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73-843: Asko Parpola identifies Proto-Dravidians with the Harappan Culture and the Meluhhan people mentioned in Sumerian records. In his book Deciphering the Indus Script. Parpola states that the Brahui people of Pakistan are remnants of the Harappan culture . According to him, the word "Meluhha" derives from the Dravidian words mel ("elevated") and akam ("place"). Parpola also relates Meluhha with Balochistan , which he calls

146-469: A burial mound at the site of the town he heaped up over them. Furthermore, the foundations of Paraḫšum from the country of Elam he tore out, and so Rimuš, king of the world, rules Elam, (as) the god Enlil had shown..." Gudea too, in one of his inscriptions, mentioned his victory over the territories of Magan , Meluhha, Elam and Amurru . Most scholars suggest that Meluhha was the Sumerian name for

219-547: A complex body language . Friendly or submissive greetings are accompanied by horizontal lip retraction and the lowering of the tail, as well as licking. Playful dholes open their mouths with their lips retracted and their tails held in a vertical position whilst assuming a play bow. Aggressive or threatening dholes pucker their lips forward in a snarl and raise the hairs on their backs, as well as keep their tails horizontal or vertical. When afraid, they pull their lips back horizontally with their tails tucked and their ears flat against

292-597: A source of much confusion in determining the species' systematic position among the Canidae. George Simpson placed the dhole in the subfamily Simocyoninae alongside the African wild dog and the bush dog , on account of all three species' similar dentition. Subsequent authors, including Juliet Clutton-Brock , noted greater morphological similarities to canids of the genera Canis , Dusicyon and Alopex than to either Speothos or Lycaon , with any resemblance to

365-719: Is a diurnal pack hunter which preferentially targets large and medium-sized ungulates . In tropical forests, the dhole competes with the tiger ( Panthera tigris ) and the leopard ( Panthera pardus ), targeting somewhat different prey species, but still with substantial dietary overlap. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List , as populations are decreasing and estimated to comprise fewer than 2,500 mature individuals. Factors contributing to this decline include habitat loss, loss of prey, competition with other species, persecution due to livestock predation, and disease transfer from domestic dogs . The etymology of "dhole"

438-523: Is a record of a dhole that interbred with a golden jackal. DNA sequencing of the Sardinian dhole ( Cynotherium sardous ) an extinct small canine species formerly native to the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean, and which has often been suggested to have descended from Xenocyon , has found that it is most closely related to the living dhole among canines. In 2018, whole genome sequencing

511-421: Is also mentioned in mythological legends such as Enki and Ninhursag : "May the foreign land of Meluhha load precious desirable cornelian, perfect mes wood and beautiful aba wood into large ships for you" There are no known mentions of Meluhha after 1760 BCE. In one of his inscriptions, Ibbi-Sin mentions that he received as a tribute from Marhasi a Meluhha red dog: "Ibbi-Sîn, the god of his country,

584-772: Is also present in Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Meghalaya and West Bengal and in the Indo-Gangetic Plain 's Terai region. Dhole populations in the Himalayas and northwest India are fragmented. In 2011, dhole packs were recorded by camera traps in the Chitwan National Park . Its presence was confirmed in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area in 2011 by camera traps. In February 2020, dholes were sighted in

657-558: Is anatomically distinguished from members of the genus Canis in several aspects: its skull is convex rather than concave in profile, it lacks a third lower molar and the upper molars possess only a single cusp as opposed to between two and four. During the Pleistocene , the dhole ranged throughout Asia , with its range also extending into Europe (with a single record also reported from North America ) but became restricted to its historical range 12,000–18,000 years ago. It

730-472: Is married to Marjatta Parpola , who has authored a study on the traditions of Kerala 's Nambudiri Brahmins . Parpola's research and teaching interests fall within the following topics: Two significant contributions of Parpola, to the field of decipherment of the Indus script, are the creation of the now universally used classification of Indus valley seals, and the proposed, and much-debated, decipherment of

803-630: Is now accepted to be the area currently encompassing the United Arab Emirates and Oman . Dilmun was a Persian Gulf civilization which traded with Mesopotamian civilizations, the current scholarly consensus is that Dilmun encompassed Bahrain , Failaka Island and the adjacent coast of Eastern Arabia in the Persian Gulf . In an inscription, Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BCE) referred to ships coming from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun . His grandson Naram-Sin (2254–2218 BCE) listing

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876-707: Is now extinct in Central Asia , parts of Southeast Asia , and possibly the Korean peninsula and Russia . Genetic evidence indicates that the dhole was the result of reticulate evolution , emerging from the hybridization between a species closely related to genus Canis and from a lineage closely related to the African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus ). The dhole is a highly social animal, living in large clans without rigid dominance hierarchies and containing multiple breeding females. Such clans usually consist of about 12 individuals, but groups of over 40 are known. It

949-579: Is occasionally sighted in plains regions. In the Bek-Tosot Conservancy of southern Kyrgyzstan , the possible presence of the dholes was considered likely based on genetic samples collected in 2019. This was the first record of dholes from the country in almost three decades. The dhole might still be present in the Tunkinsky National Park in extreme southern Siberia near Lake Baikal . It possibly still lives in

1022-533: Is thought that this "red dog" could be a dhole , also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and eastern Asia. Towards the end of the Sumerian period, there are numerous mentions in inscriptions of a Meluhha settlement in southern Sumer near the city-state of Girsu . Most of the references seem to date to the Akkadian Empire and especially the Ur III period. The location of

1095-952: Is to be found in Africa, in the area of Egypt. There is sufficient archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indian seals have been found at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. The Persian-Gulf style of circular stamped rather than rolled seals, also known from Dilmun, that appear at Lothal in Gujarat , India, and Failaka Island ( Kuwait ), as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of

1168-628: Is unclear. The possible earliest written use of the word in English occurred in 1808 by soldier Thomas Williamson, who encountered the animal in Ramghur district , India . He stated that dhole was a common local name for the species. In 1827, Charles Hamilton Smith claimed that it was derived from a language spoken in 'various parts of the East'. Two years later, Smith connected this word with Turkish : deli 'mad, crazy', and erroneously compared

1241-674: The Canid Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) states that further research is needed because all of the samples were from the southern part of this species' range and the Tien Shan subspecies has distinct morphology. In the absence of further data, the researchers involved in the study speculated that Javan and Sumatran dholes could have been introduced to

1314-509: The European dhole ( C. a. europaeus ) was modern-looking and the transformation of the lower molar into a single cusped, slicing tooth had been completed; however, its size was comparable with that of a wolf. This subspecies became extinct in Europe at the end of the late Würm period, but the species as a whole still inhabits a large area of Asia. The European dhole may have survived up until

1387-619: The Indus Valley Civilisation . Finnish scholars Asko and Simo Parpola identify Meluhha (earlier variant Me-lah-ha ) from earlier Sumerian documents with Dravidian mel akam "high abode" or "high country". Many items of trade such as wood, minerals, and gemstones were indeed extracted from the hilly regions near the Indus settlements. They further claim that Meluhha is the origin of the Sanskrit word mleccha , meaning "barbarian, foreigner". Early texts, such as

1460-530: The Lycaon lineage, but this ancestry is significantly higher in modern dholes than in the Sardinian dhole. Historically, up to ten subspecies of dholes have been recognised. As of 2005 , seven subspecies are recognised. However, studies on the dhole's mtDNA and microsatellite genotype showed no clear subspecific distinctions. Nevertheless, two major phylogeographic groupings were discovered in dholes of

1533-1124: The Malaysian Peninsula , Sumatra , Java , Vietnam and Thailand , with the Vietnamese population considered to be possibly extinct. In 2014, camera trap videos in the montane tropical forests at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the Kerinci Seblat National Park in Sumatra revealed its continued presence. A camera trapping survey in the Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand from January 2008 to February 2010 documented one healthy dhole pack. In northern Laos , dholes were studied in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area. Camera trap surveys from 2012 to 2017 recorded dholes in

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1606-665: The Moscow Zoo moult once a year from March to May. A melanistic individual was recorded in the northern Coimbatore Forest Division in Tamil Nadu . The dhole has a wide and massive skull with a well-developed sagittal crest , and its masseter muscles are highly developed compared to other canid species, giving the face an almost hyena -like appearance. The rostrum is shorter than that of domestic dogs and most other canids. It has six rather than seven lower molars . The upper molars are weak, being one third to one half

1679-694: The Primorsky Krai province in far eastern Russia, where it was considered a rare and endangered species in 2004, with unconfirmed reports in the Pikthsa-Tigrovy Dom protected forest area; no sighting was reported in other areas since the late 1970s. Currently, no other recent reports are confirmed of dholes being present in Russia , so the IUCN considered them to be extinct in Russia. However,

1752-734: The Vansda National Park , with camera traps confirming the presence of two individuals in May of the same year. This was the first confirmed sighting of dholes in Gujarat since 1970. In Bhutan , the dhole is present in Jigme Dorji National Park . In Bangladesh , it inhabits forest reserves in the Sylhet area, as well the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast. Recent camera trap photos in

1825-733: The World Classical Tamil Conference at Coimbatore. In 2015, he was awarded India's Presidential Award of Certificate of Honour in Sanskrit. He is an honorary member of the American Oriental Society and, since 1990, a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters . Dhole Canis alpinus The dhole ( / d oʊ l / dohl ; Cuon alpinus ) is a canid native to South , East and Southeast Asia . It

1898-1112: The Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Several packs and a female adult with pups were also recorded by camera traps at elevations of around 2,500 to 4,000 m (8,200 to 13,100 ft) in Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve in the northern Gansu Province in 2013–2014. Dholes have been also reported in the Altyn-Tagh Mountains. In China's Yunnan Province, dholes were recorded in Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve in 2010–2011. Dhole samples were obtained in Jiangxi Province in 2013. Confirmed records by camera-trapping since 2008 have occurred in southern and western Gansu province, southern Shaanxi province, southern Qinghai province, southern and western Yunnan province, western Sichuan province,

1971-466: The " Proto-Dravidian homeland". He also relates Meluhha with the transient word Mleccha , a Vedic word used to mean "barbarian" and used by the incoming Aryan speaking population for the native Harappan population. Another piece of possible evidence that points to the people of Meluhha as being Proto-Dravidian is the fact that sesame oil believed to be exported to Mesopotamia by the Harappans,

2044-582: The "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script. He states in his book that the Brahui people of Pakistan are remnants of the Harappan culture . Parpola's long journal article The Coming of the Aryans is widely cited by historians and scholars of Indo-European Studies. Colin Renfrew , who has reviewed

2117-405: The 18th and 19th centuries is "considerably north" of where this species occurs today. Canis primaevus was a name proposed by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1833 who thought that the dhole was a primitive Canis form and the progenitor of the domestic dog . Hodgson later took note of the dhole's physical distinctiveness from the genus Canis and proposed the genus Cuon . The first study on

2190-625: The 1980s, important archaeological discoveries were made at Ras al-Jinz (Oman), located at the easternmost point of the Arabian Peninsula , demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with Oman, and the Middle East in general. According to some accounts of the Akkadian king Rimush , he fought against the troops of Meluhha, in the area of Elam : "Rimuš, the king of the world, in battle over Abalgamash , king of Parahshum ,

2263-761: The Asian mainland, which likely diverged during a glaciation event . One population extends from South, Central and North India (south of the Ganges) into Myanmar, and the other extends from India north of the Ganges into northeastern India, Myanmar, Thailand and the Malaysian Peninsula. The origin of dholes in Sumatra and Java is, as of 2005 , unclear, as they show greater relatedness to dholes in India, Myanmar and China rather than with those in nearby Malaysia. However,

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2336-464: The Chittagong in 2016 showed the continued presence of the dhole. These regions probably do not harbour a viable population, as mostly small groups or solitary individuals were sighted. In Myanmar , the dhole is present in several protected areas. In 2015, dholes and tigers were recorded by camera-traps for the first time in the hill forests of Karen State . Its range is highly fragmented in

2409-516: The Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia—all these have been instanced. Meluhha appears in EL-AMARNA letters, as a place at Kush/Nubia, near Egypt (EA70, EA95, EA108 ,EA112, EA117, EA132, EA133). In the Assyrian and Hellenistic eras, cuneiform texts continued to use (or revive) old place names, giving a perhaps artificial sense of continuity between contemporary events and events of

2482-1005: The Matsukae Cave in northern Kyushu Island in western Japan and in the Lower Kuzuu fauna in Tochigi Prefecture in Honshu Island, east Japan. Dhole fossils from the Late Pleistocene dated to about 10,700 years before present are known from the Luobi Cave or Luobi-Dong cave in Hainan Island in south China where they no longer exist. Additionally, fossils of canidae possibly belonging to dhole have been excavated from Dajia River in Taichung County , Taiwan. A single record of

2555-521: The Middle and Late Pleistocene fossil record of Europe. In 2021, the analyses of the mitochondrial genomes extracted from the fossil remains of two extinct European dhole specimens from the Jáchymka cave, Czech Republic dated 35,000–45,000 years old indicate that these were genetically basal to modern dholes and possessed much greater genetic diversity. The dhole's distinctive morphology has been

2628-681: The Persian Gulf area. Only some twenty Indus seals have turned up in Mesopotamia since the earliest discoveries, of which nine have been dated to the Akkadian period (2334–2154 BC) and two to the Isin and Larsa dynasties (2000–1800 BC). Various figurines of exotic animals in gold or carnelian are thought to have been imported from Meluhha. Many such statuettes have been found in Mesopotamian excavations. The carnelian statuette of an Asian monkey

2701-426: The Rimush inscription describing combat against Meluhha troops in the area of Elam circa 2200 BC, seem to indicate that Meluhha is to the east, suggesting either the Indus valley or India. However, much later texts, such as the Rassam cylinder documenting the military exploits of King Assurbanipal of Assyria (668–627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seem to imply that Meluhha

2774-509: The Turkish word with Old Saxon : dol and Dutch : dol (cfr. also English: dull ; German : toll ), which are in fact from the Proto-Germanic * dwalaz 'foolish, stupid'. Richard Lydekker wrote nearly 80 years later that the word was not used by the natives living within the species' range. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary theorises that it may have come from the Kannada : ತೋಳ , romanized:  tōḷa , lit.   'wolf'. Other English names for

2847-479: The archeological record for the existence of the trade with the Indus civilization in Mesopotamia is meager. According to Andrew Robinson : On the other hand, there is not nearly so much incontrovertible evidence for the Indus–Mesopotamia trade as archaeologists might wish. Nissen refers to a ‘meagre archaeological record’. There is only one Indus weight from Ur, for example, out of a total of just fourteen Indus weights found in Mesopotamia, neighbouring Iran (Susa) and

2920-435: The article, called it a "richly annotated and well-illustrated essay," which brings together a number of different lines of arguments, including literary and archaeological. It contains rich and interesting insights into a variety of topics, including the "amalgamation of the Aryan and Dasa religions," and the Nuristani language . However, Renfrew found Parpola's methodology wanting because, to him, it did not clearly lay out

2993-401: The campaigns of Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Egypt ( "Antiochus the King marched triumphantly through the cities of Meluhha" ). These references do not necessarily mean that early references to Meluhha also referred to Egypt. Direct contacts between Sumer and the Indus Valley had ceased even during the Mature Harappan phase when Oman and Bahrain (Magan and Dilmun) became intermediaries. After

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3066-566: The dhole is known from North America. This consists of a jaw fragment and teeth of Late Pleistocene age found in San Josecito Cave in northeast Mexico, dating to around 27–11,000 years ago. Domestic dog [REDACTED] Gray wolf [REDACTED] Coyote [REDACTED] African wolf [REDACTED] Golden jackal [REDACTED] Ethiopian wolf [REDACTED] Dhole [REDACTED] African wild dog [REDACTED] Side-striped jackal [REDACTED] Black-backed jackal [REDACTED] Dholes are also known from

3139-427: The dhole lived in Singapore and throughout Central Asia ( Afghanistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan ), though it is now considered to be regionally extinct in these regions. Historical record in South Korea from the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty also indicate that the dhole lived in Yangju of Gyeonggi Province , but it is now also extinct in South Korea, with

3212-464: The dhole might be present in the eastern Sayan Mountains and in the Transbaikal region; it has been sighted in Tofalaria in the Irkutsk Oblast , the Republic of Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai . One pack was sighted in the Qilian Mountains in 2006. In 2011 to 2013, local government officials and herders reported the presence of several dhole packs at elevations of 2,000 to 3,500 m (6,600 to 11,500 ft) near Taxkorgan Nature Reserve in

3285-559: The dhole's distribution may have once included the Middle East , from where it may have admixed with the African wild dog in North Africa . However, there is no evidence of the dhole having existed in the Middle East nor North Africa, though the Lycaon was present in Europe during the Early Pleistocene, with its last record in the region dating to 830,000 years ago. Genetic evidence from the Sardinan dhole suggests that both Sardinian and modern dholes (which are estimated to have split from each other around 900,000 years ago) share ancestry from

3358-532: The distant past. For example, Media is referred to as "the land of the Gutians ", a people who had been prominent around 2000 BC. Meluhha also appears in these texts, in contexts suggesting that "Meluhha" and "Magan" were kingdoms adjacent to Egypt. In the Rassam cylinder , Ashurbanipal writes about his first march against Egypt: "In my first campaign I marched against Magan and Meluhha , and Taharqa , king of Musur (Egypt) and Kûsu (" Kingdom of Kush ", ie Nubia), whom Esarhaddon , king of Assyria,

3431-430: The early Holocene in the Iberian Peninsula . and what is believed to be dhole remains have been found at Riparo Fredian in northern Italy dated 10,800 years old. The vast Pleistocene range of this species also included numerous islands in Asia that this species no longer inhabits, such as Sri Lanka , Borneo and possibly Palawan in the Philippines . Middle Pleistocene dhole fossils have also been found in

3504-407: The father who begot me, had defeated, and whose land he brought under his sway." In this context, "Magan" has been interpreted as "Muṣur" (ancient name of Egypt) and "Meluhha" as " Meroe " (capital of Nubia ). In the Hellenistic period , the term was used archaically to refer to Ptolemaic Egypt , as in an account of a festival celebrating the conclusion of the Sixth Syrian War , or in reference to

3577-399: The genus Canis . In comparison, the modern species has greatly reduced molars and the cusps have developed into sharply trenchant points. During the Early Middle Pleistocene there arose both Canis majori stehlini that was the size of a large wolf , and the early dhole Canis alpinus Pallas 1811 which first appeared at Hundsheim and Mosbach in Germany. In the Late Pleistocene era

3650-421: The islands by humans. Fossils of dhole from the early Middle Pleistocene have been found in Java . ( nominate subspecies ) The dhole's general tone of the fur is reddish, with the brightest hues occurring in winter. In the winter coat, the back is clothed in a saturated rusty-red to reddish colour with brownish highlights along the top of the head, neck and shoulders. The throat, chest, flanks, and belly and

3723-454: The language of the script. According to Parpola the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Parpola led a Finnish team in the 1960s–80s that vied with Knorozov 's Soviet team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating

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3796-466: The last known capture reports in 1909 and 1921 from Yeoncheon of Gyeonggi Province . The current presence of dholes in North Korea and Pakistan is considered uncertain. The dholes also once inhabited the alpine steppes extending into Kashmir to the Ladakh area, though they disappeared from 60% of their historic range in India during the past century. In India, Myanmar, Indochina, Indonesia and China, it prefers forested areas in alpine zones and

3869-464: The latter two being due to convergent evolution . Some authors consider the extinct Canis subgenus Xenocyon as ancestral to both the genus Lycaon and the genus Cuon . Subsequent studies on the canid genome revealed that the dhole and African wild dog are closely related to members of the genus Canis . This closeness to Canis may have been confirmed in a menagerie in Madras , where according to zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock there

3942-615: The long-distance sea trade network, which G.L. Possehl has called a "Middle Asian Interaction Sphere". What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods, ivory , lapis lazuli , gold , and luxury goods such as carnelian and glazed stone beads, pearls from the Persian Gulf, and shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for silver , tin , woolen textiles, perhaps oil and grains and other foods. Copper ingots, certainly, bitumen , which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and chickens, major products of

4015-444: The mighty king, king of Ur and king of the four world quarters, his speckled Meluḫḫa 'dog', from Marḫaši brought by them as tribute, a replica of it he fashioned, and for his life he dedicated it to him ( Nanna )." The qualifier used to describe the dog is 𒁱 , which can be read either dar "red" as an adjective, or gun 3 "speckled" as an intransitive verb, and interpretations vary based on these two possible meanings. It

4088-452: The origins of the species was conducted by paleontologist Erich Thenius, who concluded in 1955 that the dhole was a post-Pleistocene descendant of a golden jackal-like ancestor. The paleontologist Bjorn Kurten wrote in his 1968 book Pleistocene Mammals of Europe that the primitive dhole Canis majori Del Campana 1913 —the remains of which have been found in Villafranchian era Valdarno , Italy and in China—was almost indistinguishable from

4161-572: The rebel kings to his rule, mentioned " (..)ibra , man of Melukha". In an inscription, Gudea of Lagash ( c.  21st century BCE ) referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, carnelian , etc. In the Gudea cylinders , Gudea mentions that: "I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend." In cylinder B , XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of lapis lazuli and bright carnelian from Meluhha". Meluhha

4234-412: The sack of Ur by the Elamites and subsequent invasions in Sumer, its trade and contacts shifted west and Meluhha passed almost into mythological memory. The resurfacing of the name could simply reflect cultural memory of a rich and distant land, its use in records of Achaemenid and Seleucid military expeditions serving to aggrandize those kings. This kind of re-attribution of archaic geographical terms

4307-432: The same Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area. In Vietnam , dholes were sighted only in Pu Mat National Park in 1999, in Yok Don National Park in 2003 and 2004; and in Ninh Thuan Province in 2014. A disjunct dhole population was reported in the area of Trabzon and Rize in northeastern Turkey near the border with Georgia in the 1990s. This report was not considered to be reliable. One single individual

4380-557: The settlement has been tentatively identified with the city of Guabba. The references to "large boats" in Guabba suggests that it may have functioned as a trading colony which initially had direct contact with Meluhha. It seems that direct trade with Meluhha subsided during the Ur III period, and was replaced by trade with Dilmun , possibly corresponding to the end of urban systems in the Indus Valley around that time. Several Indus seals with Harappan script have been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in Ur , Babylon and Kish . Still,

4453-455: The shoulders. Adult females can weigh 10–17 kg (22–37 lb), while the slightly larger male may weigh 15–21 kg (33–46 lb). The mean weight of adults from three small samples was 15.1 kg (33 lb). In appearance, the dhole has been variously described as combining the physical characteristics of the gray wolf and the red fox , and as being "cat-like" on account of its long backbone and slender limbs. Historically,

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4526-419: The size of those of wolves and have only one cusp as opposed to between two and four, as is usual in canids, an adaptation thought to improve shearing ability, thus allowing it to compete more successfully with kleptoparasites . In terms of size, dholes average about 88–113 cm (35–44 in) in length (excluding a 41–50 cm (16–20 in) long tail), and stand around 42–50 cm (17–20 in) at

4599-638: The skins, and, having analyzed photos of the skull of alleged dhole in Kabardino-Balkaria Republic of Russia, they concluded it was a grey wolf. Dholes produce whistles resembling the calls of red foxes, sometimes rendered as coo-coo . How this sound is produced is unknown, though it is thought to help in coordinating the pack when travelling through thick brush. When attacking prey, they emit screaming KaKaKaKAA sounds. Other sounds include whines (food soliciting), growls (warning), screams, chatterings (both of which are alarm calls) and yapping cries. In contrast to wolves, dholes do not howl or bark. Dholes have

4672-410: The southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region and in the Southeastern Tibet Autonomoous Region. There are also historical records of dhole dating to 1521–1935 in Hainan Island, but the species is no longer present and is estimated to have become extinct around 1942. The dhole occurs in most of India south of the Ganges, particularly in the Central Indian Highlands and the Western and Eastern Ghats . It

4745-508: The species include Asian wild dog , Asiatic wild dog , Indian wild dog , whistling dog , red dog , red wolf , and mountain wolf . Canis alpinus was the binomial name proposed by Peter Simon Pallas in 1811, who described its range as encompassing the upper levels of Udskoi Ostrog in Amurland , towards the eastern side and in the region of the upper Lena River , around the Yenisei River and occasionally crossing into China . This northern Russian range reported by Pallas during

4818-424: The structure of the argument and the underlying assumptions. He listed the underlying assumptions as the one that the Aryans considered themselves immigrants in the lands described in their texts and the one that the Dasas were themselves immigration populations. He considered both these propositions to be doubtful. Asko Parpola received the Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi Classical Tamil Award for 2009 on June 23, 2010 at

4891-505: The upper parts of the limbs are less brightly coloured, and are more yellowish in tone. The lower parts of the limbs are whitish, with dark brownish bands on the anterior sides of the forelimbs. The muzzle and forehead are greyish-reddish. The tail is very luxuriant and fluffy, and is mainly of a reddish-ocherous colour, with a dark brown tip. The summer coat is shorter, coarser and darker. The dorsal and lateral guard hairs in adults measure 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) in length. Dholes in

4964-425: Was a regular occurrence during the 1st millennium BCE. Asko Parpola Asko Heikki Siegfried Parpola (born 12 July 1941, in Forssa ) is a Finnish Indologist , current professor emeritus of Indology at the University of Helsinki . He specializes in the Indus Valley Civilization , specifically the study of the Indus script . Parpola is a brother of the Akkadian language epigrapher Simo Parpola . He

5037-615: Was claimed to have been shot in 2013 in the nearby Kabardino-Balkaria Republic of Russia in the central Caucasus ; its remains were analysed in May 2015 by a biologist from the Kabardino-Balkarian State University , who concluded that the skull was indeed that of a dhole. In August 2015, researchers from the National Museum of Natural History and the Karadeniz Technical University started an expedition to track and document possible Turkish population of dhole. In October 2015, they concluded that two skins of alleged dholes in Turkey probably belonged to dogs, pending DNA analysis of samples from

5110-455: Was found in the excavation of the Acropolis of Susa , and dated to circa 2340–2100 BCE. It is thought that it may have been imported from India. It is now in the Louvre Museum, reference Sb5884. Specific items of high volume trade are timber and specialty wood such as ebony, for which large ships were used. Luxury items also appear, such as lapis lazuli mined at a Harappan colony at Shortugai (modern Badakhshan in northern Afghanistan ). In

5183-516: Was known as ilu in Sumerian and eḷḷu in Akkadian . One theory is that these words derive from the Dravidian word for sesame ( eḷḷ or eḷḷu ). However, Michael Witzel , who associates IVC with the ancestors of Munda speakers, suggests an alternative etymology from the para-Munda word for wild sesame: jar-tila . Munda is an Austroasiatic language Sumerian texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded: Magan , Dilmun , and Meluhha. The Sumerian location of Magan

5256-489: Was used to compare all members (apart from the black-backed and side-striped jackals) of the genus Canis , along with the dhole and the African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus ). There was strong evidence of ancient genetic admixture between the dhole and the African wild dog. Today, their ranges are remote from each other; however, during the Pleistocene era the dhole could be found as far west as Europe. The study proposes that

5329-465: Was victorious. And Zahara and Elam and Gupin and Meluḫḫa within Paraḫšum assembled for battle, but he (Rimush) was victorious and struck down 16,212 men and took 4,216 captives. Further, he captured Ehmahsini, King of Elam, and all the nobles of Elam. Further he captured Sidaga'u the general of Paraḫšum and Sargapi, general of Zahara, in between the cities of Awan and Susa , by the "Middle River". Further

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