133-679: Interstate 495 ( I-495 ) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in southeastern New York state. It is jointly maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT), MTA Bridges and Tunnels (TBTA), and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). East of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel , I-495 is known as
266-462: A loop route ) completely surrounds a metropolitan city, and it is often connected with multiple junctions to other routes. Unlike other auxiliary Interstate Highways (and by extension, all primary Interstate Highways ), beltways do not have termini; however, they have a place where the highway mileage resets to zero. Beltways are also preceded by an even number in the first digit. Some examples of beltways include: Kissena Park Kissena Park
399-533: A bond issue that would have funded the project. By 1976, officials were again seeking to widen I-495 using federal funds. The federal government gave $ 270 million (equivalent to $ 1.64 billion in 2023) for the widening of I-495 in the 1970s, but the state government decided in 1978 to divide this funding among several projects. The state allocated $ 80 million (equivalent to $ 293 million in 2023) to improve medians and widen shoulders on I-495 in Queens. By
532-558: A combination of advertising and free publicity in news articles, and they were heavily patronized even outside of peak hours. The lanes were completed on June 30, 2005, at which point they ran from exit 32 in eastern Queens to exit 64 at Medford in Suffolk County. The lanes had cost $ 880 million (equivalent to $ 1.32 billion in 2023) in total. NYSDOT officials estimated that, during rush hours, it would take 45 minutes to travel between exits 32 and 64 using
665-762: A concession to homeowners, the HOV lanes were narrowed and built within the existing roadbed, and the bridges were largely kept as is. Starting in 1998, I-495 was rebuilt between exit 15 (Van Dam Street) and exit 22 (Grand Central Parkway). The renovation cost $ 200 million (equivalent to $ 349 million in 2023) and entailed renovating the highway's main and service roads, improving bridges, and replacing drains. The service roads for exit 19 were rebuilt between 74th Street and Queens Boulevard. There were also plans to rebuild westbound exit 16 to Greenpoint Avenue in Long Island City. The state announced
798-722: A construction contract for the section of the LIE between Jericho Turnpike and South Oyster Bay Road in June 1959. This was followed in November 1959 by a contract for the section between South Oyster Bay Road and the Suffolk County border. The LIE was extended to Glen Cove Road in Roslyn on September 29, 1959, with ramps to and from the Northern State Parkway . By this time, the LIE was continuous between Bayside and Roslyn. After
931-645: A finance magnate who directed the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and the New York Municipal Railways System. Harding used his influence to promote the development of Long Island's roadways, lending strong support to Robert Moses 's "great parkway plan". Harding also urged construction of a highway from Queens Boulevard to the Nassau County Line, in order to provide better access to Oakland Country Club, where he
1064-664: A gazebo and a swimming pool with lake water, both of which were removed. Kissena Park is located on a 19th-century railroad right-of-way . A raised nature trail running through Kissena Park was originally the main line of the Central Railroad of Long Island of A.T. Stewart (later the White Line or Creedmore branch of the Long Island Rail Road . It ran from Flushing to Bellerose and was later extended from Bellerose to Garden City . In August 1940,
1197-646: A habitat for wood duck . Just east of the lake was a water pumping station. It was used first by the College Point Water Works, then by the Citizens Water Supply Company of Newtown, and finally as a city-owned pumping station. Samuel Parsons's children, Samuel Bowne Parsons and Robert Bowne Parsons, later took over running the nursery, and by 1898, Samuel Bowne Parsons's son George H. Parsons, had taken over as superintendent of Parsons Nurseries. Later that year, George
1330-647: A monorail to alleviate congestion on I-495 in Queens. These plans did not come to fruition, and, by the late 1960s, average rush-hour speeds were about five miles per hour (8.0 km/h). The Queens section of I-495 alone carried 180,000 vehicles per day. Major chokepoints existed at the interchanges with I-278, the Grand Central Parkway, I-678, I-295, and the Cross Island Parkway. The westbound roadway between Junction Boulevard and 108th Street also suffered from severe congestion, as did
1463-604: A partial interchange with I-678. Originally, I-495's westbound and eastbound roadways in Queens were separated by a median measuring three to eight feet (0.91 to 2.44 m) wide, with a chainlink fence and emergency telephones. In 1960, state officials announced that they would install a Jersey barrier in the median between 207th Street and the Queens–Nassau border. The remainder of the highway in Queens still contained chainlink fences, which were expensive to repair and could not prevent head-on collisions. In 1970, work commenced on
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#17327659535351596-415: A plan to renovate I-495 in the vicinity of Alley Pond Park and the Cross Island Parkway in 1995. In 2000, Pataki and New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani announced that this segment of I-495 between exits 29 and 32, near Alley Pond Park and the Cross Island Parkway, would be rebuilt at a cost of $ 112 million (equivalent to $ 188 million in 2023). The project was announced after the cancelation of
1729-580: A six-lane elevated route, 10 stories above the city streets to allow for commercial development both above and below the skyway deck. At Second Avenue , it would swing north for connections with the FDR Drive. Between First and Second avenues, ramps would be constructed to provide access to the Queens–;Midtown Tunnel. In December 1965, Moses canceled his plans for the MME due to opposition from
1862-627: A system of highways that would traverse the New York City area. The plan was to cost $ 800 million (equivalent to $ 13.6 billion in 2023), and, in February 1945, the city agreed to pay $ 60 million (equivalent to $ 805 million in 2023) of that cost. That November, the city, state, and federal governments agreed to fund several new highways in New York City. Among these was the Queens Midtown Expressway, which
1995-635: A two-year project to install a Jersey barrier in the median of I-495 from 108th Street to Little Neck Parkway, replacing a 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) median. Plans for a 90-mile (140 km) highway, the Central Motor Expressway, extending east to Riverhead in Suffolk County , Long Island, were first reported by regional newspaper Newsday in late 1953. This length included the Queens–Midtown Expressway, as well as
2128-446: A typical 3-digit Interstate Highway, bypasses usually have both its two termini junctioned with another Interstate highway. Bypass routes are preceded by an even number in the first digit. Examples include: In the case of an auxiliary Interstate highway which has both ends at Interstates but not the same Interstate, some states treat these as bypasses while others treat these as spurs—see Spur route above. A beltway (also known as
2261-568: A wide, grassy median , the asphalt road surface is replaced by a concrete surface, and the expressway is no longer illuminated by streetlights, reflecting the road's location in a more rural area of Long Island. From NY 112 east, the expressway runs through more rural, woodland areas on its trek towards Riverhead . At exit 66 (County Route 101), the service roads become fragmented, and they fully terminate at exit 68 ( William Floyd Parkway ). Exit 70 ( CR 111 ) in Manorville
2394-519: Is a 235-acre (95 ha) park located in the neighborhood of Flushing in Queens , New York City . It is located along the subterranean Kissena Creek , which flows into the Flushing River . It is bordered on the west by Kissena Boulevard ; on the north by Rose, Oak, Underhill, and Lithonia Avenues; on the east by Fresh Meadow Lane; and on the south by Booth Memorial Avenue. The park contains
2527-473: Is cold", "cold place", or "cool water", and the park was later named after the lake. After Parsons died in 1906, part of his former nursery was incorporated in the modern-day park. The name "Kissena Park" can also refer to a residential section of Flushing just north of the park. Kissena Park opened in 1910, and it was incorporated into Kissena Corridor Park in the mid-1950s. Various improvement projects have been conducted during Kissena Park's history, including
2660-596: Is located at a northern entrance to Kissena Park, at Parsons Boulevard and Rose Avenue. Another memorial, a boulder with an inscription dedicated to World War I soldiers from Queens, is located on the southern shore of Kissena Lake. Kissena Park is located in the center of the Kissena Corridor Park , a mostly continuous chain of parks several miles long, and is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway . The corridor, in turn, runs along
2793-406: Is located, and formed a terminal moraine through the center of the island. One of these recesses became Kissena Lake. When the glacier receded, it created several recesses in the land, some of which were filled with water. The topography of Flushing and Northeast Queens was formed during this time, including the creation of Kissena Lake. Glaciation also created a natural source of well water for
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#17327659535352926-483: Is now Fresh Meadows Lane. With help of a team of collectors, Parsons Nurseries found exotic trees and shrubs to import into the United States, and its advertisements filled gardening magazines with depictions of these exotic plants. During the late 1880s, Parsons Nurseries was importing 10,000 Japanese maples into the United States each year with help from Swiss immigrant John R. Trumpy. Parsons Nurseries also
3059-492: Is the last full interchange, as it is the last interchange that allows eastbound traffic on, and the first to allow westbound off. After exit 71 ( NY 24 /Nugent Drive), the expressway begins to narrow as it approaches its eastern terminus. Until 2008, just before exit 72 (NY 25), the three eastbound lanes narrowed to two, which, in turn, narrowed almost immediately to a single lane at exit 73, which lies 800 feet (240 m) east of exit 72. As of 2008, of
3192-423: Is usually one of the following: Examples include: Sometimes, a three-digit Interstate Highway branches off from another three-digit Interstate Highway. These spurs do not connect directly with their parent highways, but are associated with them via the three-digit highways they do intersect with. Examples include: A bypass route may traverse around a city, or may run through it with the mainline bypassing. In
3325-545: Is visible from the highway's westbound lanes. To the east, the freeway connects to the Cross Island Parkway at exit 31 in the park prior to exiting the New York City limits, crossing into Nassau County and becoming the LIE. Although the LIE name officially begins outside the New York City border, almost all locals and most signage use "the Long Island Expressway" or "the LIE" to refer
3458-594: The Long Island Expressway ( LIE ). Spanning approximately 66 miles (106 km), I-495 traverses Long Island from the western portal of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel in the New York City borough of Manhattan to County Route 58 (CR 58) in Riverhead in the east. I-495 intersects with I-295 in Bayside, Queens , through which it connects with I-95 . The 2017 route log erroneously shows
3591-878: The Mid-Manhattan Expressway ( MME , also called the Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway ) to the Lincoln Tunnel , which it would follow into New Jersey and connect to I-95 in Secaucus . The I-495 designation was assigned to the New Jersey approach to the tunnel in anticipation of the MME being completed. However, the project was canceled and the MME was officially removed from I-495 on January 1, 1970. The New Jersey stretch of I-495 became Route 495 in 1979. Manhattan Borough President Samuel Levy first proposed
3724-658: The New York City Board of Estimate approved Queens Borough President George U. Harvey 's request to acquire the former Stewart Railroad right-of-way from Flushing Meadows at Lawrence Street (College Point Boulevard) east to Fresh Meadow Road (now Utopia Parkway ). The right-of-way was acquired into two tracts. The western tract west of Kissena Park and Kissena Boulevard extended 1 mile (1.6 km) with an average width of 500 feet (150 m). The eastern segment also extended one mile past Kissena Park, with an average width of 85 feet (26 m). The western stretch of
3857-695: The New York State Department of Public Works later modified the highway's route in the vicinity of Little Neck Parkway , near the Queens–Nassau border, because of complaints from residents. At Little Neck Parkway, Horace Harding Boulevard continued northeast and then eastward, whereas the LIE was to take a more southerly path. Work began on the Horace Harding Expressway in 1955. However, it soon encountered delays because of weather conditions, construction worker strikes , and difficulties in building across existing roads and swampy land. Business owners along Horace Harding Boulevard complained that
3990-533: The U.S. team trials for the 1964 Summer Olympics . It is the only remaining bicycle track in New York City. By the 1980s. the park was being used as an illegal dumping ground. Algae buildup in Kissena Lake necessitated another restoration project, which was undertaken in 1983. Subsequently, a local naturalist named Charlie Emerson started planting a garden in 1986. The garden and an adjoining nature center were dedicated for Emerson in 1990. Meanwhile,
4123-540: The Woodhaven Boulevard station and go to Kissena Boulevard via a right-of-way parallel and adjacent to the LIE. In Phase I, it would have gone to Kissena Boulevard at Queens College and, in Phase ;II, to Fresh Meadows and Bayside . This "Northeastern Queens" line would have been built in conjunction with the planned widening of the expressway. The subway tracks would have been placed under
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4256-467: The borough . A mile (1.6 km) after entering Queens, I-495 meets I-278 ( Brooklyn–Queens Expressway ) at exit 17, then briefly becomes a two-level, 12-lane highway traveling across Calvary Cemetery . Merging into one level at Maurice Avenue, I-495 continues through the neighborhoods of Maspeth , Elmhurst , and Rego Park . East of NY 25 ( Queens Boulevard ) in Rego Park, I-495 becomes
4389-471: The "Midtown Highway". The tunnel, the Midtown Highway, and the segment of Laurel Hill Boulevard between the highway and Queens Boulevard all became part of a realigned NY 24 in the mid-1940s. Parts of this highway were built on the right-of-way of a streetcar line that extended from Hunters Point to southern Flushing . In the 1940s, city planner Robert Moses proposed the construction of
4522-562: The 1980s, the stretch of I-495 between I-278 and the Grand Central Parkway was frequently carrying 110 percent of its capacity, and there were frequent accidents. In 1981, officials proposed several improvements for that highway segment, including adding a two-lane grade-separated service road between the two highways, realigning service roads at 69th and 108th streets, and improving entrance and exit ramps. Initially, I-495 lacked street lights in Nassau and Suffolk counties. As early as 1969,
4655-478: The Broad Hollow Expressway. After the project was canceled in the 1970s, the west-to-northbound onramp was moved to nearby CR 3 (Pinelawn Road), and the original ramp was replaced with a park and ride . Exit 52 (Commack Road/ CR 4 ) was intended to be moved west to an interchange with the formerly proposed Babylon–Northport Expressway (realigned NY 231 ) in the vicinity of
4788-468: The Chippewa. The name was given to the lake by horticulturalist Samuel Bowne Parsons (father of Samuel Parsons Jr. ), who operated a nursery near the lake in the late 1800s. Kissena and Kissena Corridor Parks share the name with Kissena Boulevard which runs north-to-south between the two parks, and Kissena Creek , which formerly ran through the park. The area of Flushing surrounding
4921-657: The Clearview Interchange opened, the LIE was continuous between Manhattan and Roslyn, and it was designated in its entirety as NY 24. The old surface alignment of NY 24 south of the expressway became NY 24A . The LIE was extended east from Glen Cove Road to NY 106 / NY 107 in Jericho on October 8, 1960, and was then opened to South Oyster Bay Road in Syosset in December 1960. By 1962,
5054-576: The Grand Central Parkway and I-678. The expressway continues east as a six-lane highway, veering to the southeast to bypass Kissena Park before curving back to the northeast to meet the Clearview Expressway ( I-295 ) at the northern edge of Cunningham Park . Past I-295, I-495 passes by the " Queens Giant ", the oldest and tallest tree in the New York metropolitan area . The tree, located just north of I-495 in Alley Pond Park ,
5187-621: The Grumman Calverton Naval Air Base between exits 70 and 71. This would have provided an additional interchange known as exit 70A. Exit 71 itself was intended to be a cloverleaf interchange with CR 94 (Nugent Drive) and the Hamptons Spur of the LIE. After the Hamptons Spur proposal was canceled, the plans for exit 71 were altered to call for a complete diamond interchange. Plans for I-495 called for it to extend across Manhattan on
5320-472: The HOV lanes within Queens. Work started in August 2000 and was substantially completed by 2005. The project included the restoration of 12 acres (4.9 ha) within the park, as well as the construction of new ramps to and from the Cross Island Parkway at exit 30. As part of the reconstruction, two cloverleaf ramps were replaced with flyovers, the shoulders in each direction were converted into travel lanes,
5453-635: The HOV lanes, as opposed to 90 to 120 minutes using the general-purpose lanes. Construction of the HOV lanes within Queens was delayed due to opposition from local officials and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . The HOV segment in Queens was canceled altogether in 1998, when Governor George Pataki announced that the additional lanes between exits 30 and 32 in Queens would be entrance and exit lanes, rather than HOV lanes. The HOV project would have rebuilt many bridges along I-495 between exits 33 and 40 in Nassau County. As
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5586-545: The Horace Harding Expressway. I-495 heads northeast through Corona to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park , intersecting both the Grand Central Parkway and the Van Wyck Expressway ( I-678 ) within the park limits. Because the interchanges in this area are close together, the highway employs two sets of collector–distributor roads through this area: one between 69th and 99th streets and one between
5719-522: The Kissena Corridor site between Main Street and Kissena Boulevard with municipal waste as a landfill . Afterward, the landfill would be excavated to install the sewer, and would act as a cover for the sewer. At the time, using garbage to fill the marshlands was considered more economical than filling it with clean dirt. In addition, the fill would help mitigate mosquitoes which inhabited
5852-416: The LIE line. This was the second time that voters declined a bond issue to finance this extension, with the first being on November 2, 1971, for $ 2.5 billion (equivalent to $ 14.4 billion in 2023). If built, the MME would have had the following exits: Auxiliary Interstate Highway Auxiliary Interstate Highways (also called three-digit Interstate Highways ) are a subset of highways within
5985-617: The LIE within Suffolk County—a 15-mile (24 km) section from Melville to Veterans Memorial Highway (now NY 454 ) near Islandia —was opened to traffic between 1962 and 1963. A five-mile (8.0 km) extension of the LIE from Oyster Bay Road to NY 110 opened in August 1962, bringing the highway into Suffolk County. The rest of the highway to Islandia was constructed simultaneously. A 3.5-mile (5.6 km) extension from NY 110 to Deer Park Road opened in October 1962, followed
6118-509: The LIE would carry 80,000 vehicles per day by 1970. In part, because of induced demand , the highway was ineffective in reducing traffic. By 1962, the LIE had reached its peak capacity, carrying between 125,000 and 150,000 vehicles per day. Officials considered constructing four reversible lanes above the existing highway in Queens; this plan would have cost about $ 100 million (equivalent to $ 771 million in 2023). New York City's commissioner of highways also proposed constructing
6251-599: The MME connector in 1936. The plan called for an expressway link crossing Midtown Manhattan near 34th Street , then, as now, a heavily traveled crosstown surface street. The original idea was a pair of two-lane tunnels, the MME connecting the West Side Highway on Hudson River and the FDR Drive on the East River . By 1949, Moses had proposed a six-lane elevated expressway along 30th Street. The expressway
6384-578: The NY ;24 designation was removed from the LIE and reassigned to its former surface alignment to the south, while the portion of the freeway east of the Clearview Expressway became NY 495 (and later, I-495). By 1958, it was estimated that the entire highway would not be completed until 1970. Real-estate developers believed that the LIE's construction was not proceeding quickly enough, and Suffolk County's supervisors also advocated for
6517-458: The New York state government. The portion of the highway in Nassau and Suffolk counties was built with equal funding from the federal and state governments. The first piece of what is now I-495 – the Queens–Midtown Tunnel , linking Manhattan and Queens – opened to traffic on November 15, 1940. The highway connecting the tunnel to Laurel Hill Boulevard was built around the same time and named
6650-693: The North Fork extension of the LIE. A New York City Subway line along the LIE corridor had been proposed in the 1929 and 1939 IND Second System plans as an extension of the BMT Broadway Line east of the 60th Street Tunnel , prior to the construction of the expressway. These were the predecessors to a line proposed in 1968 as part of the Program for Action . It would have split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line west of
6783-555: The Parsons land. This land was used to create the "Kissena Park" residential development. New York City bought the rest of the Parsons land and a few other land parcels to create Kissena Park. A 14-acre (5.7 ha) tract of Parsons's exotic specimens was preserved and is now the Historic Grove. In 1907, Paris and McDougal were accused of graft and fraud after they attempted to sell 87 acres (35 ha) of land back to
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#17327659535356916-589: The Queens–Midtown Expressway's route in Maspeth and South Elmhurst , thus reducing land acquisition costs by $ 769,000 (equivalent to $ 7 million in 2023). The city government awarded the first construction contracts for the highway in July 1953. The first section of the highway to open was the 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section between Laurel Hill Boulevard and Maurice Avenue, which opened on February 24, 1955. The six-lane highway ran through Calvary Cemetery . Afterward,
7049-521: The Queens–Midtown Tunnel and Maurice Avenue was converted to a westbound HOV and bus lane during the morning rush hour. Plans to widen I-495 between I-278 and I-678 were announced by New York City mayor John Lindsay in January 1968. Two additional local lanes would be built beside the three existing lanes in each direction. The plans were postponed in 1974 after state voters failed to approve
7182-545: The Queens–Midtown Tunnel. In 1966, the New York City Board of Estimate approved plans to reconstruct the interchange with I-278 as a cloverleaf interchange ; the project was planned to cost around $ 70 million (equivalent to $ 502 million in 2023) and take three years. State officials awarded a contract for the project in June 1967, and work began that October. A ramp from the eastbound I-495 to I-278 opened in 1968. Starting in 1971, one lane of I-495 between
7315-435: The Queens–Nassau border from 160 to 260 feet (49 to 79 m). That May, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the widening of Horace Harding Boulevard and Power House Road and constructing an expressway in the road's median at a cost of $ 25 million (equivalent to $ 235 million in 2023). The project's cost had increased to $ 34 million (equivalent to $ 313 million in 2023) by October 1952. The same year,
7448-441: The Queens–Nassau border, to exit 64 (NY 112), in central Suffolk County. From 6:00 am to 10:00 am and from 3:00 pm to 8:00 pm Monday through Friday, the HOV lanes are limited to busses, motorcycles, and Clean Pass vehicles without occupancy requirement and passenger vehicles with at least two occupants. Trailers and commercial trucks are always prohibited therein. Vehicles are only allowed to enter and exit
7581-601: The Queens–Nassau county line to Willis Avenue in Roslyn Heights , officially opened to traffic. The section of the LIE between Roslyn and the Nassau–Suffolk border was initially controversial; at a public hearing in late 1957, 100 homeowners criticized the alignment of that section of highway. By early the next year, work had commenced on the section of the LIE between Guinea Woods Road (now Glen Cove Road ) and Jericho Turnpike. The New York state government awarded
7714-401: The United States' Interstate Highway System . The 323 auxiliary routes generally fall into three types: spur routes , which connect to or intersect the parent route at one end; bypasses , which connect to the parent route at both ends; and beltways , which form a circle that intersects the parent route at two locations. Some routes connect to the parent route at one end but to another route at
7847-534: The Utopia Playground. The system of waterways was mostly a wetland area. The very first people to occupy the area were the Native Americans, though little evidence remains of their settlements. The site was then settled by Dutch and English settlers who founded the town of Flushing . In 1868, Samuel Parsons opened Parsons Nurseries, one of the earliest commercial gardens, near what
7980-479: The Velodrome had deteriorated over the years, and, by 2000, efforts were underway to renovate the track. In 2003, a $ 2.3 million restoration drained the lake in stages, resulting in its current appearance. The city water was replaced with well water, an aeration system was installed the concrete bulkheads were replaced with natural-looking materials such as rocks and plants, and a small island for birds and turtles
8113-607: The World War I memorial knoll on the south side of Kissena Lake was dedicated in 1921. Kissena Park was originally envisioned as the primary park of Queens, similar to Central Park in Manhattan and Prospect Park in Brooklyn. It contained landscaping, similar to both parks: the western end of Kissena Lake drained into the creek and was traversed by a bridge, similar to Central Park's Gapstow Bridge . The park also included
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#17327659535358246-418: The addition of the velodrome in 1962 and restorations of the lake in 1942 and 1983. Subsequently, the Kissena Velodrome was restored and rededicated in 2004, and a Korean War memorial was dedicated in 2007. Kissena Park is bounded by Booth Memorial Avenue to the south; Kissena Boulevard to the west; Rose, Oak, Underhill, and Lithonia Avenues to the north; and Fresh Meadows Lane to the east. The south side of
8379-427: The adjacent Kissena Corridor Park are named after Kissena Lake. The word "Kissena" is from the Chippewa language meaning "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water". The Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Native Americans are not native to the New York area, but rather to the Midwestern United States . However, the New York area was inhabited by the Canarsee and Rockaway Lenape groups, who are Algonquian peoples along with
8512-411: The area around Kissena Creek. An existing landfill was already present on Rose Avenue in Kissena Park. This dump, which collected ashes, garbage, and refuse from Flushing, began operations in the 1930s. A second Kissena Park landfill on North Hempstead Turnpike (Booth Memorial Avenue) was opened on November 14, 1943 and closed in July 1945. Concurrently with the Kissena Corridor project, Kissena Lake
8645-488: The area. Kissena Lake was part of a watercourse called Kissena Creek, previously known as Mill Creek or Ireland Mill Creek, which ran east-to-west through what are now Kissena Park and Kissena Corridor Park. The creek began at a swamp in the modern Kew Gardens Hills and Pomonok areas south of Kissena Park. Past the swamp, the creek traveled east parallel to 72nd Avenue, then turning north in modern Fresh Meadows, traveling parallel to today's Utopia Parkway to
8778-472: The city at inflated prices, earning $ 140,000 as a result. A grand jury was convened to investigate the transaction. Joseph Bermel , the Queens borough president at the time, was later found to be involved in the deal, having allegedly received $ 12,000 from the transaction. In March 1908, the grand jury recommended that those involved be found guilty of graft. Later that month, Bermel was charged with perjury and bribery after he tried to hide his involvement in
8911-494: The city government, which wanted to build a crosstown tunnel instead. The I-495 designation was removed from the expressway on January 1, 1970. In 1971, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller removed state plans for the MME, along with about a dozen other highway plans including I-78 through New York City, of which another crosstown highway known as the Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX) was part. Long Island lobbied to extend I-495 east over NY 495. The extension took place in
9044-427: The city's only remaining velodrome , a lake of the same name, two war memorials, and various playgrounds and sports fields. The site of Kissena Park was originally part of a tree nursery operated by Samuel Parsons in the late 19th century, though parts of the park were also the site of a Long Island Rail Road line. The lake on Parsons's property was named "Kissena", which comes from the Chippewa language meaning "it
9177-475: The county executive for Nassau County had advocated for the installation of street lights along a 15-mile (24 km) stretch of the LIE within that county. Despite constant requests from Nassau County officials, no immediate plans were made until 1980, when the first streetlights were installed in eastern Nassau County. The state government planned to add about 1,425 lamps between the Queens–Nassau border and NY 112 (exit 64) since that segment of I-495
9310-430: The county, meet three times, although they actually cross only once at exit 46 near the county line. I-495 interchanges with the Seaford–Oyster Bay Expressway ( NY 135 ). In Suffolk County , the LIE continues its eight-lane configuration with the HOV lane to exit 64 ( NY 112 ). At this point, the HOV lane ends and the highway narrows to six lanes; additionally, the concrete Jersey barrier gives way to
9443-427: The dump, as well as an extension of 146th Street that had been planned along with the dump. The western stretch of the Kissena Corridor was eventually landfilled in the 1950s from dirt excavated for the construction of the Long Island Expressway . The Kissena Velodrome, a 400-meter (1,300 ft) velodrome , was constructed in the center of the park in 1962. It was used during the 1964 New York World's Fair and
9576-617: The early 1980s, at which time the NY 495 signs were taken down and I-495 was extended to the east end of the LIE. The section of I-495 in the vicinity of the Lincoln Tunnel was redesignated as NY 495 at this time. The extension of I-495 to Riverhead makes the highway a spur, which should have an odd first digit according to the Interstate Highway System 's numbering scheme. Even first digits are usually assigned to bypasses, connectors, and beltways, as I-495
9709-603: The eastbound roadway near Springfield Boulevard. By 1972, the highway was being used by over 150,000 vehicles a day. State officials announced plans to designate the segment of the LIE east of I-295 as an Interstate highway following the passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 . The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials did not formally extend the I-495 designation from New York City to Riverhead until May 1984. Subsequently,
9842-425: The entire length of I-495. The service roads of I-495 are called Borden Avenue and Queens Midtown Expressway between I-278 and Queens Boulevard, and they are known as Horace Harding Expressway between Queens Boulevard and the Nassau County line. The Horace Harding Expressway section follows the path of Horace Harding Boulevard (also previously called Nassau Boulevard), which was named for J. Horace Harding (1863–1929),
9975-449: The entirety of the LIE was designated as I-495. The ramp from the westbound I-495 to the westbound I-278 in Queens was so congested that a traffic light was installed on that ramp in 1962. State officials planned to reconstruct the interchange, although the project was delayed for several years. In addition, they planned to build a six-lane viaduct above the existing highway between I-278 and 58th Street, which would carry traffic to and from
10108-509: The expressway or its service roads or in the median of a widened LIE in a similar manner to the Blue Line of the Chicago "L" . It had been previously proposed to run the line from the 63rd Street tunnel under Northern Boulevard to Flushing (near the current Flushing–Main Street station ), then south under Kissena and Parsons boulevards to meet with the LIE at Queens College. The LIE line
10241-687: The expressway's pavement. The 0.9-mile (1.4 km) segment of the LIE near the Clearview Interchange , between Peck Avenue and 224th Street, officially opened on August 12, 1960. The interchange itself, which contained eight ramps and eight overpasses, was not open at the time because I-295 was still under construction. Between 1961 and 1963, in advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair , the NYSDOT built service roads along I-495 in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and it constructed
10374-620: The expressway; buildings would be constructed below the viaduct as well. One unusual variation involved running the roadway through the sixth and seventh floors of the Empire State Building . In 1963, plans for the expressway were finalized, and it received the I-495 designation. Beginning from its elevated connections to 12th Avenue ( NY 9A ) or the West Side Highway, the MME would mostly follow 30th Street east of Ninth Avenue . The expressway would travel east as
10507-558: The extension of the Bethpage State Parkway near Washington Avenue in Plainview. The site of exit 47 is now a truck inspection site between exits 46 and 48, which opened in 2006. The original right-of-ways for the service roads between exits 48 and 49 were intended to weave around the steep Manetto Hills area of the main road, rather than running parallel to the road as it does today. The land between
10640-434: The grade the western stretch of Kissena Corridor Park between Flushing Meadows and 164th Street, including Kissena Park, by using it as a temporary garbage dump. Moses had already began filling the sites of other future parks with municipal waste, including Spring Creek Park and Marine Park in Brooklyn. The plans were opposed by Queens Borough President Maurice A. FitzGerald . On June 7, 1951, Moses eliminated plans for
10773-517: The highway to be completed as soon as possible. Bidding for the first section of the LIE in Suffolk County, from the Nassau border to NY 110 in Melville , began in February 1960. Supporters of the highway believed that its completion would reduce traffic on Long Island's west–east arterial roads. Over the next decade, the completion of the LIE in Suffolk County spurred significant population growth in communities along its route. Over one-third of
10906-515: The intersection of Lawrence Street and Fowler and Blossom Avenues, near the modern-day Queens Botanical Garden west of Kissena Park. On February 19, 1948, the final contract for the project, including the trunk line from 188th Street to Francis Lewis Boulevard , was authorized from the Board of Estimate. On February 27, the Queens borough sewer engineer announced that the cost of the sewer project would run to over $ 10 million, $ 2.25 million higher than
11039-646: The land west of Kissena Boulevard was to become the Kissena Corridor Park, which would connect Flushing Meadows and Kissena Parks. The eastern stretch of the land would be developed into a second corridor called the "Cunningham Corridor", which would connect Kissena Park with Cunningham Park further southeast. The corridors would include playgrounds, sports fields, park trails, and bicycle and bridle paths which would connect to existing paths in Cunningham Park. The Kissena Corridor project
11172-401: The lanes at designated junctions. Originally, the HOV lanes were restricted to passenger vehicles with at least two occupants. Starting in 2006, drivers of certain hybrid vehicle models were allowed to use the lanes even if they were driving alone. By 2014, over one-third of all traffic on the LIE between exits 32 and 64 used the HOV lane during peak hours. NYSDOT contemplated restricting
11305-410: The lanes to passenger vehicles with at least three occupants but ultimately decided against this change. I-495 was constructed in stages from 1940 to 1972. Its completion was intended to alleviate congestion along local roads on Long Island. Most of the highway in Queens was built as part of the Interstate Highway System , with 90 percent funding from the federal government and 10 percent from
11438-521: The main road. Ramps on the east side of the Long Island Motor Parkway and west side of NY 111 would be eliminated as part of the interchange's construction. Between exits 57 and 58, there was a proposed extension of the Northern State Parkway . Prior to the construction of the interchange with CR 97 (Nicolls Road), exit 62 was for Morris and Waverly avenues eastbound and Morris Avenue westbound. Exit 68
11571-491: The mainline expressway could be widened, and rebuilding the at-grade junction between College Point Boulevard and Horace Harding Expressway. The interchange with Grand Central Parkway was rebuilt from early 2015 to February 2018, with the replacement of the three overpasses carrying I-495 over the parkway. The $ 55-million (equivalent to $ 65.7 million in 2023) reconstruction included extending merge lanes, replacing and adding lighting, and improving drainage structures. As I-495
11704-603: The modern Kissena Park Golf Course just south of Flushing Cemetery . The creek then turned west through the modern Kissena Park, Kissena Corridor Park, and Queens Botanical Garden sites before meeting Flushing Creek at what is now the Fountain of Planets / Pool of Industry in Flushing Meadows. The system included several lakes, including Kissena Lake, as well as a pond in Fresh Meadows now occupied by
11837-414: The new roadway, which was estimated to cost $ 26 million (equivalent to $ 264 million in 2023) to construct, excluding $ 23 million (equivalent to $ 233 million in 2023) in land acquisition costs. A later proposal had the roadway situated 10 stories above valuable commercial real estate. Air rights above the expressway would be sold and new highrise buildings would be constructed above
11970-557: The next month by another 2.7-mile (4.3 km) segment from Deer Park Road to Commack Road. A further 6.5-mile (10.5 km) extension opened to NY 454 in August 1963. Three more sections of the LIE, from Islandia to exit 71 near Riverhead, were completed in 1969 and 1970. The 5.3-mile (8.5 km) segment from Veterans Memorial Highway to Patchogue–Holbrook Road was opened on October 27, 1966, by governor Nelson Rockefeller . The discontinuous section of highway between William Floyd Parkway and exit 71 opened in June 1969 and
12103-433: The numbers can repeat from state to state along their route, but they will not repeat within a state. There are three states that have no auxiliary Interstate Highways: Alaska, Arizona, and New Mexico. North Dakota has an auxiliary route, but it is unsigned , and Wyoming's does not meet Interstate Highway standards. Auxiliary Interstates are divided into three types: spur , loop , and bypass routes. The first digit of
12236-514: The old Midtown Highway became known as the "Queens–Midtown Expressway". The entire highway from Laurel Hill Boulevard (by this point upgraded into the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway ) to the junction of Queens Boulevard (NY 24 and NY 25 ) and Horace Harding Boulevard ( NY 25D ) opened on November 5, 1955. This 3.2-mile (5.1 km) section of the LIE had cost $ 29.5 million (equivalent to $ 262 million in 2023) and
12369-687: The other end; some states treat these as spurs while others treat them as bypasses. Like the primary Interstate Highways , auxiliary highways meet Interstate Highway standards (with rare exceptions ). The shorter auxiliary routes branch from primary routes; their numbers are based on the parent route's number. All of the supplement routes for Interstate 95 (I-95) are designated with a three-digit number ending in "95": I-x95. With some exceptions, spur routes are numbered with an odd hundreds digit (such as I-395 ), while bypasses and beltways are numbered with an even hundreds digit (such as I-695 ). Because longer Interstates may have many such supplemental routes,
12502-416: The park is mostly meadow land. Kissena Park contains a small lake, Kissena Lake, on the northeast corner. Formerly a wetland, it was transformed into a "bathtub lake" during a 1942 renovation. A freshwater marsh is located on the southern shore of the lake. The Historic Grove is located on a 14-acre (5.7 ha) site on the north end of the park, and contains trees from a nursery that formerly occupied
12635-450: The park site. It contains an old-growth forest that existed prior to the park's creation. The 400-meter (1,300 ft) Kissena Velodrome , at the center of the park, is used for track cycling and is the city's only remaining bicycle track. The velodrome hosts multiple bicycling programs, including Star Track. The rest of the park contains various playgrounds, soccer fields, tennis courts, and baseball fields. A Korean War memorial
12768-534: The passage of a $ 3-billion (equivalent to $ 6.67 billion in 2023) bond issue that year, the state proposed marking the additional lanes as HOV lanes. The state approved the construction of these lanes east of the Cross Island Parkway in 1991. The lanes were built in sections. The first section to open, a 12-mile (19 km) section in western Suffolk County, was opened in May 1994; two additional sections opened in 1998 and 1999. The lanes soon became well known due to
12901-429: The path of a former Long Island Rail Road line that was originally known as Central Railroad of Long Island . A plaque commemorating the railroad is located at the northwest corner of the park. Bicycle paths connect the park westward to Main Street . The former Long Island Motor Parkway , now a bike path, connects Kissena Park with Cunningham Park and Alley Pond Park via the Kissena Corridor. Kissena Park and
13034-561: The previous figure. The main trunk of the Corridor Sewer was completed by September 1948, although many of the feeder lines had yet to be constructed. At the end of the 1939–40 New York World's Fair in 1940, debris from the demolition of the fair exhibits was used to fill the section of the future Kissena Corridor west of Main Street (today's Queens Botanical Garden ). By 1941, the New York City Department of Sanitation led by Commissioner William F. Carey began planning to fill
13167-471: The project was reducing their income and isolating their businesses from surrounding neighborhoods. A 1.5-mile (2.4 km) section of the LIE near Alley Pond Park in eastern Queens, between Cloverdale Boulevard in Bayside and Little Neck Parkway, officially opened on September 25, 1957. The highway segment reduced the need for cars to use West Alley Road, a winding road that crossed the park. Construction on
13300-407: The proposed highway would not charge tolls, regardless of whether the expressway received federal funding under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 . From the outset, a minimum speed limit of 40 mph (64 km/h) was enforced on the segment of the LIE in Nassau and Suffolk counties. On September 30, 1958, the first section of the LIE outside New York City, a five-mile (8.0 km) segment from
13433-487: The scandal. He resigned his post as borough president in April 1908 and was subsequently scheduled to give testimony at a grand jury trial, but fled the United States the day before he was to testify. Bermel's lawyer and brother were also charged with perjury. The actual construction of the park involved draining and filling in the marshland that made up the majority of the park's area. Kissena Park opened in 1910, while
13566-613: The section between Queens Boulevard and the Queens –Nassau county line is known as the Horace Harding Expressway . The service roads which run parallel to either side of the expressway in Queens are signed as Borden Avenue and Queens Midtown Expressway and as Horace Harding Expressway and Horace Harding Boulevard; from the Queens–Nassau county line to Sills Road, they are designated as the unsigned New York State Route 906A ( NY 906A ) and New York State Route 906B ( NY 906B ). The highway begins at
13699-588: The section between Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst and Parsons Boulevard in Pomonok was several years behind schedule, but this section was open by mid-1959. For several months, the highway abruptly terminated at Parsons Boulevard, and barriers funneled traffic onto the service road; the highway was extended to Peck Avenue in Fresh Meadows in late 1959. The section of the LIE west of the Clearview Expressway
13832-746: The section of highway between I-278 in Long Island City and I-678 in Corona as New York State Route 495 (NY 495). The LIE designation, despite being commonly applied to all of I-495 east of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, technically refers to the stretch of highway in Nassau and Suffolk counties. The section from the Queens Midtown Tunnel to Queens Boulevard is known as the Queens Midtown Expressway , and
13965-473: The section of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway south of the junction with the Queens–Midtown Expressway. Suffolk County supervisors endorsed the plans soon after they were announced. In 1954, New York State Governor Thomas E. Dewey approved plans for the LIE, extending 64 miles (103 km) between the Queens–Nassau border and Riverhead. Moses and New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. said that
14098-413: The service road and the main road was reserved for housing developments. The right-of-way for the original westbound service road still weaves through the development on the north side of the road. Exit 49 was originally a cloverleaf interchange with the outer ramps connecting to the service roads at a point closer to NY 110 . This was in preparation for NY 110's formerly proposed upgrade into
14231-422: The standard numbering guidelines exist for a number of reasons. In some cases, original routes were changed, extended, or abandoned, leaving discrepancies in the system. In other cases, it may not be possible to use the proper number because the limited set of available numbers has been exhausted, causing a "non-standard" number to be used. A spur route 's number usually has an odd number for its first digit. It
14364-521: The three digits usually signifies whether a route is a bypass, spur, or beltway. The last two digits are derived from the main Interstate Highway. For instance, I-115 contains an odd number in the first digit (1), which indicates that this freeway is a spur. The last two digits signify the highway's origin. In this case, the "15" in I-115 shows that it is a supplement to I-15 . Exceptions to
14497-436: The two lanes, one lane is designated for exit 72 and the other is for exit 73, which ends the squeeze into a single lane that formerly existed at exit 73. At exit 73, all traffic along the expressway is diverted onto a ramp leading to eastbound CR 58 , marking the east end of the route. There is one HOV lane in each direction, in the median of the highway, between exit 32 (Little Neck Parkway), near
14630-607: The two parking areas. These ramps would have been accessible from the service roads. The westbound offramp and service road at exit 54 (Wicks Road/ CR 7 ) originally terminated at the Long Island Motor Parkway , east of Wicks Road. The westbound onramp was squeezed between the northwest corner of the Wicks Road bridge and exit 53. Excessive weaving between exits 52, 53, and 54 caused NYSDOT to combine all three interchanges into one and replace
14763-560: The two parks is also informally known as "Kissena Park". Kissena Park's natural features were formed during the Wisconsin glaciation , about 20,000 years ago. The site of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park , slightly west of Kissena Park, was originally part of the ancestral path of the Hudson River , and the present-day Kissena Lake was located on the eastern shore of the river. The glacier covered much of Long Island , where Queens
14896-492: The two projects had increased to $ 55 million (equivalent to $ 507 million in 2023), of which the Queens–Midtown Expressway was to cost $ 21 million (equivalent to $ 193 million in 2023). To help fund the Queens–Midtown Expressway, Moses reallocated funding from two other highway projects in early 1953. That October, the New York City Planning Commission approved a minor revision to
15029-539: The west-to-southbound offramp to the Sagtikos State Parkway with a flyover ramp. Exit 54 was eliminated during this project. Exit 55A was meant to be a trumpet interchange for the Hauppauge Spur of NY 347 , between the Long Island Motor Parkway (exit 55) and NY 111 (exit 56). The service roads were intended to go around the interchange rather than run parallel to
15162-499: The westbound exit 31 to Douglaston Parkway was closed, and new collector–distributor ramps were installed east of the Cross Island Parkway interchange. Starting in 2004, NYSDOT examined proposals to reconfigure exit 22 with I-678 and the Grand Central Parkway in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park . These included plans to construct direct ramps between the highways, relocating the service roads of I-495 so
15295-518: The western end of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel in the Murray Hill section of Manhattan . The route heads eastward, passing under FDR Drive and the East River as it proceeds through the TBTA -maintained tunnel to Queens . Once on Long Island , the highway passes through the site of the tunnel's former toll plaza and becomes the Queens–Midtown Expressway as it travels through the western portion of
15428-412: Was a member. After his death, the boulevard he helped build was named for him. Horace Harding was not related to the former President Warren G. Harding . Heading into Nassau County, the expressway contains a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane in each direction, which begins at exit 33 and runs to central Suffolk County. I-495 and the adjacent Northern State Parkway , which parallels the LIE through
15561-563: Was also supposed to include the construction of a major storm sewer through the corridor, which the Parks Department said was necessitated as a result of "the great extent of this natural drainage basin." In 1942, the federal War Production Board barred the construction of the Corridor Sewer, due to steel requirements for the World War II effort. Groundbreaking ceremonies for the sewer project were held on April 1, 1947, at
15694-555: Was approved in July 1968. The line was opposed by many residents of the surrounding communities because it would entail widening I-495, which would necessitate the demolition of nearby homes. By 1973, the final design for the Northeast Queens LIE line was published. The LIE line was canceled later that year because state residents had voted against a $ 3.5-billion (equivalent to $ 18.3 billion in 2023) bond measure that would have paid for five subway extensions, including
15827-440: Was being built across Long Island, it was specifically designed to accommodate certain topographical conditions and proposed interchanges. Exit 30 was originally a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Cross Island Parkway , while eastbound exit 30S was for Easthampton Boulevard with a connecting ramp to the southbound Cross Island Parkway. Exit 31 was originally a westbound only interchange for Douglaston Parkway; it
15960-488: Was built within the lake. The Kissena Velodrome was also restored, and the track was rededicated in 2004. In 2007, the Korean War memorial was unveiled at the park's northern entrance at Parsons Boulevard. The memorial, designed by William Crozier, commemorates Korean War veterans from Queens. Its centerpiece is a bronze sculpture called The Anguish of Experience , which depicts "a solitary soldier whose face portrays
16093-451: Was designated as I-495 in October 1958. The windmill interchange with the Clearview Expressway ( I-295 ) in Bayside was the last section of the LIE in New York City to be completed. Construction on that interchange had started in January 1959. By early 1960, the LIE saw more than 120,000 vehicles per day, although congestion frequently built up at Bayside. The marshy land in the vicinity of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park caused cracking on
16226-434: Was dredged in 1942 as part of a Works Progress Administration initiative. This transformed Kissena Lake into a "bathtub lake". Prior to the renovation, Kissena Lake was part of a wetland, which was believed to be a worthless type of land during the 20th century. A later renovation entailed categorization and major cleanup of the tree groves by Parks Department interns. In May 1951, Robert Moses announced plans to raise
16359-515: Was extended west to Holbrook in December 1969. A six-mile (9.7 km) segment between Horseblock Road and Holbrook, connecting the two sections of the LIE, continued for several months. After this section opened on June 9, 1970, the LIE was continuous between Manhattan and Riverhead. There were delays in constructing the easternmost two miles (3.2 km) of the LIE from exit 71 to CR 58 . The extension to CR 58 opened to traffic on June 28, 1972. Officials had originally predicted that
16492-485: Was found in the lavatory by his father; he had died of heart failure. Parsons Nurseries closed in 1901. The land was acquired for Kissena Park (then called Kissena Lake Park) between 1904 and 1914. The family of Samuel Bowne Parsons had sold off his nursery following his 1906 death. The nursery was located at the north end of the modern park at Parsons Boulevard and Rose Avenue. Real estate developers John W. Paris and Edward McDougal (or MacDougall) bought most of
16625-519: Was funded by the TBTA , of which Moses was chair. NY 24 initially remained routed on Laurel Hill and Queens boulevards. The LIE was built over much of Horace Harding Boulevard within eastern Queens and Power House Road within western Nassau County . Prior to the LIE's construction, the route was designated as NY 25D. As part of his March 1951 proposal for the Queens–Midtown Expressway, Moses proposed widening an 8.5-mile (13.7 km) stretch of Horace Harding Boulevard between Queens Boulevard and
16758-416: Was heavily used. East of NY 112, vehicle usage dropped sharply, so no lights were planned. The final streetlights were installed in 2002. As early as October 1968, state officials had wanted to widen the highway between I-295 and NY 135 from 6 to 10 lanes. In late 1988, the New York state government proposed adding a fourth lane in each direction to I-495 between Jericho and Medford. Following
16891-616: Was later combined with the exit for Little Neck Parkway. Exit 39A was intended for the proposed extension of the Wantagh State Parkway near Powell Road in Old Westbury. It was intended to be a full Y interchange with an east-to-southbound-only offramp and a north-to-westbound-only onramp running beneath Powell Road. Exit 40 originally had only same-directional offramps under the expressway providing access to realigned sections of NY 25 . When exit 41
17024-495: Was originally constructed, it had no south-to-west connecting ramp. Westbound access to the expressway was provided at the nearby exit 40 onramp at NY 25. An alternate design for exit 42 called for it to be similar to the one proposed for NY 135 and the Bethpage State Parkway , and westbound exit 46 was originally a partial cloverleaf. Exit 47 was never built; it had been intended for
17157-550: Was originally planned to be built as a cloverleaf interchange without collective–distributor roads. Additionally in the 1970s, Suffolk County Department of Public Works proposed an extension of East Main Street in Yaphank ( CR 102 ) that would have terminated at the west end of this interchange. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Suffolk County Planning Department considered extending CR 55 to
17290-425: Was prior to the 1980s. A proposed Long Island Crossing would have extended the LIE across Long Island Sound to I-95 in either Guilford, Connecticut ; Old Saybrook, Connecticut ; or Westerly, Rhode Island via a series of existing and artificial islands, but a lack of funding as well as public opposition led to the demise of these proposals. CR 48 in Suffolk County was originally intended to become part of
17423-490: Was the first to introduce the California privet in the United States from Japan. Kissena Lake was initially used as a mill pond . Parsons later used Kissena Lake for ice cutting , where surface ice from lakes and rivers is collected and stored in ice houses and use or sale as a cooling method before mechanical refrigeration was available. However, as recently as the 1900s, both Kissena Lake and Gutman's Swamp served as
17556-399: Was to cost $ 10.62 million (equivalent to $ 143 million in 2023). Plans did not proceed further until March 1951, when Moses proposed constructing the six-lane Queens–Midtown Expressway between Laurel Hill and Queens boulevards. This was part of a larger, $ 30-million (equivalent to $ 282 million in 2023) plan that also included the Horace Harding Expressway. By October 1952, the cost of
17689-500: Was to have two exits, connecting to the West Side Highway and Lincoln Tunnel on the west side of Manhattan and also to the Queens–Midtown Tunnel and FDR Drive on the east side of the island. It would be constructed within a 100-foot-wide (30 m) right-of-way immediately south of 30th Street. The viaduct would require substantial demolition of highrise buildings within Midtown Manhattan. Moses suggested charging tolls on
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