Misplaced Pages

#350649

68-886: According to Sergey Kljaštornyj and Vladimir Livšic, this ruler is mentioned in the 3rd and 5th lines of the Left Side and the 3rd lines of the Front Side of the Sogdian Bugut Inscription as "mwγ’n γ’γ’n", and according to Yutaka Yoshida and Takao Moriyasu, in the 2nd, 3rd and 5th lines of the B-1 Side and the 3rd lines of the B-2 Side as "mwx’n x’γ’n." Turkish researchers Talat Tekin , Ahmet Taşağıl, Ahmet Bican Ercilâsun as well as Christopher Beckwith reconstructed his Turkic regnal name as Buqan and equated him to Bokhanos (Βώχανος) of Menander Protector . He

136-2697: A Brahmi Mongolic text. The Sogdian inscription has the following text: (Left Side)(‘mwh?) […] (pt)s’kh ‘ws’t δ’r’nt tr’wkt c(yn)st’n kwt(s)’tt ‘γšywn’k (‘YK) [lacuna of some 15 letters] (ZK?)trwkc βγy nw’’r γ’γ’n ‘wskwp’r ckn’cw mγ’n (tykyn pr)[w] (γ’γ’n wy’k) w’(š)t ‘(X)RZY nwkr ZK βγy mwγ’n γ’γ’n ‘PZY βγy mγ’n tyky(n) [lacuna of 5–6 letters, perhaps cyw’nt?] pyštrw?) k’w ‘wrts’r prm prw ‘nγt’k ‘βc’npδ ‘swšwyn’tt wm’[t’nt] [lacuna of some 25 letters] (t ‘XRYZ n)wkr cyw’nt pyštrw βγy m[wγ’n γ’γ’n](Front Side) [lacuna of 35–40 letters] (w) k’w βγy s’r pwrsty rty nw(k)r (k..) […] [lacuna of 30–35 letters] (‘YK?) š’δpyt trγw’nt γwrγ’p(‘)ynt twδwnt s(nk) [wnt][lacuna of 10–12 letters] (t rty pyšt)rw (….t?) [8–10 letters] y tw’ γwyštr ‘XY mwγ’n γ’γ’n pr’yt rty (…) [lacuna of some 15 letters] K(S)Pw (‘n) [β] (γ)t δ’r[t rty n’β] (cy)h šyr’k p’rtw δ’rt rty ms ‘kδry tγw βγy mγ’[n](tyk)[yn] γ[šywny…] (…)δ(…..) rty [about 8 letters] (δ’rt rty) ‘pw ‘nγwncyδ γšywny n’β(c)yh p’r rty nw(k)(βγy mγ’n ty)[kyn lacuna of some 25 letters s](γ)wn ptγwštw δ’rt rty γrγwšk srδy (.)[…](.w’št?)(wγwšw ?) srδ (γš)y(wny.) [lacuna of some 15 letters, βγy t’sp’r] (γ’γ’n) k’w βγyšt s’r pwrst rty pyštrw š’δpyt trγw[‘nt]γwrγ’p’ynt (snk)[wnt] (twδ)[w]nt (’PZY) […](.n) [read [γ’γ](‘n)?] wk[wrtpt](s)dtw δ’rnt rty nwkr βγβwmyn[/i] [so instead of βγy βwmyn] γ’γ’n p’δy (s’r) [….](δ’rt kt?) [….]t rty βγ[y βwmyn] (yn γ’ γ’n) pr(m)’t δ’rt (k)t’yβ βγ’ t’sp’r γ’ γ’n wsn RBk(‘)[lacuna, some 20 letters] (.t) […] (..)rt(y) [w’n’w?] pr(m)’tw δ’rt RBkw nw(h) snk’ ‘wast rty ‘YK nw(k) [r][lacuna, some 20 letters] (.npš ?) [lacuna, about 8 letters] rty βγ’ [instead of βγy] t’(sp’r) γ’γ’n tr(‘γ)t ‘cw npyšnt cw krnw(‘ncy’k?)[h][lacuna, some 40 letters] (…)cw γwrγ(‘)p’ynt cwty wkwrt cw n’βcy’kh ‘(st’t?)[lacuna, some 40 letters] (y) β’r’k ‘sp’δy’n (wr’yt) ‘yt myδ ‘nβγt δ’r’nt [lacuna, some 40 letters] (sγwn) ptγwštw δ’r’nt rty cyw’nt pyštrw […] [lacuna, some 40 letters] (…tw) δ’rt (….t) rty c’n’w δw’ γšywnk [lacuna, some 40 letters] (…tw) δ’r’nt rty (…) šyr’k βrtpδ m’tnt rty [lacuna, some 40 letters] (…n’βcy’kh ?....) p(tsγt’k ?) ‘sp’δ m(…) [lacuna, some 40 letters] (…wyškrtw ?) δ’r’nt (…)[lacuna, some 40 letters] (…)δw’ šyrγw(štt)w m’(t)[‘nt] (Right Side) [lacuna, some 40 letters] (.k?) šyr’k krt(k) [‘krtw?] δ’rt rt[y…] [lacuna, some 40 letters] (s)δtw (δ’r’nt) šyr’k (šy)r’k krtk ‘’βry(t) [δ’r’nt ?] [lacuna, some 40 letters] (….’cw ?) [n’β](c)yh mrt(γm)’k ‘st’t ‘XRYZ (βγym)[γ’n tykyn?] [lacuna, some 40 letters] (‘XRZY βγy ?) […](š)t (nws) [’ws, nwš or nyš ?] (.)wk’ [(p)wk’ or (‘)wk/’ ?] trγw’n ‘YK (m)γ(‘) [n tykn] [illegible traces of letters]. This

204-467: A ceremonial guard corps to Tujue to welcome back Muqan's daughter for marriage to him. However, when they arrived at Qaghan's headquarters, he turned against the treaty and detained Yuwen Chun and his attendants. In spring 568, a major storm at Göktürks' headquarters inflicted substantial damage, and Muqan Qaghan took it as a sign of divine displeasure at his rescission of the marriage agreement with Northern Zhou. He therefore returned Yuwen Chun, along with

272-488: A promise that Emperor Wu would marry the daughter of Muqan Qaghan. In winter 563, the joint forces of Northern Zhou and Gökturks launched a two-prong attack on Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen , Shanxi ). In spring 565, Emperor Wu sent his brother Yuwen Chun (宇文純), Yuwen Gui (宇文貴), Dou Yi (竇毅) and Yang Jian (楊薦) to lead

340-614: A secret headquarters in Taiyuan. Yan, under the slogan "resistance against the enemy and defense of the soil", attempted to recruit young patriotic intellectuals to his government from across China. By 1936 Taiyuan became a gathering point for anti-Japanese intellectuals who had fled from Beijing , Tianjin , and Northeast China . A representative of the Japanese army, speaking of the final defense of Taiyuan, said that "nowhere in China have

408-721: A significant trading center, due to its political and economical status in Shanxi. In 1900, the Taiyuan Massacre occurred, during which a number of Western missionaries were killed. The warlord Yan Xishan retained control of Shanxi from the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 to the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Taiyuan consequently flourished as the center of his comparatively progressive province and experienced extensive industrial development. It

476-513: A temperate monsoon climate. Spring is dry, with occasional dust storms , followed by early summer heat waves . Summer tends to be warm to hot with most of the year's rainfall concentrated in July and August. Winter is long and cold, but dry and sunny. Because of the aridity, there tends to be considerable diurnal variation in temperature , except during the summer. The weather is much cooler than comparable-latitude cities, such as Shijiazhuang , due to

544-526: Is a multi-lingual inscription first discovered in Ikh-Tamir sum of Arkhangai Province , Mongolia . The inscription is dated to 584 CE and was dedicated to Taspar Khagan (reigned 572–581) the fourth Khagan of the Turkic Khaganate . The inscription is in the form of a monumental wolf-crowned stele 198 cm high that sits on a turtle base 47 cm high. The front, right and left side of

612-477: Is the largest production site of metallurgical coal in China. The tree population in Taiyuan is dominated by coniferous forest, pine , white pine , spruce , and cypress . Taiyuan belongs to the warm temperate continental monsoon climate, with long, dry and cold winters, hot and humid summers, short and windy spring and autumn, and distinct dry and wet seasons. Taiyuan experiences a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ). Taiyuan has

680-717: The Altai Mountains (Golden Mountains) in 569. The Sogdian language of the inscriptions reflects the prominence of Sogdians on the Silk Road. Sogdians were East Iranians from Sogdia , one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire . The Mongolic Rouran inscription reflects the influence of the previous Rouran Khaganate. The title Khagan was first used by the Rourans who were an offshoot of the Xianbei similar to

748-580: The Khitan state of Liao . Using the north-western route instead of the southern (used in the previous campaigns) the armies of Taizong defeated a major Liao force. Isolated, the Northern Han resisted for only fifteen days before surrendering. In contrast to the mild policies of his brother, Taizong dealt harshly with the city. He ordered the flooding of Taiyuan by releasing the Fen River , and set

SECTION 10

#1732776645351

816-617: The Qing dynasty and defeated the Great Shun Army in Taiyuan in the same year. Throughout the Qing dynasty, the international trade with Russia, especially of tea, and the creation and development of so-called draft banks, or Piaohao , boosted the central Shanxi basin to become the financial center of Qing China. Even though most of these Piaohao were based in different neighboring counties of Qi County , Taigu , and Yuci , Taiyuan became

884-517: The Song dynasty and embarked on the campaign of re-unification of China. Using a power struggle at the Northern Han court Taizu moved against it in the late 968. By early 969 his armies encircled Taiyuan and defeated the reinforcements sent by the Khitan . However, an attempt to flood the city failed. The siege was lifted after three months, as heavy rains caused diseases in the besieging army,

952-691: The Tang dynasty and subsequent Five Dynasties , the status of the city of Taiyuan was elevated to be the Northern Capital, hence the name Běidū ( 北都 ), and Běijīng ( 北京 , different from present-day Beijing ). Taiyuan is an ancient city with more than 2500 years of urban history, dating back from 497 BC. It was the capital or secondary capital ( 陪 都 , 别 都 ) of Zhao , Former Qin , Eastern Wei , Northern Qi , Northern Jin , Later Tang , Later Jin , Later Han , Northern Han . Its strategic location and rich history make Taiyuan one of

1020-631: The Tuoba , Khitan , Tuyuhun and Shiwei ( Mongols ). Some Rouran nobility were Buddhists . The wolf at the top of the stele reflects the Turks' belief in their origin from a wolf like the Mongols. The vertical orientation of the inscriptions and the turtle base reflects cultural influence from China. The Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi is another inscription found in Mongolia, dated to 604 to 620 CE, with

1088-466: The Xiongnu state of Former Zhao , whose army raided the area around Taiyuan for years and eventually obtained Taiyuan in 316. In 319, Taiyuan became part of Later Zhao , founded by Shi Le . Later, Taiyuan was obtained by Former Yan in 358, and by Former Qin in 370. Fu Jian died in 384. His son Fu Pi declared himself an emperor in 385, with Jinyang (central city of Taiyuan) as the capital. But

1156-519: The daughter he promised Emperor Wu, back to Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu personally welcomed her and created her empress. After Muqan's death in 572 the title of Qaghan passed to his younger brother Taspar . Muqan's reign marked the pinnacle of Sogdian cultural influence in the Göktürk Empire . Sogdian culture was transmitted by merchants from Turpan who worked as ambassadors and advisers. The Sogdian language and script were used to govern

1224-672: The 6 urban districts on 1,460 km (560 sq mi). Consistent with China's economic expansion throughout the 2010s, Taiyuan's economy has shown consistent growth in recent years. In 2018, Taiyuan's GDP was worth 388.450 billion Yuan, more than double what it was in 2010. Disposable income per capita was reported to be 31,031 Yuan in 2018, a 7.2% increase from 2017. In 2015, Taiyuan imported 4,085.130 million USD worth of goods, and exported 6,592.250 million USD worth. Taiyuan's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 3.9 billion yuan, 105.2 billion yuan, and 132.2 billion yuan respectively in 2007. Shanxi produces

1292-472: The Chinese fought so obstinately". From the Japanese occupation of Taiyuan to the Japanese surrender in 1945, the Japanese continued to exploit Taiyuan's industries and resources to supply the Japanese army. After the Japanese army in Shanxi surrendered to Yan Xishan, 10,000–15,000 Japanese troops, including both enlisted men and officers, decided to fight for Yan rather than return to Japan. Yan also retained

1360-681: The Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Göktürk Khanate . According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Türks. Muhan Qaghan's Türkic wife was childless. This caused difficulties for his son Talopien, as he

1428-636: The Rouran and Hephthalites and their pursuit by the Turks precipitated the migration of the Avars into Eastern Europe. Charlemagne would ultimately accept their surrender in 798 at Aachen and send one native chief, baptised Abraham, back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan. The Turks allied with the Byzantine Empire against the Sasanians. Byzantine envoy Zemarchus visited Istemi Khagan in

SECTION 20

#1732776645351

1496-484: The Tang dynasty, partly because Taiyuan was the military base of the founding emperors Li Yuan and Li Shimin . As Li Shimin wrote in 619: "Taiyuan, the base of the imperial regime and the foundation of the state." ( 太原，王业所基，国之根本 ) In 690, Wu Zetian set Taiyuan as the Northern Capital, ( 北 都 ; Běidū ), one of the three capitals, along with Chang'an and Luoyang , as depicted in the poem by Li Bai : "The king of

1564-848: The Turkic Khaganate stretched from Manchuria to the Black Sea. It controlled the Silk Road while its imperial seat of power was in central Mongolia. The Turkic Khaganate replaced their previous overlords the Rouran Khaganate (also called Ruanruan) in 552 with the help of the Western Wei . The Gokturks proceeded to defeat the Hepthalites with the help of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 560 CE. The defeat of

1632-581: The Zhi army, with the help from Wei and Han. The Tripartition of Jin happened in 403 BC, when the state of Jin, then a strong power in Northern China, was divided into three smaller states of Han , Zhao and Wei . This event is the watershed between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in Chinese history. In 248 BC, the state of Qin attacked Zhao under General Meng'ao , and obtained

1700-584: The area around Jinyang from Zhao. Qin set up the Commandery of Taiyuan ( 太原郡 ), with the city of Jinyang as its administrative center. Although, the name Taiyuan had appeared in historic records before, potentially referring to different regions in nowadays southern and central Shanxi , this was the first time Taiyuan was officially used to refer to present-day Taiyuan. Between 229 and 228 BC, Qin General Li Xin lead two armies that marched from

1768-463: The capital from Daming to Luoyang , and Taiyuan was set as a provisional capital, titled "Beidu" (北都, literally 'Northern Capital'). In 936, Shi Jingtang established Later Jin in Taiyuan with the help from Khitan Liao dynasty . The next year, Shi Jingtang moved the capital from Taiyuan to Luoyang , and then to Kaifeng , and Taiyuan became a provisional northern capital ("Beijing") again. Zhao Kuangyin ( Emperor Taizu of Song ) established

1836-414: The cities of Taiyuan and Yunzhong to attack Zhao's northern commandery of Dai. Three months after General Li Mu 's death; Wang Jian, Li Xin & Qiang Lei conquered Zhao. In 221 BC, Qin conquered the rest of China, and officially started the first imperial dynasty of China. Qin established thirty-six commanderies on its territory, and Taiyuan was one of them. Also, the capital of commandery of Taiyuan

1904-582: The city has taken further action to combat air pollution, creating a "coal-free zone" of 1,460 km in 2017. This zone prevents most people and organizations from buying, selling, storing, transporting, burning, or using coal. In 2019, the Taiyuan City Government expanded the size of this zone slightly, to a total of 1,574 km . As of the 2020 census, Taiyuan prefecture had a total population of 5,304,061 inhabitants on 6,959 km (2,687 sq mi), from whom 4,529,141 lived in

1972-609: The city on fire. The former capital was downgraded from prefecture to county town status. It was not until 982 that a new city was founded on the banks of the Fen River . The oldest existing building in Taiyuan today is the Temple of the Goddess ( simplified Chinese : 圣 母 殿 ; traditional Chinese : 聖 母 殿 ) inside the Jin Ci Complex. It was originally built in 1023 and reconstructed in 1102. From 1027 one of

2040-417: The city required the support of 1,300 pieces of artillery. Many Nationalist officers committed suicide when the city fell to a Communist army. Taiyuan lies on the Fen River in the north of its fertile upper basin. The city is located at the center of the province with an east–west span of 144 km (89 mi) and a north–south span of 107 km (66 mi). It commands the north–south route through

2108-417: The city's name are 太 ( tài , "great") and 原 ( yuán , "plain"), referring to the location where the Fen River leaves the mountains and enters a relatively flat plain. Throughout its long history, the city had various names, including Bīngzhōu ( 并州 ) (from which the city's abbreviated single-character name Bīng ( 并 ) is derived), Jìnyáng ( 晋阳 ) and Lóngchéng ( 龙城 ). During

Muqan Qaghan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-480: The construction of a Türkic Buddhist temple in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an. Despite his promotion of Buddhism in China, it is not known if he himself converted to Buddhism, and it is also uncertain whether or not a substantial number of Türks were Buddhists during his reign. According to Chinese sources, Muqan Qaghan's appearance was strange: the third Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate ,

2244-608: The economic, political, military, and cultural centers of Northern China. From about 859 BC the area around modern-day Taiyuan was occupied by the Rong people . In 662 BC the Rong were driven out by the Di people. In 497 BC, the first ancient city of Jinyang was built around the southern Jinyuan District of present-day Taiyuan, by Dong Anyu ( 董 安 于 ), who was a steward of Zhao Jianzi  [ zh ] ( 赵鞅 ), an upper-level official of

2312-413: The empire. The importance of Sogdians cannot be understated in keeping the early Turks safely outside of the Chinese cultural sphere. The Sogdian language and script were used to administer the empire, because it was the only written language in the cities under his control. Muqan Qaghan was friendly to Buddhist people, and is credited with being the first to introduce Buddhism to the Türks. He promoted

2380-478: The first decade of the 21st century, and once it was even listed among the ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Recently, the air quality has been gradually improved with increasing public awareness of air quality control and stricter and more detailed rules for pollution applied. However, according to the 2014 statistical book issued by the National Bureau of Statistics , even though no longer among

2448-511: The hands of Göktürks, the remnants of Rouran , which by that point was near its end, surrendered to Northern Qi to seek protection from Gökturk attacks. Emperor Wenxuan personally attacked Muqan Qaghan, fighting his army off and then created Yujiulü Anluochen as the new khagan of Rouran, settling the Rouran people within Northern Qi territory, at Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou , Shanxi ). Eventually last khagan of Rouran Yujiulü Dengshuzi

2516-519: The heaven has three capitals, the Northern capital is one of them." (" 天王三京，北都居一 "). In 742 AD, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang changed its name further to Beijing ( 北京 ). During the Tang dynasty, the title Northern Capital to Taiyuan had been endowed or abolished multiple times. In 923, Li Cunxu , son of Li Keyong , founded Later Tang with capital of Daming , and soon conquered most of North China, and ended Later Liang. Afterwards, Li Cunxu moved

2584-433: The lord (?) … (.)uka-tarkhwan, when Maha[n-tegin] [illegible traces of letters]. This is Alexander Vovin's tentative translation. Taiyuan Taiyuan ( Taiyuan Jin : /tʰai˦˥ ye˩˩/) is the capital of Shanxi , China. Taiyuan is the political, economic, cultural and international exchange center of Shanxi Province. It is an industrial base focusing on energy and heavy chemicals. Throughout its long history, Taiyuan

2652-450: The lord M[uhan-qaghan] (Front Side) [… died. And …] asks the God, and then … … … When (?)šadapït(s), tarkhwans, qurqapïns, tuduns, säng[üns] [approved (?)] and after that [thus addressed him]: ‘Your elder brother Muhan-qaghan died. And … … [he well (?)] distributed the money [and] well fed [the peo]ple. And thus now you, lord Maha[n]- –tegin, ………, and feed the people without such a ruler!’ And now

2720-455: The lord Mahan-te[gin ….], he listened to this words and in the Hare year … ascended (?) six(?) years he ruled […. The lord Taspar (?)]-qaghan asked the gods. And then šadapïts, tarkhw[ans] qurqapïns, sängüns, tuduns, the kinsmen (of the qaghan) approved. And then he addressed the adobe of the lord Bumïn-qaghan thus: ‘[show!]’. And the lord Bumïn-qaghan ordered: ‘Oh lord, Taspar-qaghan! You must … for

2788-629: The moderately high altitude. The monthly 24-hour average temperature range from −4.7 °C (23.5 °F) in January to 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 10.9 °C (51.6 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 51 percent in July to 61 percent in May, there are 2,493 hours of sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −25.5 °C (−13.9 °F) to 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), though an unofficial record low of −29.5 °C (−21.1 °F)

Muqan Qaghan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-524: The next year, Fu Pi was defeated by the Western Yan prince Murong Yong in 386, and Taiyuan became part of Western Yan. In 386, Tuoba Gui founded Northern Wei . In 396, Northern Wei expanded to Taiyuan. In 543, Eastern Wei was founded by Gao Huan , with the capital at the city of Ye , and Taiyuan as the alternative capital ( 别都 ), where the Mansion of the "Great Chancellor" Gao Huan ( 大丞相府 )

2924-739: The north. This expansion also pushed against the Avars who were driven toward the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire and eventually toward the Danube . Other tribes of the Central Asia, such as the eastern Bulgars were also displaced. Muqan proposed to marry his daughter to Yuwen Tai in 556, but his death prevented such proposal. After the establishment of Northern Zhou by Emperor Ming , Muqan sent gifts and emissary to establish contacts in 558. At first he wanted to marry his daughter to Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, however, she

2992-529: The northern territory during the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor , which included the Garrison of Taiyuan ( 太 原 镇 ). Shanxi merchants became prominent in Chinese business history since the beginning of Ming dynasty, thanks to the logistic requirements of the military around the borders of northern Shanxi to defend Ming against the remnant Mongol Northern Yuan dynasty . In 1644, Shunzhi founded

3060-509: The province, as well as important natural lines of transportation through the Taihang Mountains to Hebei in the east and to northern Shaanxi in the west. Taiyuan is abundant in natural resources such as coal , iron , marble , silica, bauxite , limestone , graphite , quartz , phosphorus , gypsum , mica , copper , and gold . It boasts high production of coal, iron, silica and marble. The western satellite city of Gujiao

3128-408: The sake of the great […..] and he ordered: ‘Establish a great new samgha!’ And then when […..] and the lord Taspar-qaghan was distressed, [whether there was] anybody of the grandsons who [had] the ability (?) […..] … is there anybody of the qurqapïns, of the kinsmen, of the people … and equestarian warrior(s) thus distributed the prey(?) [….] they heard [these] words and after this […] [….] he ….. And as

3196-530: The services of experienced and foreign-educated Japanese technicians and professional staff brought into Taiyuan by the Japanese to run the complex of industries that they had developed around Taiyuan. Taiyuan was the last area in Shanxi to resist Communist control during the final stages of the Chinese Civil War . The city was taken by the Communists on 22 April 1949, after they surrounded Taiyuan and cut it off from all means of land and air supply, and taking

3264-560: The state of Jin. During the Battle of Jinyang in 453 BC, Zhi Yao diverted the flow of the Fen River to inundate the city of Jinyang, caused significant damage to the Zhao. Later, Zhao Xiangzi alerted Wei and Han, who both decided to ally with Zhao. On the night of 8 May 453 BC, Zhao troops broke the dams of the Fen River and let the river flood the Zhi armies, and eventually annihilated

3332-521: The stele has a Sogdian inscription written with Sogdian alphabet . The back side has a possibly Rouran inscription written with Brahmi script. The original location of the inscription on the west bank of the Bayantsagaan river, a tributary of the North Tamir river, shows evidence of a walled complex. The wall embankment is 59mx30m with an inner moat 4.5m wide and 2m deep. In the center of

3400-476: The supplies were running low, and another Khitan relief force was advancing towards the city. Taizu launched the second invasion of Northern Han in September 969, but the armies were recalled after his death (November 14,969). Taizu's brother Taizong subjugated the last independent kingdoms in the south of China by 978, and in 979 launched the third campaign against the Northern Han and its overlord

3468-399: The two private markets for Tangut goods, particularly salt, operated in Taiyuan. During the Song period many people, including the family of chancellor Wang Anshi , migrated south. The Jurchen Jin dynasty was founded in 1115, and in 1125, Taiyuan was conquered by Jin. The Mongol empire emerged in 1206 under the leadership of Genghis Khan , and it expanded quickly. In 1218, Taiyuan

SECTION 50

#1732776645351

3536-401: The two rulers […..] they … and … they were full of knowledge and […] the people(?) … an equipped (?) army ….. […..] they conquered (?) ….. […..] they were friends (Right Side) […..] he accomplished many good deeds. And …..[…..] they approved, ‘very (or: many) good deeds’ – they praised […..] is there any such man among the people [who would be able …?]. And the lord M[ahan-tegin ?] .[…..] And

3604-400: The walled complex was a temple whose wooden pillars and roof tiles were still visible on the ground. Only a few brick fragments were found. The inscription itself was found within the walls on a square platform 7.5mx7.5m made of layered stones. The stele was erected in 584 CE with a latest date of 587 CE. It is dedicated to Taspar Khagan who is also called Tatpar Khagan. By this time

3672-513: The worst polluted cities in China, Taiyuan still has below-average ambient air quality, compared with other major Chinese cities. A 2019 study estimated that in 2016, there were 228,000 households in the city burning coal, burning a total of 1,096,000 tons that year alone. The authors of the study suggested that the local government should do more to transition from coal energy to gas energy, provide more electrical heating infrastructure, and transition to more renewable energy sources. In recent years,

3740-538: Was Jinyang. During the Jin dynasty , Taiyuan was again changed into a vassal state. Following the ending of the Jin dynasty, ethnic minority peoples settled a series of short-lived sovereign states in northern China, commonly referred to as Sixteen Kingdoms . Taiyuan was part of Former Zhao , Later Zhao , Former Qin , Former Yan , Former Qin again, Western Yan , and Later Yan chronologically. In 304, Liu Yuan founded

3808-456: Was also being courted by Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi , which caused Muqan some indecision. Ultimately, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou took the extra step of dispatching Yang Jian, the Governor of Liangzhou , along with Wang Qing (王庆) and others to formally propose the marriage. In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with Göktürks against Northern Qi, part of which involved

3876-468: Was born Ashina Yandou (阿史那燕都) to Bumin Qaghan and was created as irkin during his lifetime. He succeeded his elder brother Issik Khagan in a lateral succession in 553. Upon succession, he appointed his younger brother Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) as lesser khagan in the east. His accession to power was followed by finishing off remnants of Rouran . Around the new year 554, after defeat of Yujiulü Kangti at

3944-466: Was born to a non-Turkic woman who Muhan married as part of diplomatic relations with other states. His daughter Empress Ashina became the wife of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou . His son Apa Qaghan claimed the throne after the death of his uncle Taspar unsuccessfully while his other son Yangsu Tegin was ancestor of later Western Turkic Qaghans. Bugut inscription The Bugut inscription ( Mongolian : Бугут , romanized :  Bugut )

4012-524: Was captured, but he returned to his homeland after the Turks withdrew. As the army prepared to withdraw, Muqan Qaghan gifted Ning 100 slaves, 500 horses, and 10,000 sheep. He then further defeated the Hephthalites to the west near Bukhara in 557 together with Khosrow I , however this battle was largely overseen by Muqan's uncle Istami . He routed the Khitan to the east, and annexed the Kyrgyz to

4080-631: Was conquered by the Mongol army led by General Muqali . Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, and the administrative area of Taiyuan Lu ( 太原 路 ) was expanded. The Taoist Longshan Grottoes was built in early Yuan dynasty, initiated by Taoist monk Song Defang ( 宋 德 芳 ). In 1368, Hongwu Emperor established the Ming dynasty , and Taiyuan was obtained from Yuan, by General Xu Da . The Ming dynasty installed Nine Military Garrisons to defend

4148-677: Was described by Chinese authors as having an unusual appearance. His eyes were described as like "琉璃" ( liúli ) , generally meaning "colored glazes", but sometimes translated as "lapis lazuli"-like (implying a blue color), and he had a red complexion. His face was wide. He was characterized as being "tough and fierce", and he was regarded as brave and knowledgeable by the historians. A complete genetic analysis of Muqan Qaghan's daughter Empress Ashina (551–582) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports

SECTION 60

#1732776645351

4216-407: Was executed by Emperor Gong in 555 because of Gökturks' pressure. Muqan led an attack on Tuyuhun territory in 556 together Western Wei . According to the plan, Muqan was to attack Hezhen (near present-day Chaka Salt Lake , Qinghai ) from north and general Shi Ning (史寧) was to attack Shudun (near Gonghe County ). Siege was a success as Tuyuhun king Murong Kualu 's wife, children and treasure

4284-401: Was linked by rail both to the far southwest of Shanxi and to Datong in the north. Until the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Yan's arsenal in Taiyuan was the only factory in China sufficiently advanced to produce field artillery. Because Yan succeeded in keeping Shanxi uninvolved in most of the major battles between rival warlords that occurred in China during the 1910s and 1920s, Taiyuan

4352-471: Was located. In 577, Taiyuan was conquered and became part of Northern Zhou . In 581, Emperor Wen of Sui founded Sui dynasty . Jinyang was first the administrative center of Bing Zhou ( 并州 ), which was changed into Taiyuan Commandery . In 617, Li Yuan rose in rebellion based in Taiyuan, and expanded quickly. In 618, Li Yuan founded Tang dynasty , which is generally considered a golden age of Chinese civilization. Taiyuan expanded significantly during

4420-517: Was never taken from Yan by an invading army until the Japanese conquered it in 1937. Yan was aware of the threat posed by the Japanese; and, in order to defend against the impending Japanese invasion of Shanxi, Yan entered into a secret "united front" agreement with the Communists in November 1936. After concluding his alliance with the Communists, he allowed agents under Zhou Enlai to establish

4488-406: Was recorded on 7 January 1930. The municipality of Taiyuan is 6,988 km (2,698 sq mi). Taiyuan has a forest area of 146,700 hectares. and total grassland area of 422.5 km (163.1 sq mi) in 2007. The forest area coverage rate in the six urban districts has been increased to 21.69% in 2015. Taiyuan had suffered from severe air pollution , especially in the 1990s, and

4556-440: Was the capital or provisional capital of many dynasties in China, hence the name Lóngchéng ( 龙城 ; Dragon City ). As of 2021, the city will govern 6 districts, 3 counties, and host a county-level city with a total area of 6,988 square kilometers and a permanent population of 5,390,957. Taiyuan is located roughly in the centre of Shanxi, with the Fen River flowing through the central city. The two Chinese characters of

4624-499: Was translated into English by Sergej G. Kljaštornyj and Vladimir A. Livšic: (Left Side) This stele was erected by the Turks (under) Kwts’tt the ruler of China when … … the Turkish lord Nivar-qaghan. Since Mahan- –tegin ascended the place of qaghan, the lord Muhan-qaghan and the lord Mahan-tegin after [that they] were saviours for the whole world during a long period [lit. after that and in the future] … … … And now thereupon, after this,

#350649