature . The first Asian laureate, Rabindranath Tagore , wrote
8453-484: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, La Marseillaise was recognized as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement; as such, it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871, albeit with new lyrics under the title " La Marseillaise de la Commune ". Eight years later, in 1879, it was restored as France's national anthem, and has remained so ever since. Several musical antecedents have been cited for
8560-597: The old slavery! Refrain What! These foreign cohorts Would make the law in our homes! What! These mercenary phalanxes 𝄆 Would strike down our proud warriors! 𝄇 Great God! With chained hands Under the yoke we'd yield ourselves Vile despots would become The masters of our destinies! Refrain Tremble, tyrants and ye traitors The disgrace of all parties, Tremble! Your parricidal schemes 𝄆 Will finally receive their prize! 𝄇 Everyone
8667-602: The other princes-in-exile at Coblenz soon after his escape. It was there that he, the Count of Artois, and the Condé princes proclaimed that their objective was to invade France. Louis XVI was greatly annoyed by his brothers' behaviour. Provence sent emissaries to various European courts asking for financial aid, soldiers, and munition. Artois secured a castle for the court in exile in the Electorate of Trier (or "Treves"), where their maternal uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony ,
8774-665: The owner of the estate, Sir George Lee. The Prince of Wales (the future George IV of the United Kingdom) was very charitable to the exiled Bourbons. As Prince Regent, he granted them permanent right of asylum and extremely generous allowances. The Count of Artois did not join the court-in-exile in Hartwell, preferring to continue his frivolous life in London. Louis's friend the Count of Avaray left Hartwell for Madeira in 1809, and died there in 1811. Louis replaced Avaray with
8881-411: The patriotic song The Star-Spangled Banner as a national anthem in 1931. Following this, several nations moved to adopt as official national anthem patriotic songs that had already been in de facto use at official functions, such as Mexico ( Mexicanos, al grito de guerra , composed 1854, adopted 1943) and Switzerland (" Swiss Psalm ", composed 1841, de facto use from 1961, adopted 1981). By
8988-523: The period of decolonisation in the 1960s, it had become common practice for newly independent nations to adopt an official national anthem. Some of these anthems were specifically commissioned, such as the anthem of Kenya, Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu , produced by a dedicated "Kenyan Anthem Commission" in 1963. A number of nations remain without an official national anthem adopted de jure . In these cases, there are established de facto anthems played at sporting events or diplomatic receptions. These include
9095-562: The same way. In January 1801, Tsar Paul told Louis XVIII that he could no longer live in Russia. The court at Jelgava was so low on funds that it had to auction some of its possessions to afford the journey out of Russia. Marie-Thérèse even sold a diamond necklace that the Emperor Paul had given her as a wedding gift. Marie-Thérèse persuaded Queen Louise of Prussia to give her family refuge on Prussian territory. Though Louise consented,
9202-823: The son of the Count of Artois. Louis XVIII deceived his niece by telling her that her parents' last wishes were for her to marry Louis-Antoine, and she duly agreed to Louis XVIII's wishes. Louis XVIII was forced to abandon Verona when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Republic of Venice in 1796. Louis XVIII had been vying for the custody of his niece Marie-Thérèse since her release from the Temple Tower in December 1795. He succeeded when Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , agreed to relinquish his custody of her in 1796. She had been staying in Vienna with her Habsburg relatives since January 1796. Louis XVIII moved to Blankenburg in
9309-625: The song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X , being re-instated only briefly after the July Revolution of 1830. During Napoleon I's reign, Veillons au salut de l'Empire was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III 's reign, it was " Partant pour la Syrie ", but the government brought back the iconic anthem in an attempt to motivate the French people during the Franco-Prussian War . During
9416-562: The sublime pride To avenge them or follow them. Refrain "La Marseillaise" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830. Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem. During World War I , bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of "La Marseillaise". The anthem was used as a protest song in the Korean March First Movement protests against Japanese rule in 1919. In Russia, "La Marseillaise"
9523-544: The throne of France, behind his father and his two elder brothers: Louis Joseph Xavier, Duke of Burgundy , and Louis Auguste, Duke of Berry . The former died in 1761, leaving Louis Auguste as heir to their father until the Dauphin's own premature death in 1765. The two deaths elevated Louis Stanislas to second in the line of succession, while his brother Louis Auguste acquired the title of Dauphin. Louis Stanislas found comfort in his governess, Madame de Marsan , Governess of
9630-795: The unpopular parliament (the Chambre introuvable ), giving rise to the liberal Doctrinaires . His reign was further marked by the formation of the Quintuple Alliance and a military intervention in Spain . Louis had no children, and upon his death the crown passed to his brother, Charles X . Louis XVIII was the last king or emperor of France to die a reigning monarch: his successor, Charles X ( r. 1824–1830) abdicated; and both Louis Philippe I ( r. 1830–1848) and Napoleon III ( r. 1852–1870) were deposed. Louis Stanislas Xavier , styled Count of Provence from birth,
9737-415: The way he thought princes should "know how to withdraw themselves, to like to work," and "to know how to reason correctly". In April 1771, when he was 15, Louis Stanislas's education was formally concluded, and his own independent household was established, which astounded contemporaries with its extravagance: in 1773, the number of his servants reached 390 In the same month his household was founded, Louis
9844-480: The wedding. Furthermore, she was to come without her long-time friend (and rumoured lover) Marguerite de Gourbillon . The Queen refused to leave her friend behind, creating an unpleasant situation that rivalled the wedding in notoriety. Louis XVIII knew that his nephew Louis-Antoine was not compatible with Marie-Thérèse. Despite this, he still pressed for the marriage, which proved to be quite unhappy and produced no children. In 1800, Louis XVIII attempted to strike up
9951-511: The words and music of " Jana Gana Mana " and " Amar Shonar Bangla ", later adopted as the national anthems of India and Bangladesh respectively. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem " Ja, vi elsker dette landet ". Other countries had their anthems composed by locally important people. This is the case for Colombia, whose anthem's lyrics were written by former president and poet Rafael Nuñez , who also wrote
10058-482: Was born on 17 November 1755 in the Palace of Versailles , a younger son of Louis, Dauphin of France , and his wife Maria Josepha of Saxony . He was the grandson of the reigning King Louis XV . As a son of the Dauphin, he was a Fils de France . He was christened Louis Stanislas Xavier six months after his birth, in accordance with Bourbon family tradition, being nameless before his baptism . By this act, he also became
10165-807: Was composed in 1869 by Charles Gounod , for the golden jubilee of Pope Pius IX 's priestly ordination. When Armenia was under Soviet rule, its anthem, the " Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic " used a melody by Aram Khachaturian . The committee charged with choosing a national anthem for the Federation of Malaya (later Malaysia) at independence decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration, including Benjamin Britten , William Walton , Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said , who later composed " Majulah Singapura ",
10272-459: Was conducted on 14 May at the Palace of Versailles . Marie Joséphine (as she was known in France) was a daughter of Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy (later King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia), and his wife Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain . A luxurious ball followed the wedding on 20 May. Louis Stanislas found his wife repulsive; she was considered ugly, tedious, and ignorant of the customs of
10379-625: Was engineered by local magistrates and nobles, who enticed the people to revolt against the Lit de Justice , which was quite unfavourable to the nobles and magistrates. The clergy also joined the provincial cause, and condemned Brienne's tax reforms. Brienne conceded defeat in July and agreed to a convocation of the Estates-General to meet in 1789. He resigned from his post in August and was replaced by
10486-481: Was feeding antisemitism . Gainsbourg was also criticised for removing some of the military-focused aspects of the song. National anthem A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation . The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American , Central Asian , and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in
10593-469: Was forced to retreat with an army in tatters. In 1813, Louis XVIII issued another declaration from Hartwell. The Declaration of Hartwell was even more liberal than his Declaration of 1805, asserting that those who had served Napoleon or the Republic would not suffer repercussions for their acts, and that the original owners of the biens nationaux (lands confiscated from the nobility and clergy during
10700-427: Was granted several titles by his grandfather, Louis XV: Duke of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Perche, and Count of Senoches. During this period of his life he was often known by the title Count of Provence. On 17 December 1773, he was inaugurated as a Grand Master of the Order of St. Lazarus . On 16 April 1771, Louis Stanislas was married by proxy to Princess Maria Giuseppina of Savoy . The in-person ceremony
10807-498: Was not only being spied on by Napoleonic agents but was also being forced to make significant economies, financed as it was mainly from interest owed by the Emperor Francis II on valuables his aunt, Marie Antoinette, had removed from France. In 1803, Napoleon tried to force Louis XVIII to renounce his right to the throne of France, but Louis refused. In May the following year, 1804, Napoleon declared himself Emperor of
10914-519: Was obese and waddled instead of walked. He never exercised and continued to eat enormous amounts of food. Despite the fact that Louis Stanislas was not infatuated with his wife, he boasted that the two enjoyed vigorous conjugal relations – but such declarations were held in low esteem by courtiers at Versailles. He also proclaimed his wife to be pregnant merely to spite Louis Auguste and his wife Marie Antoinette , who had not yet consummated their marriage. The Dauphin and Louis Stanislas did not enjoy
11021-644: Was the Archbishop-Elector . The activities of the émigrés bore fruit when the rulers of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire gathered at Dresden . They released the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791, which urged Europe to intervene in France if Louis XVI or his family were threatened. Provence's endorsement of the declaration was not well received in France, either by the ordinary citizens or by Louis XVI himself. In January 1792,
11128-490: Was the first country to adopt this, during a rugby game against New Zealand in 1905. Since then during sporting competitions, such as the Olympic Games , the national anthem of the gold medal winner is played at each medal ceremony ; also played before games in many sports leagues, since being adopted in baseball during World War II. When teams from two nations play each other, the anthems of both nations are played,
11235-496: Was too young to be head of the House of Bourbon. Louis XVII, still a minor, died in prison in June 1795. His only surviving sibling was his sister Marie-Thérèse , who was not considered a candidate for the throne because of France's traditional adherence to Salic law . Thus on 16 June, the princes-in-exile declared the Count of Provence "King Louis XVIII". The new king accepted their declaration soon after and busied himself drafting
11342-406: Was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov , a narodnik revolutionary and theorist, wrote a Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This " Worker's Marseillaise " became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and
11449-605: Was used in the Revolution of 1905 . After the February Revolution of 1917, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution , it remained in use for a while alongside " The Internationale ". The English philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham , who was declared an honorary citizen of France in 1791 in recognition of his sympathies for
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