93-532: [REDACTED] Look up mutal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Mutal may also refer to: People [ edit ] Lika Mutal , Dutch-Peruvian sculptor Selma Mutal , Franco-Dutch film score composer Mutal Burhonov , Soviet Uzbek composer Places [ edit ] Yax Mutal, Former name of Tikal Mutal, Republic of Bashkortostan Literature [ edit ] Mutal Tiruvantati ,
186-464: A Tamil Hindu work of literature Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mutal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutal&oldid=1256950031 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
279-595: A city. The Muisca , the indigenous inhabitants of the region, called the place on which the city was founded "Thybzaca" or "Old Town". The area of modern Bogotá was first populated by groups of indigenous people who migrated south based on the relation with the other Chibcha languages ; the Bogotá savanna was the southernmost Chibcha-speaking group that exists from Nicaragua to the Andes in Colombia. The civilization built by
372-429: A consequence, the official founding only occurred about eight months later, on 27 April 1539, in a site close to one of the recreational lands of the zipa , called Theusa or Theusaquillo. This official founding involved an official ceremony appointing a council and officials, and the demarcation of streets and lands, and in it fellow conquistadores Sebastián de Belalcázar and Nikolaus Federmann were present. While this
465-656: A federalist government system. Following a failed military campaign against Quito, General Simón Bolívar of the United Provinces led a campaign that led to the surrender of the Cundinamarca province in December 1814. In Spain, the war had ended and the Spanish monarchy was restored on 11 December 1813. King Ferdinand VII of Spain declared the uprisings in the colonies illegal and sent a large army to quell
558-536: A fibrous fluidity. In addition to the Quipus series, Mutal explored the dual theme of independent interconnectedness through her Ones series. This series speaks to the interconnectedness between human life and nature, by linking two horizontal beams in such a way that they could still move independently. This work is especially inspired by Peru’s unique landscape. One aspect of the Peruvian landscape that inspires Mutal
651-669: A member of the Chibcha language family. Muisca means "people" or "person", making "Muisca people", how they are called, a tautology . At the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores , the Muisca population was estimated to be half a million indigenous people on the Bogotá savanna, and up to two million in the Muisca Confederation . They occupied the highland and mild climate flanks between the Sumapaz Mountains to
744-495: A modern sense, as well as precious metals and gemstones that seem valuable to us and which became abundant and were used for various purposes. The Muisca warrior elite were allowed to wear feathered crowns, from parrots and macaws whose habitat was to the east of the Andes; the Arawakan -speaking Guayupe , Tegua and Achagua . The Muisca cuisine consisted of a stable and varied diet of tubers , potatoes and fruits. Maize
837-460: A stone to stand out to her as an individual. She then studies it physically for some time, leaves, and if she can return to exactly the same stone multiple times days later, she takes the stone to her studio. Before removing the stone, Mutal performs rituals taught to her by incan shamans, which include burnt offerings and sprinkling the ground with wine, asking the Earth for permission. After the stone
930-633: A strategic hub for international business in Latin America. Some of the main interventions initiated looked to develop projects contained in the Plan of Territorial Ordering (POT), which aims to guide the development of the city for the next two centuries. One of the most important interventions in the city was in its transportation system. In 1967, there were 2,679 urban buses in Bogotá that transported, on average, 1,630,000 passengers per day. The city had about 1 million inhabitants and 80 km of area,
1023-841: A victim and who should be memorialize because included in the 60,000 stones were the aggressors who caused the violence. Lika Mutal has also been awarded the Royal Ueno Museum Prize in 1994, and an Excellent Maquette Prize, in 1992, from the Fujisankei Biennale founded in Japan, as well as the First Sculpture Prize from the Universidad Catolica in 1970. Bogot%C3%A1 "La Ciudad de Todos" ("The City of Everyone") "La Capital Mundial del Teatro" ("The Theater Capital of
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#17327727365111116-547: A wide coverage, have easy access by public transport and bike paths; and their projects were commissioned to distinguished architects of the city. They are those of El Tunal , in the south, projected by the architect Suely Vargas ; of El Tintal , in the west, the work of the architect Daniel Bermúdez ; and the Virgilio Barco Vargas library , located in the Simón Bolívar park in the central area, work of
1209-500: Is a representation of the Pachamama , an Incan Earth Mother goddess. Embedded in the surface is a smaller stone, meant to represent an eye. The large stone also has a water element that constantly trickles water from the eye as if crying. Each of the smaller encircling stones is engraved with a name of an individual who fell victim to the violence. This memorial caused controversy amongst the population over what names what constitutes
1302-585: Is based on agriculture, livestock raising and artisanal production. The sabana is bordered to the east by the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes mountain range. The Eastern Hills , which limit city growth, run from south to north, forming east of the downtown the Guadalupe and Monserrate mountains. The western city limit is Bogotá River . The Sumapaz Paramo ( moorland ) borders the south and to
1395-512: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lika Mutal Art and Drama Studies, Utrecht and Amsterdam, the Netherlands School of Fine Arts, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia 1994 Royal Ueno Museum Prize, Fujisankei Biennale, Japan 1992 Excellent Maquette, Fujisankei Biennale, Japan 1987 Premio Camacho, Lima, Peru Lika Mutal (12 September 1939 – 7 November 2016)
1488-417: Is in her studio, she spends time analyzing it for its external and internal properties. It is for this reason that she is known for living a stone untouched in her studio for years before she actually makes the first mark. When she finally begins manipulating the stone, she focuses on enhancing rather than altering, and as careful to avoid imposing her human will onto the stone. It is this enhanced awareness of
1581-458: Is the largest city in the world at its elevation; there is no urban area that is both higher and more populous than Bogotá. In the extreme south of Bogotá's District, the world's largest continuous paramo ecosystem can be found; Sumapaz Páramo in the locality Sumapaz . The Bogotá River running NE-SW crosses the sabana , forming Tequendama Falls ( Salto del Tequendama ) to the south. Tributary rivers form valleys with villages, whose economy
1674-539: Is the main political, economic, administrative, industrial, cultural, airport, technological, scientific, healthcare and educational center of the country and northern South America . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on 6 August 1538 by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca , the indigenous inhabitants of
1767-479: Is the unexpected duality found in “the confrontation with life and death; beautiful beaches, but carcasses of animals on the beach… at first big an empty, but then charged with subtle energy. Driving on the tiny ribbon that is the road, on one hand the ocean and the desert, and on the other, the strong presence of many colored mountains.” The concept of independent-interconnectedness in Lika Mutal’s work evolved through
1860-642: The Altiplano . Santafé (its name after 1540) became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada (created in 1550), and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . After the Battle of Boyacá on 7 August 1819, Bogotá became the capital of the independent nation of Gran Colombia . It was Simón Bolívar who rebaptized
1953-576: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes . Its altitude averages 2,640 meters (8,660 ft) above sea level. Subdivided into 20 localities, Bogotá has an area of 1,587 square kilometers (613 square miles) and a cool climate that is constant through the year. The city is home to central offices of the executive branch ( Office of the President ), the legislative branch ( Congress of Colombia ) and
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#17327727365112046-523: The Muisca , who settled in the valleys and fertile highlands of and surrounding the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (modern-day departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and small parts of Santander ), was one of the great civilizations in the Americas. The name Muisca Confederation has been given to a loose egalitarian society of various chiefs ( caciques ) who lived in small settlements of maximum 100 bohíos . The agriculture and salt-based society of
2139-481: The Muzo or "Emerald People". Their knowledge of salt production from brines, a task devoted exclusively to Muisca women , gave them the name of "Salt People". Tropical fruits that did not grow on the cool highlands, as well as coca , cotton and gold were all traded at markets that took place every Muisca week; every four days. At these frequent markets, the Muisca obtained various luxury goods that appear worthless in
2232-778: The New Kingdom of Granada . Fourteen years later in 1564, the Spanish Crown designated the first Royal Audiencia chairman, Andrés Díaz Venero de Leyva . The Chapter and the Royal Audience were located on the other side of what is today the Plaza de Bolívar (then called, Plaza Mayor or Major Square). The street connecting the Major Square and the Square of Herbs— now Santander Park— was named Calle Real (Royal Street), now Carrera Séptima (or "Seventh Street"; counted from
2325-571: The South Sea , to Perú , legendary El Dorado . Such was the target of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , the Granadanian conquistador who left Santa Marta on 6 April 1536 with 800 soldiers, heading towards the interior of current Colombia . The expedition divided into two groups, one under Quesada's command to move on land, and the other commanded by Diego de Urbino would go upriver in four brigantine ships to eventually meet Quesada's troops at
2418-699: The creation of local juntas all throughout Latin America, which very soon consolidated the independentist ideas already in vogue. After the establishment of a junta in Cartagena de Indias on 22 May 1810, and in many other cities throughout the Viceroyalty, the Junta de Santa Fe was established on 20 July 1810, in what is often called the Colombian Declaration of Independence . The Junta adopted
2511-829: The diocese was established. Political unease over the Spanish monarchy and the rights of citizens born in the Americas had been felt throughout the Spanish colonies in America, and it was expressed in New Granada in many different ways, accelerating the movement to independence. One of the most transcendent was the Insurrection of the Comuneros , a riot by the locals that started in Villa del Socorro —current Department of Santander —in March 1781. Spanish authorities suppressed
2604-483: The mythical El Dorado , handles the largest cargo volume in Latin America , and is third in number of passengers. Bogotá is home to the largest number of universities and research centers in the country, and is an important cultural center, with many theaters, libraries ( Virgilio Barco , Tintal , and Tunal of BibloRed , BLAA , National Library , among more than 1000) and museums. Bogotá ranks 52nd on
2697-463: The sidereal and synodic months were represented. Their astronomical knowledge is represented in one of the few extant landmarks of the architecture of the Muisca in El Infiernito outside Villa de Leyva to the north of Bogotá. The first populations inhabiting the present-day Metropolitan Area of Bogotá were hunter-gatherers in the late Pleistocene . Dating to around 12,500 BP ,
2790-490: The 1946 liberal party division, a conservative candidate took presidential office again in 1948, after the killing of liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán , Bogotá's downtown was virtually destroyed as violence reigned. From then, Bogotá's urban, architectural and population sectors were substantially reorganized. The city began the 21st century with important changes in its urban space and public transport, looking to plan demographic and economic growth, that would position it as
2883-758: The Galerie Daniel Gervis in Paris , France. In 1983, Lika Mutal was invited to become part of the Nahra Haime Gallery in New York. This relationship has continued to the present and as influenced Mutal to take residence in New York City, as well as Peru. Lika Mutal’s work is heavily inspired by her intimate relationship with the landscape, and with the spirit of the stone. It is these relationships that make her work so unique. From
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2976-545: The Global Cities Index 2014, and is considered a global city type "Alpha-" by GaWC . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Chibcha Bacatá (or Muyquytá) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota. There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Muyquytá, the most accepted being that it means "walling of
3069-639: The Jose Maria Arguedas Prize for her work El ojo que Llora . This work is located on permanent display in Campo de Marte, in Lima, Peru. Mutal was commissioned to make a piece of public art in order to commemorate the loss of life as a result of a dispute between the Peruvian government and guerilla that took place in 1980-2000. The memorial consists of one large stone, in the center of a spiraling path of over 60,000 small stones. The center stone
3162-581: The Muisca were killed within 100 years. Jiménez de Quesada decided to establish a military campament in the area in 1538, in the site today known as the Chorro de Quevedo square. The foundation was performed by the construction of 12 houses of reed, referring to the Twelve Apostles , and the construction of a preliminary church, also of reed. With the celebration of the first mass in the campament, celebrated by Dominican friar Domingo de las Casas
3255-543: The Public Library, now the National Library, was enlarged and modernized with new volumes and better facilities. The National Museum was founded. Those institutions were of great importance to the new republic's cultural development. The Central University was the first State school, precursor of the current National University , founded in 1867 and domiciled in Bogotá. President Rafael Núñez declared
3348-564: The Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia , and one of the largest cities in the world . The city is administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of, though not politically part of, the surrounding department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It
3441-640: The Universidad de los Andes in Bogota, Colombia for a short time until she moved with her husband and two children to Lima , Peru in 1968. Mutal was mystified by the untouched landscape of Peru juxtaposed with a growing interest in modern architecture. While in Lima, she began studying at the Universidad Catolica. At the University, she studied under Anna Maccagno, who taught her to work with traditional materials such as clay, wood, and steel. In 1971, Mutal
3534-473: The World") Bogotá ( / ˌ b oʊ ɡ ə ˈ t ɑː / , also UK : / ˌ b ɒ ɡ -/ , US : / ˈ b oʊ ɡ ə t ɑː / , Spanish pronunciation: [boɣoˈta] ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá, D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá ( Spanish: [ˌsanta ˈfe ðe βoɣoˈta] ; lit. ' Holy Faith of Bogotá ' ) during
3627-640: The architect Rogelio Salmona . Out of the city's 150 libraries, these three, with their outstanding architecture, provide public and open-access spaces for the educational and cultural development of the citizens of Bogotá. As for 2019, the city's distribution is composed of nine main business centers (Av. El Dorado Business Corridor, Centro Internacional, Parque de la 93, El Lago, North Point, Calle 100, Santa Barbara Business Center, Zona Industrial Montevideo & Parque Industrial Zona Franca). Grittier sides sit south and southwest, where working-class barrios continue to battle their reputations for drugs and crime. In
3720-443: The banana zone killings and conservative party division, Enrique Olaya Herrera took office in 1930. The liberal party reformed during 16 years of the so-called Liberal Republic, agricultural, social, political, labor, educational, economic and administrative sectors. Unionism strengthened and education coverage expanded. The celebration produced a large number of infrastructure works, new construction and work sources. Following
3813-446: The city was founded with the name of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza (Our Lady of Hope) on 6 August 1538. Quesada placed his right foot on the bare earth and said simply, "I take possession of this land in the name of the most sovereign emperor, Charles V." This founding, however, was irregular as no town council was formed nor were town officials appointed, as well as lacking some other juridical requirements for an official founding. As
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3906-533: The city with the name of Bogotá, as a way of honoring the Muisca people and as an emancipation act towards the Spanish crown. Hence, since the Viceroyalty of New Granada's independence from the Spanish Empire and during the formation of present-day Colombia, Bogotá has remained the capital of this territory. The city is located in the center of Colombia, on a high plateau known as the Bogotá savanna , part of
3999-513: The city's private trash collectors. Petro was reinstated weeks later after a Bogotá court ruled that Ordoñez had overstepped his authority. Although the proposal for biarticulated diesel buses called "Transmilenio" was in its early stages a success, due in part to the small numbers of passengers it transported, in the long term it became an inefficient and contaminating system, saturated for a metro population of almost ten million, guilty of environmental deterioration and air pollution. For its part,
4092-454: The country. The capital hosts the main financial market in Colombia and the Andean natural region , and is the leading destination for new foreign direct investment projects coming into Latin America and Colombia. It has the highest nominal GDP in the country, responsible for almost a quarter of the nation's total (24.7%). The city's airport, El Dorado International Airport , named after
4185-491: The cultural equipment plan of Bogotá has yielded significant results, including the construction of three large public libraries in different sectors. These libraries have not only expanded access to existing library resources but also serve as some of the 150 hubs for BibloRed - Bogotá's Public Libraries Network , including the Bogota Digital Library The new libraries were located in sectors that allow
4278-490: The decade of the 70s, radicalism accelerated reforms and state and social institutions were substantially modified. However, during the second half of the century, the country faced permanent pronouncements, declarations of rebellions between states, and factions which resulted in civil wars: the last and bloodiest was the Thousand Days' War from 1899 to 1902. In 1823, a few years after the formation of Gran Colombia,
4371-485: The degree at the Universidad Catolica, Mutal quit in order to work on her own, and no evidence points to her ever returning. While still a novice to stonework, Mutal was very cautious of outside artistic influences, and resisted visiting the ancient Incan stonework located in Cuzco, Peru as she feared she may never want to work with stone again. In 1978, she visited Cuzco for the first time. Here she saw that Pre-Columbian art
4464-399: The end of Federalism, and in 1886 the country became a centralist republic ruled by the constitution in force – save some amendments – up to 1991. In the middle of political and administration avatars, Bogotá continued as the capital and principal political center of the country. From a base of only 20,000 people in 1793, the city grew to approximately 117,000 people in 1912. Population growth
4557-604: The expedition went up the Opón River and found indigenous people wearing very finely painted cotton mantles. When they arrived in Muisca territories in the Andean Plateau, on 9 March 1537, of the expedition leaving Santa Marta , only 162 men were left. The zipa at the moment of Spanish conquest was Tisquesusa . His main bohío was in a small village called Bacatá with others in Funza and Cajicá , giving name to
4650-514: The farmland" in the Chibcha language. Another popular translation argues that it means "The Lady of the Andes ". Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived. Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of "Our Lady of Hope" but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé (Holy Faith) in 1540 when it was appointed as
4743-497: The human consciousness. Because of the language barrier, Mutal’s acting dream was put on hold, so she began to puppeteer in order to continue performing. She handmade each of her puppets, which ultimately lead her to pursue sculpture as a career. Her puppets began as representational figures that she used to portray her political opinions, but within time became increasingly abstract until they could hardly be considered puppets anymore, but instead small sculptures. Lika Mutal studied at
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#17327727365114836-728: The increase of economic activities. Bogotá started deep architectural and urban transformation with significant industrial and artisan production increases. In 1910, the Industrial Exposition of the Century took place at Park of Independence. Stands built evidenced industrial, artisan work, beaux arts, electricity and machinery progress achieved. The period from 1910 to 1930 is designated conservative hegemony. Between 1924 and 1928, hard union struggles began, with oil fields and banana zone workers' strikes, leaving numerous people dead. Bogotá had practically no industry. Production
4929-571: The independence from Spain, Bogotá became capital of Gran Colombia and later the capital of the Republic of Colombia . The city mayor and the chapter formed by two councilmen, assisted by the constable and the police chief, governed the city. For better administration of these domains, in April 1550, the Audiencia of Santafé was organized. Santa Fe (or Santafé) became the seat of the government of
5022-701: The independence of the American colonies from the Spanish crown. In 1794, Nariño clandestinely translated and published in Santa Fe the Declaration of the Rights of Men and of the Citizen , and copies of his translation were distributed all over the continent and started creating a stirring in the political mentalities of the time. The Spanish government had banned the distribution of the pamphlet and soon discovered
5115-417: The judicial branch ( Supreme Court of Justice , Constitutional Court , Council of State and the Superior Council of Judicature ) of the Colombian government. Bogotá stands out for its economic strength and associated financial maturity, its attractiveness to global companies and the quality of human capital . It is the financial and commercial heart of Colombia, with the most business activity of any city in
5208-400: The last zipa , against the inheritance tradition of the Muisca . Sagipa used to be a main captain for Tisquesusa but quickly submitted to the Spanish rulers. The first encomenderos asked high prices in valuable products and agricultural production from the indigenous people. On top of that epidemics of European viruses razed through the population, of which in current Boyacá 65–85 % of
5301-399: The material and burned any copy that they could find. Nariño was arrested on 29 August 1794, and sentenced to ten years of imprisonment and to have all of his properties confiscated, and was sent to exile the year after. Those suspected of being part of Nariño's intellectual circle were also persecuted, but his ideas had become widespread. In 1807, following the French invasion of Spain and
5394-412: The mountains to the east of the city). After 1717 Santafé became the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . Formed by Europeans, mestizos , indigenous people, and slaves, from the second half of the 16th century, the population began to grow rapidly. The 1789 census recorded 18,161 inhabitants, and by 1819 the city population reached 30,000 inhabitants distributed in 195 blocks. Importance grew when
5487-423: The name of "Supreme Junta of the New Kingdom of Granada", and first swore allegiance to Viceroy Antonio José Amar y Borbón , and appointed him as president, but then he was deposed and arrested five days later. After declaring independence from Spain the different juntas attempted to establish a congress of provinces, but they were unable to do so and military conflicts soon emerged. The period between 1810 and 1816
5580-430: The newly created New Kingdom of Granada was left to Jiménez de Quesada's brother, Hernán Pérez de Quesada . The first mayors of the city were captains Pedro de Arevalo y Jeronimo de Inzar . The city obtained the Title of Muy Noble y Muy Leal (Very Noble and Loyal) on 17 August 1575 by a decree from Phillip II . Bogotá, then called Santa Fe, later became the capital of the later Viceroyalty of New Granada . Following
5673-553: The north Bogotá extends over the plateau up to the towns of Chía and Sopó . Most of the wetlands in the Bogotá region have disappeared. They covered nearly 50,000 hectares in the 1960s, compared to only 727 in 2019, for a disappearance rate of 98%. Bogotá has a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb bordering on Csb ). The average temperature is 14.5 °C (58 °F), varying from 6 to 19 °C (43 to 66 °F) on sunny days to 10 to 18 °C (50 to 64 °F) on rainy days. Dry and rainy seasons alternate throughout
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#17327727365115766-416: The oldest evidence of human activity was discovered in El Abra , north of Zipaquirá . Other excavations in a rock shelter southwest of the city in Soacha provided ages of ~11,000 BP; Tequendama . Since roughly 0 AD, the local Muisca people domesticated guinea pigs as a source of dietary meat. The people inhabiting the Bogotá savanna in the late 15th century were the Muisca , speaking Muysccubun ,
5859-461: The people was rich in goldworking, trade and mummification . The religion of the Muisca consisted of various gods, mostly related to natural phenomena as the Sun ( Sué ) and his wife, the Moon; Chía , rain Chibchacum , rainbow Cuchavira and with building and feasting ( Nencatacoa ) and wisdom ( Bochica ). Their complex luni-solar calendar , deciphered by Manuel Izquierdo based on work by Duquesne , followed three different sets of years, where
5952-418: The physical structure of the work, has each of the pieces typically as some element that links two independent pieces. Most impressive about her work- is Mutal’s ability to give a sort of dynamism to the inherently static substance of stone. Mutal’s work is well represented globally, and her practice is based out of Norha Haime Gallery in New York City. Lika Mutal was born in the Netherlands in 1939. Her mother
6045-474: The present day capital of Colombia. Bacatá was actually located near to the modern location of the city of Funza . A prophecy in his life came true; he would be dying, bathing in his own blood . Defending Funza with a reduced army of guecha warriors against the heavily exhausted but heavily armed strangers, his reign fell in the hands of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his younger brother Hernán Pérez on 20 April 1537. Upon his death, his brother Sagipa became
6138-471: The problem of public transport, with limited results. It was during the mayoralty of the latter when there was talk about the possibility of establishing a mass transportation system that would help remedy the problem of mobility. Under the second administration of Antanas Mockus , Bogotá opened a 'zone of tolerancia' which legalized prostitution in a large swath of the center of the city in the Santa Fe neighborhood. Mayor Enrique Peñalosa (whose first term
6231-409: The process of choosing a stone, to the finished product, Mutal’s goal is to magnify the individual life in the stone, so that it may be seen or experienced by the untrained eye. In order to do this, Mutal adopted a unique standard protocol for her artistic development. She begins by visiting a quarry in order to choose the perfect stone. Mutal is not in search of any specific qualities, she just looks for
6324-449: The protests. Bogotá is located in the southeastern part of the Bogotá savanna ( Sabana de Bogotá ) at an average altitude of 2,640 meters (8,660 ft) above sea level . The Bogotá savanna is popularly called " savannah " ( sabana ), but constitutes actually a high plateau in the Andes mountains, part of an extended region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , which literally means "high plateau of Cundinamarca and Boyacá". Bogotá
6417-458: The rebellions and reconquer the lost colonies, for which he appointed General Pablo Morillo . Morillo led a successful military campaign that culminated in the capture of Santafé on 6 May 1816. In 1819, Bolívar initiated his campaign to liberate New Granada . Following a series of battles, the last of which was the Battle of Boyacá , the republican army led by Bolívar cleared its way to Santafé, where he arrived victorious on 10 August 1819. It
6510-498: The riot, and José Antonio Galán , the leader, was executed. He left an imprint, though. One of the soldiers witnessing his execution was an intellectually curious, noble teenager named Antonio Nariño , who was deeply impressed by both the insurrection and the execution. Nariño went on to become a politician in Santafé, and he became acquainted with the liberal ideas in vogue in Europe. He started organizing clandestine meetings with other intellectuals and politicians to discuss and promote
6603-403: The ritzier north you'll find boutique hotels, corporate offices and well-heeled locals piling into chic entertainment districts such as the Zona Rosa and Zona G. Protests against police brutality started in Bogotá following the death of Javier Ordóñez while in police custody on 9 September 2020. As of 12 September 2020 , 13 people have died and over 400 have been injured as part of
6696-534: The series of work referred to as the Labyrinths . The Labyrinths are more architectural than the previous work, which is directly correlated with living part-time in New York City, and they serve as the point in her career in which she began to work larger scale, in order to connect her entire body with her practice. In addition to transitioning to large scale work, Lika Mutal also began the transition into working with granite. Lika Mutal has recently been awarded
6789-402: The service was relatively reasonable. But as the city grew and reached more than five million and an area greater than 300 km , not only did the car fleet increase substantially to more than 20,000 vehicles, but traffic complexity increased, as well as pollution and the inefficiency of the only existing transportation system. By the end of the 20th century, the situation was difficult. There
6882-399: The site named Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas. When they arrived, they heard news about Indians inhabiting the south and making large salt cakes used to trade for wild cotton and fish. Jiménez de Quesada decided to abandon the route to Peru and cross the mountain in search of salt villages. They saw crops, trails, white salt cakes and then huts where they found corn, yucca and beans. From Tora,
6975-566: The southwest and Cocuy 's snowy peak to the northeast, covering an approximate area of 25,000 km (9,653 sq mi), comprising Bogotá's high plain, a large portion of the modern-day department of Boyacá department portion and a small area in the Santander region. Trade was the most important activity of the Muisca with other Chibcha-speaking neighbours, such as the Guane , Lache and U'wa and with Cariban-speaking groups such as
7068-472: The stone, and the intricacy of which she works that forces her to work by hand rather than with stone cutting machinery. In addition to being influenced by Mutal’s personal relationship with the stone, some work is inspired by the quipus , a pre-Columbian tool used for recording and mathematics which has never been deciphered. This simple, inherent mystery revolving the quipus inspired much of Mutal’s early, smaller scaled, work, which has been praised for having
7161-578: The subsequent abdication of the House of Bourbon in Spain, pressed by Napoleon to give the crown to his brother Joseph , resulting in the destruction of the Spanish administration, many in Spain and in the American colonies created local resistance governments called Juntas . The dissolution of the Supreme Central Junta , following a series of military defeats in the Spanish troops promoted
7254-479: The traditional theatre school. However, she never attended because she had met the man who would later become her husband. In 1962, Lika married Silvio Mutal. Soon after, in 1964, the two moved to Colombia for Silvio’s job. Mutal fell in love with Colombia instantly, and found herself intrigued by the effect that the landscape, which was so different from the flat and grey city scape of the Netherlands, had on
7347-513: The user's experience in the system. However, Peñalosa became infamous for his campaign against the poor, saying he would rather see robbers on the streets, than people selling candies. Peñalosa served a second term (2016–19). After getting elected in 2011, Gustavo Petro , clashed with the conservative political establishment after remunicipalization of the city's garbage collection system. The inspector general, Alejandro Ordoñez deposed Petro for alleged constitutional overreach when he tried to replace
7440-580: The various sacred sites of the Altiplano, music and dances , trade at special fairs with farther away trading indigenous groups of Colombia and to inaugurate the new highest regarded member of the community; zipas , zaques , caciques and the religious ruler iraca from Sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi . From 1533, a belief persisted that the Río Grande de la Magdalena was the trail to
7533-457: The year. The driest months are December, January, July and August. The warmest month is March, bringing a maximum of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F). The coolest nights occur in January, with an average of 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) in the city; fog is very usual in early morning, 220 days per year, whilst clear sky sunny full days are quite unusual. The official highest temperature recorded within
7626-569: Was Simón Bolívar who rebaptized the city with the name of Bogotá, to honor the Muisca people and to emphasize the emancipation from Spain. Bogotá then became the capital of the Gran Colombia . Between 1819 and 1849, there were no fundamental structural changes from the colonial period. By the mid-19th century, a series of fundamental reforms were enacted, some of the most important being slavery abolition and religious, teaching, print and speech industry and trade freedom, among others. During
7719-498: Was 1998–2000) included in his program as a priority a solution to public transport. Consequently, in the execution of the development plan "For the Bogotá we Want" in terms of mobility and in a mass transportation system project, the construction of special infrastructure exclusively for its operation was determined. This system would include specialized bus corridors, equipped with single-use lanes, stations, bridges, bike paths and special pedestrian access platforms, designed to facilitate
7812-569: Was a Dutch-Peruvian sculptor whose career began in 1971. Mutal is well known for her hand carved stonework, which focuses on the interconnectedness of the human and non-human world. The idea of duality is an omnipresent theme in Mutal’s life, as she is of European heritage, but she lives part-time in the ancient landscape of Lima, Peru and part-time in the modern architecture of New York City . Duality manifests in her work as she juxtaposes rough, jagged edges with smooth, polished surfaces, as well as with
7905-550: Was an accomplished pianist and singer, and her father was an oil painter. Mutal was the third child of twelve, and the first girl born in the family. Though her father influenced her love for the arts, Mutal never learned the visual arts, and in fact, she found her father's black and white paintings boring. From a young age, Mutal wished to become an actress. She acted in the cabaret in the Netherlands, and attended Bonifacius College in Utrecht . As she became more skilled, she sought out
7998-481: Was basically artisan work grouped in specific places, similar to commercial sectors. Plaza de Bolívar and surroundings lodged hat stores, at Calle del Comercio –current Carrera Seventh– and Calle Florián –now Carrera Eight– luxurious stores selling imported products opened their doors; at Pasaje Hernández, tailor's shops provided their services, and between 1870 and 1883, four main banks opened their doors: Bogotá, Colombia, Popular and Mortgage Credit banks. Following
8091-611: Was created to serve a purpose, rather than to be beautiful. After quitting university, Mutal rented a small studio in Barranco , Lima. That same year, she had her first small art show. Two years later, after building her portfolio and collection of work, Mutal was noticed by the Galerie D’Eendt, in Amsterdam. This show was the tipping point of her career that gained her a great deal of global admiration and led to her next show at
8184-408: Was introduced to a well-known stone smith, Don Juan Arias, who would soon become her greatest influence. Beyond the technicality of the classroom, Arias taught Mutal the importance of developing an intimate relationship with stone, as if it had a soul. He showed her healing qualities found in stone if one takes the time to notice, the very same qualities that are dangerous if not careful. Halfway through
8277-561: Was marked by intense conflict between federalist and centralist factions over the nature of the new government of the recently emancipated juntas, a period that has become known as la Patria Boba . The Province of Santafé became the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca , which soon became embroiled in a civil war against other of the local juntas which banded together to form the United Provinces of New Granada and advocated for
8370-462: Was no real urban public transport system that would serve as an alternative to the private vehicle – which further incentivized its use – and the city had low levels of competitiveness in Latin America, as well as an unsatisfactory quality of life for the vast majority of its inhabitants. The administrations of mayors Andrés Pastrana (1988–90) and Jaime Castro (1992–94), in addition to the first of Antanas Mockus (1995–97), formulated proposals to solve
8463-513: Was rapid after 1870, largely because of emigration from the eastern highlands. Early in the 20th century, Colombia had to face devastating consequences from the One Thousand Days War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, and the loss of Panama . Between 1904 and 1909, the lawfulness of the liberal party was re-established and President Rafael Reyes endeavored to implement a national government. Peace and state reorganization generated
8556-468: Was the main ingredient of the Muisca, cultivated on elevated and irrigated terraces . Many words exist in Muysccubun for maize , corn and the various types and forms of it . The product was also the base for chicha ; the alcoholic beverage of the people, still sold in central Bogotá today. It was the beverage used to celebrate the construction of houses, harvests and sowing, ritual practices around
8649-536: Was the official date of founding, traditionally it is the 6 August 1538 that is considered the date of the actual foundation. The village obtained the title of City by way of a decree from Charles V on 27 July 1540, which changed the name of the city from Our Lady of Hope to Santa Fe (Holy Faith), after the name of a town nearby Granada where Jiménez de Quesada grew up. Jiménez de Quesada and conquerors De Belalcázar and Federmann left for Spain in April 1539, founding Guataquí together on 6 April 1539. The rule over
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