Miami Blues is a 1990 American neo-noir black comedy crime drama film directed by George Armitage , based on the novel of the same name by Charles Willeford . It stars Alec Baldwin , Fred Ward (who also served as an executive producer) and Jennifer Jason Leigh .
100-450: Frederick J. Frenger Jr. (who asks to be called "Junior"), a violent sociopath and self described thief who "steals from other thieves", is recently released from a California prison, and starts a new life in Miami . Before leaving the airport, he steals luggage and unintentionally kills a Hare Krishna by breaking his index finger. Junior checks into a hotel and hooks up with Susie Waggoner,
200-627: A Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . In 2003, he also starred in another John Grisham legal drama, Runaway Jury , at long last getting to make a picture with his long-time friend Dustin Hoffman . In 2004, Hackman appeared alongside Ray Romano in the comedy Welcome to Mooseport , his final film acting role to date. Hackman was honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award from the Golden Globe Awards for his "outstanding contribution to
300-456: A SUD than those without ASPD. This population also faces increased risks for mood disorders, including a fourfold likelihood of experiencing major depressive disorder , as well as heightened risks for suicidal ideation and behaviors. Anxiety disorders , particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder , are also common comorbidities, affecting up to 50% of individuals with ASPD. These comorbidities often exacerbate
400-660: A baby's stress system on high alert. An environment of intermittent care punctuated by total abandonment may be the worst of all worlds for a child." Parenting styles can directly affect how children experience and develop in their youth, and can have an impact on a child's diagnosis of ASPD. The four parenting styles demonstrate the main approaches to raising children and their outcomes that lead into adulthood. Authoritarian - Authoritarian parenting styles involve stricter rules than any other parenting style, with greater consequences if rules are disobeyed. Authoritarian parents set high expectations for their children that may cause
500-554: A childhood precursor to this disorder. Compared to the adolescent-onset subtype, the childhood-onset subtype tends to have a worse treatment outcome, especially if callous and unemotional traits are present. The main text of fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines antisocial personality disorder as being characterized by at least three of the following traits: Gene Hackman Eugene Allen Hackman (born January 30, 1930)
600-570: A coin collection and some pork chops. As he is doing this, he speaks aloud a haiku of his own: "Breaking entering. The dark and lonely places. Finding a big gun". An investigation of the Hare Krishna murder leads grizzled policeman Sgt. Hoke Moseley to come knocking on their door. Moseley shares a home-cooked dinner with the couple, upon Susie's suggestion, and plays it cool while seemingly indicating to Junior that he's on to him. He overtly suspects Junior has been in prison and wants him to come to
700-424: A combination and interaction of genetics and environmental influences . People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are considered to be at higher risk of developing ASPD. Fire-setting and cruelty to animals during childhood are also linked to the development of an antisocial personality disorder, along with being more common in males and among incarcerated populations. Although the causes listed correlate to
800-615: A consequence of their tendency towards addiction. In addition, sufferers are more likely to abuse substances or develop an addiction at a young age. Due to ASPD being associated with higher levels of impulsivity, suicidality , and irresponsible behavior , the condition is correlated with heightened levels of aggressive behavior, domestic violence , illegal drug use, pervasive anger, and violent crimes. This behavior typically has negative effects on their education, relationships, and/or employment. Alongside this, sexual behaviors of risk such as having multiple sexual partners in
900-737: A corrupt lawyer in The Firm , a legal thriller based on the John Grisham novel of the same name . Hackman would appear in two other films based on John Grisham novels, playing convict Sam Cayhall on death row in The Chamber (1996), and jury consultant Rankin Fitch in Runaway Jury (2003). Other notable films Hackman appeared in during the 1990s include Wyatt Earp (1994) (as Nicholas Porter Earp, Wyatt Earp's father), The Quick and
1000-598: A disruption of the standard development of the central nervous system , which can generate a release of hormones that can change normal patterns of development. One of the neurotransmitters that has been discussed in individuals with ASPD is serotonin, also known as 5HT. A meta-analysis of 20 studies found significantly lower 5-HIAA levels (indicating lower serotonin levels), especially in those who are younger than 30 years of age. While it has been shown that lower levels of serotonin may be associated with ASPD, there has also been evidence that decreased serotonin function
1100-603: A façade of superficial charm , others do so through intimidation and violence. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder may deliberately show irresponsibility, have difficulty acknowledging their faults and/or attempt to redirect attention away from harmful behaviors. ASPD presents high comorbidity rates with various psychiatric conditions, particularly substance use and mood disorder . Individuals diagnosed with ASPD are significantly more prone to develop substance use disorder (SUDs), with studies showing that they are approximately 13 times more likely to be diagnosed with
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#17327871588801200-459: A film which also inspired many to pursue skydiving and has a cult-like status amongst skydivers as a result: The Gypsy Moths . Hackman supported Jim Brown in two films, The Split (1968) and Riot (1969), Hackman nearly accepted the role of Mike Brady for the TV series The Brady Bunch , but his agent advised that he decline it in exchange for a more promising role, which he did. Hackman
1300-673: A high rate of associated conduct problems and a tendency for symptoms to peak in late adolescence and early adulthood . The prognosis for ASPD is complex, with high variability in outcomes. Individuals with severe ASPD symptoms may have difficulty forming stable relationships, maintaining employment, and avoiding criminal behavior, resulting in higher rates of divorce, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. In extreme cases, ASPD may lead to violent or criminal behaviors, often escalating in early adulthood. Research indicates that individuals with ASPD have an elevated risk of suicide , particularly those who also engage in substance misuse or have
1400-546: A history of incarceration. Additionally, children raised by parents with ASPD may be at greater risk of delinquency and mental health issues themselves. Although ASPD is a persistent and often lifelong condition, symptoms may diminish over time, particularly after age 40, though only a small percentage of individuals experience significant improvement. Many individuals with ASPD have co-occurring issues such as substance use disorders , mood disorders , or other personality disorder . Research on pharmacological treatment for ASPD
1500-403: A naive part time prostitute who is a student at a community college. They become romantically involved and move in to a house together, with Susie blissfully unaware of Junior's criminal activities and harboring fantasies of living happily ever after. Later, while Susie is taking a bath and writing a haiku , Junior decides to break into a nearby apartment. He steals an IMI Desert Eagle handgun,
1600-615: A notorious flop. After making The Domino Principle (1977) for Stanley Kramer , Hackman was part of an all-star cast in the war film A Bridge Too Far (1977), playing Polish General Stanisław Sosabowski , and was an officer in the French Foreign Legion in March or Die (1977.) Hackman showed a talent for both comedy and the "slow burn" as criminal mastermind Lex Luthor in Superman: The Movie (1978),
1700-419: A number of wonderful things for Tom Hanks's company, though this was his first film—were amazingly helpful. Armitage says the script omitted a key plot point in the novel, that the Hare Krishna killed by Fred was Susie's brother. "It took 10 or 15 pages to explain that relationship, and it bothered me—that kind of serendipity. And we were just sitting there talking: "Why do we need to have that anyways?" It really
1800-539: A pattern of disregard for the rights of others, with potential overlap in traits associated with psychopathy and sociopathy . Due to tendencies toward recklessness and impulsivity, patients with ASPD are at a higher risk of drug and alcohol abuse. ASPD is the personality disorder most likely to be associated with addiction. Individuals with ASPD are at a higher risk of illegal drug usage, blood-borne diseases , HIV , shorter periods of abstinence , misuse of oral administrations , and compulsive gambling as
1900-491: A perfectly intact theory of mind , or the ability to understand one's mental state, but have an impaired ability to understand how another individual may be affected by an aggressive action. These factors might contribute to aggressive and criminal behavior as well as empathy deficits. Despite this, they may be adept at social cognition , or the ability to process and store information about other people, which can contribute to an increased ability to manipulate others. ASPD
2000-512: A predisposition of ASPD and interact with other delinquent children are likely to later be diagnosed with ASPD. Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. The prevalence of ASPD is higher in people related to someone with the disorder. Twin studies , which are designed to discern between genetic and environmental effects, have reported significant genetic influences on antisocial behavior and conduct disorder. In
2100-512: A preview in New Jersey, and the audience was horrified when Junior died, they practically rioted when Alec was killed … Alec had a little problem with that—he wanted to be a little broader, I was afraid he was commenting on the character, but I must tell you: he was right. We didn't really agree on set, but then he gave me a call [years later] … and said: "Hey, I'm glad you made me do this and that." I said: "I'm glad you did what you did, too." It
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#17327871588802200-424: A psychiatrist must ignore; and in his words, "play it safe". While antisocial personality disorder is a mental disorder diagnosed in adulthood, it has its precedent in childhood. The DSM-5's criteria for ASPD require that the individual have conduct problems evident by the age of 15. Persistent antisocial behavior, as well as a lack of regard for others in childhood and adolescence, is known as conduct disorder and
2300-492: A role he would reprise in its 1980 and 1987 sequels. Gene is someone who is a very intuitive and instinctive actor ... The brilliance of Gene Hackman is that he can look at a scene and he can cut through to what is necessary, and he does it with extraordinary economy—he's the quintessential movie actor. He's never showy ever , but he's always right on. Alan Parker director of Mississippi Burning (1988) Hackman alternated between leading and supporting roles during
2400-503: A short period of time, seeing prostitutes , inconsistent use of condoms , trading sex for drugs, and frequent unprotected sex are also common. Patients with ASPD have been documented to describe emotions with ambivalence and experience heightened states of emotional coldness and detachment. Individuals with ASPD, or who display antisocial behavior, may often experience chronic boredom . They may experience emotions such as happiness and fear less clearly than others. It
2500-649: A short run, as did A Rainy Day in Newark . However, Any Wednesday with actress Sandy Dennis was a huge Broadway success in 1964. This opened the door to film work. His first credited role was in Lilith , with Jean Seberg and Warren Beatty in the leading roles. Hackman returned to Broadway in Poor Richard (1964–65) by Jean Kerr, which ran for over a hundred performances. He continued to do television - The Trials of O'Brien , Hawk , The F.B.I. - and had
2600-440: A small part as Dr. John Whipple in the epic film Hawaii . He had small roles in features like First to Fight (1967), A Covenant with Death (1967) and Banning (1967). Hackman was originally cast as Mr. Robinson in the 1967 Mike Nichols film The Graduate , but Nichols fired him three weeks into rehearsal for being "too young" for the role; he was replaced by Murray Hamilton . In 1967 he appeared in an episode of
2700-521: A stress test that I took in New York. The doctor advised me that my heart wasn’t in the kind of shape that I should be putting it under any stress." When asked during a GQ interview in 2011 if he would ever come out of retirement to do one more film, he said he might consider it "if I could do it in my own house, maybe, without them disturbing anything and just one or two people." He briefly came out of retirement to narrate two documentaries related to
2800-558: Is also a significant correlation with parental overprotection and people who develop ASPD. Studies have shown that non-abused (especially in childhood) individuals are less likely to develop ASPD. Those with ASPD may have experienced any of the following forms of childhood trauma or abuse: physical or sexual abuse, neglect, coercion, abandonment or separation from caregivers, violence in a community, acts of terror, bullying, or life-threatening incidents. Some symptoms can mimic other forms of mental illness, such as: The comorbidity rate of
2900-434: Is also possible that they may experience emotions such as anger and frustration more frequently and clearly than other emotions. People with ASPD may have a limited capacity for empathy and can be more interested in benefiting themselves than avoiding harm to others. They may have no regard for morals , social norms, or the rights of others. People with ASPD can have difficulty beginning or sustaining relationships. It
3000-1415: Is an American retired actor. In a career that spanned more than six decades, he received two Academy Awards , two BAFTA Awards , four Golden Globes , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and the Silver Bear . Hackman's two Academy Award wins included one for Best Actor for his role as Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle in William Friedkin 's acclaimed thriller The French Connection (1971) and the other for Best Supporting Actor for his role as "Little" Bill Daggett in Clint Eastwood 's Western film Unforgiven (1992). His other Oscar-nominated roles were in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), I Never Sang for My Father (1970), and Mississippi Burning (1988). Hackman gained further fame for his portrayal of Lex Luthor in Superman (1978) and its sequels Superman II (1980) and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987). He also acted in The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Scarecrow (1973), A Bridge Too Far (1977), Under Fire (1983), Power (1986), Loose Cannons (1990), The Firm (1993), The Quick and
3100-448: Is common for the interpersonal relationships of someone with ASPD to revolve around the exploitation and abuse of others. People with ASPD may display arrogance , think lowly and negatively of others, have limited remorse for their harmful actions, and have a callous attitude toward those they have harmed. People with ASPD can have difficulty mentalizing , or interpreting the mental state of others. Alternately, they may display
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3200-626: Is counteracted by cortisol , which facilitates the cognitive control of impulsive tendencies. Arson and the destruction of others' property are also behaviors commonly associated with ASPD. Alongside other conduct problems, many people with ASPD had conduct disorder in their youth, characterized by a pervasive pattern of violent, criminal, defiant, and anti-social behavior. Although behaviors vary by degree, individuals with this personality disorder have been known to exploit others in harmful ways for their own gain or pleasure, and frequently manipulate and deceive other people. While some do so with
3300-473: Is highly correlated with impulsiveness and aggression across a number of different experimental paradigms. Impulsivity is not only linked with irregularities in 5HT metabolism but may be the most essential psychopathological aspect linked with such dysfunction. Correspondingly, the DSM classifies "impulsivity or failure to plan ahead" and "irritability and aggressiveness" as two of seven sub-criteria in category A of
3400-464: Is highly prevalent among prisoners. People with ASPD tend to be convicted more, receive longer sentences, and are more likely to be charged with almost any crime , with assault and other violent crimes being the most common charges. Those who have committed violent crimes tend to have higher levels of testosterone than the average person, also contributing to the higher likelihood for men to be diagnosed with ASPD. The effect of testosterone
3500-523: Is known as the "adolescent-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder develops after the age of 10 years. Compared to the childhood-onset type, less impairment in various cognitive and emotional functions are present, and the adolescent-onset variety may remit by adulthood. In addition to this differentiation, the DSM-5 provides a specifier for a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, which reflects characteristics seen in psychopathy and are believed to be
3600-428: Is known as the "childhood-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder symptoms are present before the age of 10. This course is often linked to a more persistent life course and more pervasive behaviors, and children in this group express greater levels of ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological deficits, more academic problems, increased family dysfunction, and higher likelihood of aggression and violence. The second course
3700-414: Is limited, with no medications approved specifically for the disorder. However, certain psychiatric medications, including antipsychotics , antidepressants , and mood stabilizers , may help manage symptoms like aggression and impulsivity in some cases, or treat co-occurring disorders. The diagnostic criteria and understanding of ASPD have evolved significantly over time. Early diagnostic manuals, such as
3800-541: Is still considered an open question if the anatomical abnormality causes the psychological and behavioral abnormality, or vice versa. Cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) is a marker for limbic neural maldevelopment, and its presence has been loosely associated with certain mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder . One study found that those with CSP had significantly higher levels of antisocial personality, psychopathy, arrests and convictions compared with controls. Many studies suggest that
3900-455: Is the precursor of ASPD. About 25–40% of youths with conduct disorder will be diagnosed with ASPD in adulthood. Conduct disorder (CD) is a disorder diagnosed in childhood that parallels the characteristics found in ASPD. It is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated by the child. Children with
4000-399: Is the rate of failure when diagnosing ASPD. He contends that the possibility of diagnosing and coercing a patient into prescribing medication to someone without ASPD, but is diagnosed with ASPD, could be potentially disastrous. But the possibility of not diagnosing ASPD and seeing a patient go untreated because of a lack of sufficient evidence of cultural or environmental influences is something
4100-421: Is thought to lead to underdevelopment of the part of the child's brain that deals with emotion, empathy, and ability to connect to other humans on an emotional level. According to Dr. Bruce Perry in his book The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog, "the infant's developing brain needs to be patterned, repetitive stimuli to develop properly. Spastic, unpredictable relief from fear, loneliness, discomfort, and hunger keeps
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4200-850: The American Civil War . His first solo effort, a story of love and revenge set in the Old West titled Payback at Morning Peak , was released in 2011. His most recent novel Pursuit , a police thriller, followed in 2013. In 2011, Hackman appeared on the Fox Sports Radio show The Loose Cannons , where he discussed his career and his novels with Pat O'Brien , Steve Hartman , and Vic "The Brick" Jacobs . Hackman has been married twice. He has three children from his first marriage. In 1956, Hackman married Faye Maltese (1929–2017), with whom he had one son and two daughters: Christopher Allen, Elizabeth Jean, and Leslie Anne Hackman. He
4300-605: The Colorado mountains . As of 2022 , Hackman continues to attend Santa Fe cultural events. Hackman is a supporter of the Democratic Party , and he was "proud" to be included on Nixon's Enemies List . However, he has fondly spoken about Republican president Ronald Reagan . In the late 1970s, Hackman competed in Sports Car Club of America races, driving an open-wheeled Formula Ford . In 1983, he drove
4400-652: The David Mamet crime thriller Heist (2001), as an aging professional thief of considerable skill who is forced into one final job. He made a cameo in The Mexican (2001). Hackman gained much critical acclaim playing against type as the head of an eccentric family in Wes Anderson 's comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), for which he received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in
4500-822: The 1980s. He appeared opposite Barbra Streisand in All Night Long (1981) and supported Warren Beatty in Reds (1981). He played the lead in Eureka (1983) and a supporting role in Under Fire (1983). Hackman provided the voice of God in Two of a Kind (1983) and starred in Uncommon Valor (1983), Misunderstood (1984), Twice in a Lifetime (1985), Target (1985) for Arthur Penn, and Power (1986). Between 1985 and 1988, he starred in nine films, making him
4600-461: The 2R and 3R alleles of the promoter region ) have associations with aggressive behavior in men. This association is also influenced by negative experiences early in life, with children possessing a low-activity variant (MAOA-L) who have experienced negative circumstances being more likely to develop antisocial behavior than those with the high-activity variant (MAOA-H). Even when environmental interactions (e.g. emotional abuse) are taken out of
4700-832: The Blind Man in Young Frankenstein . Hackman also appeared in Scarecrow (1973) alongside Al Pacino , Zandy's Bride (1974), and Night Moves (1975) for director Arthur Penn . Hackman played one of Teddy Roosevelt 's former Rough Riders in the Western horse-race saga Bite the Bullet (1975). He reprised his Oscar-winning role as Doyle in the sequel French Connection II (1975), and co-starred with Burt Reynolds and Liza Minnelli in Lucky Lady (1975),
4800-514: The DSM-I in 1952, described “sociopathic personality disturbance” as involving a range of antisocial behaviors linked to societal and environmental factors. Subsequent editions of the DSM have refined the diagnosis, eventually distinguishing ASPD in the DSM-III (1980) with a more structured checklist of observable behaviors. Current definitions in the DSM-5 align with the clinical description of ASPD as
4900-1096: The Dead (1995) opposite Sharon Stone , Leonardo DiCaprio and Russell Crowe , and as submarine Captain Frank Ramsey alongside Denzel Washington in Crimson Tide (1995). Hackman played film director Harry Zimm with John Travolta in the comedy-drama Get Shorty (1995). In 1996, he took a comedic turn as conservative Senator Kevin Keeley in The Birdcage with Robin Williams and Nathan Lane . He co-starred with Hugh Grant in Extreme Measures (1996) and reunited with Clint Eastwood in Absolute Power (1997). Hackman did Twilight (1998) with Paul Newman for director Robert Benton , did one of
5000-515: The Dead (1995), The Birdcage (1996), Enemy of the State (1998), Behind Enemy Lines (2001), and Runaway Jury (2003). Eugene Allen Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California , United States, the son of Eugene Ezra Hackman and Anna Lyda Elizabeth ( née Gray ). He has a brother named Richard. Hackman has Pennsylvania Dutch , English, and Scottish ancestry. His mother
5100-623: The Marine Corps: The Unknown Flag Raiser of Iwo Jima (2016) and We, the Marines (2017) . Together with undersea archaeologist Daniel Lenihan, Hackman has written three historical fiction novels: Wake of the Perdido Star (1999), a sea adventure of the 19th century; Justice for None (2004), a Depression-era tale of murder; and Escape from Andersonville (2008) about a prison escape during
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#17327871588805200-547: The Mob , which hadn't been released yet, and he had shot in Miami, and he said to Fred: "Why don't you give it to Din [George Armitage]? Give it to George." And he did, and I loved it. He said "Do you want to write the script and direct it?" I said "Absolutely, let's go." I had worked for Mike Medavoy , who was now head of Orion Pictures, on Vigilante Force , and he said: "Sure, good." Fred, Jonathan, and Gary—who would go on to produce
5300-473: The Pasadena Playhouse, who said that his job proved that Hackman "wouldn't amount to anything". A Marine officer who saw him as a doorman said "Hackman, you're a sorry son of a bitch". Rejection motivated Hackman, who said: It was more psychological warfare, because I wasn't going to let those fuckers get me down. I insisted with myself that I would continue to do whatever it took to get a job. It
5400-513: The United States and Canada. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 85% based on 26 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Laced with hard-boiled thrills and pitch-black comedy, Miami Blues delivers a disarmingly off-kilter crime caper." On Metacritic , it has a score of 72 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave
5500-415: The behavioral tendencies of many individuals with ASPD. While the rise reported may be in part a byproduct of the widening use (and abuse) of diagnostic techniques, given Eric Berne 's division between individuals with active and latent ASPD – the latter keeping themselves in check by attachment to an external source of control like the law, traditional standards, or religion – it has been suggested that
5600-816: The busiest actor, alongside Steve Guttenberg . Hackman played a high school basketball coach in Hoosiers (1986), which a 2008 American Film Institute poll named the fourth-greatest sports film of all time. After Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) where Hackman also voiced Nuclear Man (who was portrayed by Mark Pillow), Hackman was in No Way Out (1987), Split Decisions (1988), Bat*21 (1988), Full Moon in Blue Water (1988), and Another Woman (1988) from Woody Allen. Hackman starred in Mississippi Burning (1988), for which he
5700-1030: The children to later develop rebellious behavior, low self-esteem, aggression, and resentfulness. Permissive - Permissive parenting styles involve a more relaxed attitude towards rules that are less enforced than any other parenting style. Permissive parents tend to allow more freedom for children to make their own decisions which can lead to impulsivity, lack of self-control, and a lack of acknowledgment of boundaries later in life. Neglectful - Neglectful parenting styles tend to have little to no rules for children to follow, and may even withhold basic needs required for child development . Parents who display neglectful behavior are less involved than any other parenting style and can cause children to develop mental health issues, withdrawal from emotions, and delinquent behavior. Authoritative - Authoritative parenting styles involve guidelines and expectations as well as support and understanding. Authoritative parents tend to have more balance within their parenting style compared to
5800-441: The community help to ensure more positive behavior for children and an overall decrease in ASPD symptoms. ASPD is highly comorbid with emotional and physical abuse in childhood. Physical neglect also has a significant correlation to ASPD. The way a child bonds with its parents early in life is important. Poor parental bonding due to abuse or neglect puts children at greater risk for developing antisocial personality disorder. There
5900-498: The diagnostic criteria of ASPD. Some studies have found a relationship between monoamine oxidase A and antisocial behavior, including conduct disorder and symptoms of adult ASPD, in maltreated children. Antisocial behavior may be related to a number of neurological defects, such as head trauma. Antisocial behavior is associated with decreased grey matter in the right lentiform nucleus , left insular , and frontopolar cortex . Increased volumes of grey matter have been observed in
6000-428: The disorder may also engage in substance use. CD is distinct from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in that children with ODD do not commit aggressive or antisocial acts against other people, animals, or property, though many children diagnosed with ODD are subsequently re-diagnosed with CD. Two developmental courses for CD have been identified based on the age at which the symptoms become present. The first course
6100-415: The disorder often display impulsive and aggressive behavior, may be callous and deceitful, may repeatedly engage in petty crime (such as stealing or vandalism), or get into fights with other children and adults. This behavior is typically persistent and may be difficult to deter with either threat or punishment. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in this population, and children with
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#17327871588806200-403: The entertainment field" in 2003. On July 7, 2004, Hackman gave a rare interview to Larry King , where he announced that he had no future film projects lined up and believed his acting career was over. In 2008, while promoting his third novel, he confirmed that he had retired from acting. Speaking on his retirement in 2009, Hackman said: "The straw that broke the camel’s back was actually
6300-454: The equation, a small association between MAOA-L and aggressive and antisocial behavior remains. The gene that encodes for the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), a gene that is heavily researched for its associations with other mental disorders, is another gene of interest in antisocial behavior and personality traits. Genetic association's studies have suggested that the short "S" allele is associated with impulsive antisocial behavior and ASPD in
6400-435: The erosion of collective standards may serve to release the individual with latent ASPD from their previously prosocial behavior. There is also a continuous debate as to the extent to which the legal system should be involved in the identification and admittance of patients with preliminary symptoms of ASPD. Controversial clinical psychiatrist Pierre-Édouard Carbonneau suggested that the problem with legal forced admittance
6500-720: The family. Hackman lived briefly in Storm Lake, Iowa , and spent his sophomore year at Storm Lake High School. He left home at age 16 and lied about his age to enlist in the United States Marine Corps . He served four and a half years as a field-radio operator. Hackman was stationed in China ( Qingdao and later in Shanghai). When the Communist Revolution conquered the mainland in 1949, he
6600-791: The film Last Exit to Brooklyn , Jennifer Jason Leigh won the award for Best Supporting Actress from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the Boston Society of Film Critics . Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder , often abbreviated to ASPD, is a mental disorder defined by a chronic pattern of behavior that disregards the rights and well-being of others. People with ASPD often exhibit behavior that conflicts with social norms, leading to issues with interpersonal relationships, employment, and legal matters. The condition generally manifests in childhood or early adolescence, with
6700-659: The film Mad Dog Coll and on the TV series Tallahassee 7000 , The United States Steel Hour , Route 66 , Naked City , The Defenders , The DuPont Show of the Week , East Side/West Side , and Brenner . Hackman began performing in several Off-Broadway plays, starting with The Saintliness of Margery Kempe in 1959 and including Come to the Palace of Sin in 1963. In 1963 he made his Broadway debut in Children From Their Games which only had
6800-670: The film a grade "C" on a scale of A to F. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: " Miami Blues is best appreciated for the performances of its stars and for the kinds of funny, scene-stealing peripheral touches that keep it lively even when it's less than fully convincing." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2 out of 4 and wrote: "They're looking for the right tone in Miami Blues , and they don't find it very often, but when they do, you can see what they were looking for." For her role in Miami Blues and
6900-466: The gunman about avoiding a life of crime, but the gunman runs a truck over him. Junior complains to Susie that the "straight life" has made him too soft. Moseley tracks down the couple through a utility account opened up in Susie's name. He pretends to run into her at the grocery store, where they swap recipes. After she lies that she has left Junior, Moseley tells her that Junior is a murderer and that he and
7000-489: The inmate population. However, research into psychopathy find that the long "L" allele is associated with the Factor 1 traits of psychopathy, which describes its core affective (e.g. lack of empathy, fearlessness) and interpersonal (e.g. grandiosity, manipulativeness) personality disturbances. This is suggestive of two different forms of the disorder, one associated more with impulsive behavior and emotional dysregulation, and
7100-524: The lowest score the Pasadena Playhouse had yet given. Determined to prove them wrong, Hackman moved to New York City. A 2004 article in Vanity Fair described Hackman, Hoffman, and Robert Duvall as struggling California-born actors and close friends, sharing NYC apartments in various two-person combinations in the 1960s. To support himself between acting jobs, Hackman was working at a Howard Johnson's restaurant when he encountered an instructor from
7200-758: The next three years, making him the most prolific actor in Hollywood during that time frame. He followed The French Connection with leading roles in Cisco Pike (1972) and Prime Cut (1972) and then was in the disaster film The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and Francis Ford Coppola 's The Conversation (1974), which was nominated for several Oscars and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . That same year, Hackman appeared in what would become one of his most famous comedic roles, as Harold
7300-484: The other parenting styles, and parent in a way that lets children understand not only what the rules are, but why they are important. Individuals who were raised by authoritative parents tend to be more self-confident, responsible, successful, and have a greater chance of developing positive coping skills. Having a healthy, safe, stable/consistent, understanding, and attentive parenting style in an environment with positive role models and influences at home as well as out in
7400-497: The other with predatory aggression and affective disturbance. Various other gene candidates for ASPD have been identified by a genome-wide association study published in 2016. Several of these gene candidates are shared with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, with which ASPD is often comorbid. The study found that those who carry four mutations on chromosome 6 are 50% more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder than those who do not. Traumatic events can lead to
7500-411: The police are looking for him. Back home, to test whether he will lie to her, Susie deliberately ruins a pie by putting an excessive amount of vinegar in it. To her disappointment, Junior compliments the dessert and eats it with gusto though his face gives it away somewhat. The next day, Junior asks Susie to drive him around town on errands. Their first stop is a pawn shop, which he robs. In the course of
7600-453: The police station for a lineup. In response, Junior goes to Moseley's home the next day, assaults him and steals his gun, badge and dentures. Junior begins using the badge, impersonating a police officer by breaking up robberies, hold ups, and other criminal solicitations only to keep the loot for himself or demanding bribes as rewards after. While at a convenience store, Junior witnesses an armed robbery and decides to break it up. He lectures
7700-493: The precursors to antisocial personality disorder. People that exhibit antisocial behavior tend to demonstrate decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, and is more apparent in functional neuroimaging as opposed to structural neuroimaging. Some investigators have questioned whether the reduced volume in prefrontal regions is associated with antisocial personality disorder, or whether they result from co-morbid disorders, such as substance use disorder or childhood maltreatment. It
7800-429: The previously listed disorders with ASPD tend to be much higher. The sociocultural perspective of clinical psychology views disorders as influenced by cultural aspects; since cultural norms differ significantly, mental disorders (such as ASPD) are viewed differently. Robert D. Hare suggested that the rise in ASPD that has been reported in the United States may be linked to changes in cultural norms, serving to validate
7900-486: The problems of those with ASPD, leading to more severe symptoms, complex treatment needs, and poorer clinical outcomes. When combined with alcoholism , people may show frontal brain function deficits on neuropsychological tests greater than those associated with each condition. Alcohol use disorder is likely caused by lack of impulse and behavioral control exhibited by antisocial personality disorder patients. Personality disorders are generally believed to be caused by
8000-539: The right fusiform gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, right cingulate gyrus , and post-central cortex. Intellectual and cognitive ability is often found to be impaired or reduced in the ASPD population. Contrary to stereotypes in popular culture of the "psychopathic genius", antisocial personality disorder is associated with reduced overall intelligence and specific reductions in individual aspects of cognitive ability. These deficits also occur in general-population samples of people with antisocial traits and in children with
8100-610: The risk of developing ASPD, one factor alone is unlikely to be the only cause associated with ASPD and relating to a listed cause does not necessarily mean that a person should identify or be identified as having ASPD. According to professor Emily Simonoff of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , there are many variables that are consistently connected to ASPD, such as: childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder, criminality in adulthood, lower IQ scores, and reading problems. Additionally, children who grow up with
8200-489: The robbery, Junior kills the pawnbroker's bodyguard and seriously injures her, but not before she chops several of his fingers off. Badly injured, he limps to the car, but Susie drives away upon realizing what he's done. Moseley pursues him to the house, where he shoots and kills Junior in self defense. Being ironic with his last words, Junior tells Moseley, "Susie's gonna get you, Sarge." Susie then arrives and Moseley asks why she stayed with him for so long. She explains that he
8300-638: The role of "Hunter", in the episode "Happy Birthday... Everybody". That same year he starred in the CBS Playhouse episode " My Father and My Mother " and the dystopian television film Shadow on the Land . In 1969 he played a ski coach in Downhill Racer and an astronaut in Marooned . Also that year, he played a member of a barnstorming skydiving team that entertained mostly at county fairs,
8400-617: The sadistic sheriff "Little Bill" Daggett in the Western Unforgiven directed by Clint Eastwood and written by David Webb Peoples . Hackman had pledged to avoid violent roles, but Eastwood convinced him to take the part, which earned him a second Oscar, this time for Best Supporting Actor . The film also won Best Picture . In 1993, he appeared in Geronimo: An American Legend as Brigadier General George Crook , and co-starred with Tom Cruise as
8500-435: The shoot, which would shut us down because you could hear the rain on the roof, it was too loud, so we'd have to wait it out. One day we were sitting around Junior and Susie's house, and Alec gets behind the camera and does about a five-minute impression of Tak Fujimoto . Then he moves over to the electrical department and does spot-on impressions of all of those guys. Everybody was awestruck. He also did an impression of me that
8600-426: The social and home environment contribute to the development of ASPD. Parents of children with ASPD may display antisocial behavior themselves, which are then adopted by their children. A lack of parental stimulation and affection during early development can lead to high levels of cortisol with the absence of balancing hormones such as oxytocin . This disrupts and overloads the child's stress response systems, which
8700-426: The specific genes that may be involved, one gene that has shown particular promise in its correlation with ASPD is the gene that encodes for Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine . Various studies examining the gene's relationship to behavior have suggested that variants of the gene resulting in less MAO-A being produced (such as
8800-522: The television series The Invaders entitled " The Spores ". Another supporting role, Buck Barrow in 1967 's Bonnie and Clyde , earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . A return to Broadway, The Natural Look (1967), only ran for one performance. He did Fragments and The Basement Off Broadway the same year. Hackman was in episodes of Iron Horse ("Leopards Try, But Leopards Can't") and Insight ("Confrontation"). In 1968, he appeared in an episode of I Spy , in
8900-780: The voices for Antz (1998), and co-starred with Will Smith in Enemy of the State (1998), his character reminiscent of the one he had portrayed in The Conversation . Hackman co-starred with Morgan Freeman in Under Suspicion (2000), Keanu Reeves in The Replacements (2000), Owen Wilson in Behind Enemy Lines (2001), Sigourney Weaver in Heartbreakers (2001), and appeared in
9000-611: Was 10 and saw my first movie, I was so captured by the action guys. Jimmy Cagney was my favorite. Without realizing it, I could see he had tremendous timing and vitality. Gene Hackman In 1956, Hackman began pursuing an acting career. He joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California, where he befriended another aspiring actor, Dustin Hoffman . Already seen as outsiders by their classmates, Hackman and Hoffman were voted "The Least Likely To Succeed", and Hackman got
9100-484: Was a little broader than I would've asked him to play it, but I really like what he did. The film's release was delayed to try to take advantage of Baldwin's success in The Hunt for Red October , which had been released two months earlier, but failed to do so, with an opening weekend gross of $ 3 million from 832 screens to place fourth for the weekend, behind The Hunt for Red October . It went on to gross $ 9.9 million in
9200-464: Was assigned to Hawaii and Japan. Following his discharge in 1951, Hackman moved to New York City and had several jobs. His mother died in 1962 as a result of a fire she accidentally started while smoking. He began a study of journalism and television production at the University of Illinois under the G.I. Bill , but left and moved back to California. Acting was something I wanted to do since I
9300-587: Was born in Sarnia, Ontario , Canada. Hackman's family moved frequently, finally settling in Danville, Illinois , where they lived in the house of his English-born maternal grandmother, Beatrice. His father operated the printing press for the Commercial-News , a local newspaper. Hackman decided that he wanted to become an actor at age 10. His parents divorced when he was 13 and his father subsequently left
9400-408: Was just a matter of economy. In early drafts it was in. In the novel it works beautifully, because it's Willeford." At one stage Gene Hackman was going to play Hoke and Fred Ward was to play Junior. Then Hackman dropped out and Alec Baldwin came in to read. He knocked us out, so I said: "Fred, what do you think?" He said: "He's Junior. I'll be Hoke." And Alec was extraordinary. It rained a lot during
9500-497: Was kind to her, ate everything she ever cooked and never hit her. The film was the first feature directed by George Armitage in over a decade. He later recalled: Bill Horberg, who was associate producer, brought the book to Fred [Ward], and Fred said: "Oh, this is great." I don't know if Bill had money or not to option the book, but Fred did, and he optioned it. He brought it to Jonathan [Demme] and Gary Goetzman, he wanted Jonathan to direct it. Jonathan had just finished Married to
9600-439: Was like me against them, and in some way, unfortunately, I still feel that way. But I think if you're really interested in acting there is a part of you that relishes the struggle. It's a narcotic in the way that you are trained to do this work and nobody will let you do it, so you're a little bit nuts. You lie to people, you cheat, you do whatever it takes to get an audition, get a job. Hackman got various bit roles, for example in
9700-703: Was nominated for a second Best Actor Oscar. After this he appeared in The Package (1989). Hackman starred in Loose Cannons (1990) with Dan Aykroyd , and he had a supporting role in Postcards from the Edge (1990). He appeared with Anne Archer in Narrow Margin (1990), a remake of the 1952 film The Narrow Margin . After Class Action (1991) and Company Business (1991) Hackman played
9800-749: Was nominated for a second Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his role in I Never Sang for My Father (1970). He starred in Doctors' Wives (1971) and The Hunting Party (1971) then won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as New York City Detective Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle in The French Connection (1971), marking his graduation to stardom. After The French Connection , Hackman starred in ten films (not including his cameo in Young Frankenstein ) over
9900-424: Was often out on location making films while the children were growing up. The couple divorced in 1986, after three decades of marriage. In 1991, he married classical pianist Betsy Arakawa (b. 1961). They share a Santa Fe, New Mexico home, which Architectural Digest featured in 1990. At the time, the home blended Southwestern styles and crested a twelve-acre hilltop, with a 360-degree view that stretched to
10000-415: Was rather insulting, and very funny. What I wanted to do in that was have the audience go on that ride with Junior while he was running around and playing cop, and to really enjoy it—and the audiences I saw it with did—but then slowly I wanted to take it away from them, so that by the end they would feel a little bit guilty about having so much fun earlier on in the picture. However, it kind of backfired—we did
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