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56-710: Although the Göktürks spoke a Siberian Turkic language directly antecedent to the Orkhon Turkic of the Second Turkic Khaganate , the First Khaganate's early official texts and coins were written in Sogdian . It was the first Turkic state to use the name Türk politically. The Old Turkic script was invented at the first half of the sixth century. The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after

112-498: A 2003 naval treaty . Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, however, Russian forces have forcibly established a new status quo, now being the straits' sole controlling power. Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov campaigned for a highway bridge to be constructed across the strait. Since 1944, various bridge projects to span the strait have been proposed or attempted, always hampered by

168-727: A Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi (also known as Silziboulos in Greek writings) of the Göktürks to send an embassy directly to the Byzantine Empire's capital Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered silk as a gift to emperor Justin II and where they discussed an alliance. In 569 an embassy led by Zemarchus occurred which was well received and likely solidified their alliance for war. Another set of embassies occurred in 575–576 led by Valentine which were received with hostility by Turxanthos due to alleged treachery. They required

224-638: A daily capacity of one thousand tons, was only adequate for the defensive needs of the Seventeenth Army in the Kuban bridgehead . Because of frequent earth tremors , this bridge would have required vast quantities of extra-strength steel girders , and their transport would have curtailed shipments of military material to the Crimea. The bridge was never completed, and the Wehrmacht finished evacuating

280-588: A new group of leaders known as the Turgesh were established by 699. In 657, the Tang emperor could impose indirect rule along the Silk Road as far as modern-day Iran . He installed two khagans to rule the ten arrows (tribes) of Göktürks. Five arrows of Tulu (咄陆) were ruled by khagans bearing the title of Xingxiwang (興昔亡可汗) while five arrows of Nushipi (弩失畢可汗) were ruled by Jiwangjue (繼往絕可汗). Five Tulu corresponded to

336-699: A series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate . The Tang China conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 and the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657 in a series of military campaigns. The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it was overthrown by the Uyghur Khaganate . The origins of

392-720: A sub-branch of the Turkic language family . The following table is based upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson (1998). All languages of the branch combined have approximately 670,000 native and second language speakers, with most widely spoken members being Yakut ( c. 450,000 speakers), Tuvan ( c. 130,000 speakers), Northern Altai ( c. 57,000 speakers) and Khakas ( c. 29,000 speakers). Despite their usual English name, two major Turkic languages spoken in Siberia , Siberian Tatar and Southern Altai , are not classified as Siberian Turkic, but are rather part of

448-688: A warning ahead, allowing the emperor and empress time to flee to the commandery seat at present-day Daixian in Shanxi . This was besieged by the Turkic army on September 11, 615, but Sui reinforcements and a false report from Princess Yicheng to her husband about a northern attack on the khaganate caused him to lift the siege before its completion. In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of the Xuanwu Gate Incident and drove on to Chang'an. On September 23, 626, Illig Qaghan and his iron cavalry reached

504-663: The Ashina clan (reigned 634–639) and came to be known as the Onoq . The name refers to the "ten arrows" that were granted by the khagan to ten leaders ( shads ) of its two constituent tribal confederations, the Duolu (five churs ) and Nushibi (five irkins ), whose lands were divided by the Chui River. The division fostered the growth of separatist tendencies. Soon, chieftain Kubrat of

560-575: The Battle of Yinshan (陰山之戰 / 阴山之战 ). Illig Qaghan fled to Ishbara Shad, but on May 2, 630 Zhang Baoxiang 's army advanced to Ishbara Shad's headquarters. Illig Qaghan was taken prisoner and sent to Chang'an. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed and was incorporated into the Jimi system of Tang. Emperor Taizong said, "It's enough for me to compensate my dishonor at Wei River." The Western khagan Sheguy and Tong Yabghu Qaghan constructed an alliance with

616-815: The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov , separating the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the west from the Taman Peninsula of Russia 's Krasnodar Krai in the east. The strait is 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) wide and up to 18 metres (59 ft) deep. The most important harbor, the Crimean city of Kerch , gives its name to the strait, formerly known as the Cimmerian Bosporus or Straits of Taman . It has also been called

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672-761: The Byzantine Empire against the Sasanian Empire and defeated the Sasanians in 628, successfully restoring the southern borders along the Tarim and Amu Darya rivers. Their capital was Suyab in the Chu River valley, about 6 km south east of modern Tokmok . In 627 Tung Yabghu, assisted by the Khazars and Emperor Heraclius , launched a massive invasion of Transcaucasia which culminated in

728-533: The Crimean Bridge opened in 2018. A major cargo port is under construction near Taman. The straits are about 35 kilometers (22 mi) long and are 3.1 kilometers (1.9 mi) wide at the narrowest and separate an eastern extension of Crimea from Taman , the westernmost extension of the Caucasus Mountains . In antiquity , there seem to have been a group of islands intersected by arms of

784-758: The Dulo clan , whose relation ship with the Duolu is possible but not proven, seceded from the Khaganate. The Tang dynasty campaigned against the khaganate and its vassals, the oasis states of the Tarim Basin. The Tang campaign against Karakhoja in 640 led to the retreat of the Western Turks, who were defeated during the Tang campaigns against Karasahr in 644 and the Tang campaign against Kucha in 648, leading to

840-546: The Kipchak subgroup . Many of these languages have a Yeniseian substratum. Alexander Vovin (2017) notes that Tofa and other Siberian Turkic languages, especially Sayan Turkic, have Yeniseian loanwords. This article about a Turkic language or related topic is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kerch Strait The Kerch Strait is a strait in Eastern Europe . It connects

896-593: The Krasnodar Krai ( Port Krym – Port Kavkaz line). Originally there were four train ferry ships; later three car-ferry ships were added. Train transportation continued for almost 40 years. The aging train-ferries became obsolete in the late 1980s and were removed from service. In the autumn of 2004, new ships were delivered as replacements and train transportation was re-established. The ferry line stopped operations in late 2020. A territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine in 2003 centred on Tuzla Island in

952-742: The Kuban River ( Hypanis ) and various sounds which have since silted up. The Romans knew the strait as the Cimmerian Bosporus ( Cimmerius Bosporus ) from its Greek name, the Cimmerian Strait ( Κιμμέριος Βόσπορος , Kimmérios Bosporos ), which honored the Cimmerians , nearby steppe nomads . In ancient times the low-lying land near the Strait was known as the Maeotic Swamp . The Cimmerian Bosporus in ancient times

1008-524: The Slab-grave culture . According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses". ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Seleucid Empire : Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Siberian Turkic languages The Siberian Turkic or Northeastern Common Turkic languages , are

1064-861: The Straits of Yenikale after the Yeni-Kale fortress in Kerch. Taman , the most important settlement on the Taman Peninsula side of the strait, sits on Taman Bay , which is separated from the main Kerch Strait by the Chushka Spit to the north and the former Tuzla Spit to the south; the Tuzla Spit is now Tuzla Island , connected to the Taman Peninsula by a 2003 Russian-built 3.8-kilometre-long (2.4 mi) dam, and to mainland Crimea by

1120-514: The 657 conquest of the Western Turks by the Tang general Su Dingfang . Emperor Taizong of Tang was proclaimed Khagan of the Göktürks in 658. The Tang retained a member of the Ashina clan as a puppet khagan of the Türks. In 639, Ashina Jiesheshuai attempted to kill Emperor Taizong of Tang but failed, causing him to relocate the Türks. These khagans were not well respected among their peers and

1176-539: The Black Sea amid Russia's increasing military presence near Ukraine. The Biden administration withheld the destroyers after fighting intensified between Ukrainian and Russian-backed separatist forces in an effort to alleviate the tension. Putin had threatened the safety of the US Navy ships, saying that they should stay away from the area “for their own good”. After the destroyers were withheld, Russia took advantage of

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1232-638: The Göktürks into Europe. In 576 the Göktürks crossed the Kerch Strait into the Crimea . Five years later they laid siege to Chersonesus ; their cavalry kept roaming the steppes of Crimea until 590. As for the southern borders, they were drawn south of the Amu Darya , bringing the Ashina into conflict with their former allies, the Sasanian Empire. In 589, the Sasanian Empire attacked and defeated

1288-759: The Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran. This war tightened the Ashina clan's grip on the Silk Road . The alliance with China was further reinforced in 568 through the marriage of the Turkic princess Ashina , daughter of Muqan Qaghan, with Emperor Wu of the Xianbei -led Chinese Northern Zhou dynasty . The appearance of the Pannonian Avars in the West has been interpreted as a nomadic faction fleeing

1344-569: The Kerch Strait where it sought shelter from the above storm. During the storm the tanker split in half, releasing more than 2000 tonnes of fuel oil. Four other boats sank in the storm, resulting in the release of sulphur cargo. The storm hampered efforts to rescue crew members. Another victim of the storm, the Russian cargo ship Volnogorsk , loaded with sulfur, sank at Port Kavkaz on the same day. Russia and Ukraine agreed to guarantee each other freedom of navigation for ships of both nations in

1400-778: The Kuban bridgehead in September 1943. In 1944 the Soviets built a "provisional" railway bridge ( Kerch railway bridge ) across the strait. Construction made use of supplies captured from the Germans. The bridge went into operation in November 1944, but moving ice floes destroyed it in February 1945; reconstruction was not attempted. After the war, ferry transportation across the strait was established in 1954, connecting Crimea and

1456-842: The Sea of Azov from the east, close to the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Kerch Strait was a nearby site of a major naval battle (that became known as the Battle of Kerch Strait ) in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . It was fought in 1790 and ended in Russian victory. During the Second World War , the Kerch Peninsula became the scene of much desperate combat between forces of the Soviet Red Army and Nazi Germany . Fighting frequency intensified in

1512-528: The Strait of Kerch. Ukraine and Russia agreed to treat the strait and the Azov Sea as shared internal waters. On Sunday 11 November 2007 news agencies reported a very strong storm on the Black Sea . Four ships sank, six ran aground on a sandbank, and two tankers were damaged, resulting in a major oil spill and the death of 23 sailors. The Russian-flagged oil tanker Volgoneft-139 encountered trouble in

1568-522: The Sui capital, around 600, demanding Emperor Yangdi end his interference in the civil war . In retaliation, Sui diplomacy successfully incited a revolt of Tardu's Tiele vassals, which led to the end of Tardu's reign in 603. Among the dissident tribes were the Uyghurs and Xueyantuo . The civil war left the empire divided into eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Otukan, remained in

1624-775: The Turkic Khanate trace back to 546, when Bumin Qaghan made a preemptive strike against the Uyghur and Tiele groups planning a revolt against their overlords, the Rouran Khanate . For this service he expected to be rewarded with a Rouran princess, thus marrying into the royal family. However, the Rouran khagan , Yujiulü Anagui , sent an emissary to Bumin to rebuke him, saying, "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" As Anagui's "blacksmith slave" ( Chinese : 鍛 奴 ; pinyin : duànnú ) comment

1680-435: The Turks were "slaves" need not be taken literally, but probably represented a form of vassalage, or even unequal alliance. A disappointed Bumin allied with the Western Wei against the Rouran, their common enemy, by marrying Princess Changle . In 552, Bumin defeated Anagui and his forces north of Huaihuang (modern Zhangjiakou , Hebei ). Having excelled both in battle and diplomacy, Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of

1736-451: The Türks. Much of Bactria (including Balkh ) remained a dependency of the Ashina until the end of the century. The Göktürks played a major role with the Byzantine Empire's relationship with the Persian Sasanian Empire . The first contact is believed to be 563 and relates to the incident in 558 where the slaves of the Turks (the Pannonian Avars ) ran away during their war with the Hephthalites . The second contact occurred when Maniah,

First Turkic Khaganate - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-404: The area east of Lake Balkash while five arrows of Nushipi corresponded to the land east of the Aral Sea. Göktürks now carried Chinese titles and fought by their side in their wars. The era spanning from 657 to 699 in the steppes was characterized by numerous rulers – weak, divided, and engaged in constant petty wars under the Anxi Protectorate until the rise of Turgesh. The Second Turkic Khaganate

1848-408: The bank of the Wei River north of Bian Bridge (in present-day Xianyang , Shaanxi ). On September 25, 626,Tang Taizong allied with Iligh Khan and met with the khan on the border bridge, Tang Taizong accused Iligh Khan of crossing the border, the khan saw that Taizong was imposing, mistakenly thought that the reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty had arrived, plus two years ago, he had seen Li Shimin, who

1904-460: The bridge to reach Mariupol in November 2018, Russian forces responded by blocking the straits with a large container ship. Upon turning back, the Ukrainian ships and crews were fired upon and seized by the Russian coast guard. Two gas carriers collided and exploded in 2019, killing 14 people. On 15 April 2021 Russia decided to close the area of Kerch Strait to "warships and other state vessels" from 24 April to 31 October. The stated rationale for

1960-410: The closure are military exercises . The closure partially cut off the Ukrainian ports of Berdyansk and Mariupol from the Black Sea. The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry protested against the decision, stating that "such actions by the Russian Federation are another attempt to violate the norms and principles of international law to usurp the sovereign rights of Ukraine as a coastal state, as Ukraine has

2016-440: The coldest months of year when the strait froze over, allowing the movement of troops over the ice. After the Eastern Front stabilized in early 1943, Hitler ordered the construction of a 4.8-kilometre (3.0 mi) road-and-rail bridge across the Strait of Kerch in the spring of 1943 to support his desire for a renewed offensive to the Caucasus. The cable railway ( aerial tramway ), which went into operation on 14 June 1943 with

2072-408: The current goals of the Byzantine Empire (who correspondingly lacked trust in the Turks as partners). When the fourth ruler of the khaganate, Taspar Qaghan , died in 581, the realm split in two over the succession. He had willed the title of khagan to Muqan's son Apa Qaghan , but the high council appointed Ishbara Qaghan instead. Factions formed around both leaders. Before long, four rivals claimed

2128-407: The difficult geologic and geographic configuration of the area. Construction of an approach was actually started in 2003 with the 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi)-long dam, provoking the 2003 Tuzla Island conflict. After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the government of Russia decided to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait. The 19-kilometre Crimean Bridge opened to road traffic in 2018 and

2184-512: The help of Chinese companies was contemplating building a Crimean tunnel. In order to improve navigational capabilities of the Strait of Kerch, which is quite shallow in its narrowest point, the Kerch–Yenikale Canal was dredged through the strait. The main channel can accommodate vessels up to 215 meters long with a draft of up to 8 meters with a compulsory pilot assistance. The canal is not straight, and its geometry further complicates safe navigation. The narrowness, limited depth, and turns of

2240-461: The main channel together with the often unpredictable effects of wind and visibility (fog) mean that there are strict procedures regulating strait transit. Transit of large vessels occurs on a one-way (alternating) group convoy basis. Transit procedures have remained unchanged, whether under Soviet, Ukrainian, or Russian jurisdiction. The Vessel Traffic Control Post in Kerch controls and oversees all traffic. Several fish-processing plants are located on

2296-440: The members of the Byzantine delegation at the funeral of Istämi to lacerate their faces to humiliate them. The subsequent hostility shown by the new ruler Tardu would be matched in Byzantine writings. With the insults reflecting a breakdown of the alliance, the likely cause is that the anger was due to the Turks not having their expectations met from their agreements and realising they were being used when they no longer aligned with

First Turkic Khaganate - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-414: The new khanate at Otukan , but died only months later. His son, Muqan Qaghan , defeated the Hephthalite Empire . Bumin's brother Istämi (d. 576) bore the title " Yabgu of the West". This western branch of the Ashina clan was de facto independent while the eastern khagan was formally recognized as the senior. In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with the Sassanid Empire of Iran to defeat and destroy

2408-463: The opening to close the Kerch Strait. On 9 December 2021 Ukrainian command ship Donbas departed from Mariupol and approached Kerch Strait. It didn't give a notice in advance to pass the strait and was warned by Russian coast guard such a notice should be given for the safety of maritime traffic. At the moment around 80 civilian ships were waiting to pass the strait. In the morning of 8 October 2022 at 06:07 (Moscow time), an explosion occurred on

2464-462: The orbit of the Sui and retained the name Göktürk. The Shibi Khan (609–619) and Illig Qaghan (620–630) attacked the Central Plain at its weakest moment during the transition between the Sui and Tang . Shibi Khan's surprise attack against Yanmen Commandery during an imperial tour of the northern frontier almost captured Emperor Yang , but his ethnic Han wife Princess Yicheng—who had been well treated by Empress Xiao during an earlier visit—sent

2520-476: The rail section opened in 2019. Russian state-backed media claims that construction of the bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters, attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 endangered Black Sea bottlenose dolphins . However, Ukraine claims that the acoustic noise and pollution from both the bridge construction and military exercises may actually be killing Black Sea dolphins. When two Ukrainian navy vessels tried to pass under

2576-421: The right to regulate navigation in these areas of the Black Sea". According to the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry, the decision is a violation of the freedom of navigation under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea . The decision to close the strait was preceded by Russia's warning the United States after the Biden administration 's plan to send two destroyers ( USS Roosevelt and USS Donald Cook ) to

2632-402: The road portion of the Crimean Bridge, causing major damage. Seven fuel cars of a passing railway train also ignited, causing an extensive fire on the parallel rail bridge, and two half-sections of the road bridge collapsed. On 17 July 2023, explosions under the bridge of two suicide sea drones damaging a span of the road bridge. In late 2023 The Washington Post reported that Russia, with

2688-420: The same light level for three days. The field was filled with red atmosphere (dust storm)." Illig Qaghan was brought down by a revolt of his Tiele vassal tribes (626–630), allied with Emperor Taizong of Tang. This tribal alliance figures in Chinese records as the Huihe (Uyghur). On March 27, 630, a Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at

2744-407: The taking of Derbent and Tbilisi (see the Third Perso-Turkic War for details). In April 630 Tung's deputy Böri Shad sent the Göktürk cavalry to invade Armenia , where his general Chorpan Tarkhan succeeded in routing a large Persian force. Tung Yabghu's murder in 630 forced the Göktürks to evacuate Transcaucasia. The Western Turkic Khaganate was modernized through an administrative reform of

2800-466: The title. They were successfully played off against each other by the Sui and Tang dynasties. Istämi's son, Tardu the leader of the western Türks, made a bid for total independence. He now seized the title and led an army east to claim the seat of imperial power, Otukan. In order to buttress his position, Ishbara of the Eastern Khaganate, acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Yang of Sui in order to seek their protection. Tardu attacked Chang'an ,

2856-442: The westward expansion of the Göktürks, although the specifics are a matter of irreconcilable debate given the lack of clear sources and chronology. Rene Grousset links the Avars with the downfall of the Hephthalites rather than the Rouran, while Denis Sinor argues that Rouran-Avar identification is "repeated from article to article, from book to book with no shred of evidence to support it". Istämi's policy of western expansion brought

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2912-488: Was founded by Ilterish Qaghan after rebelling against the Tang in 681. The population of the First Turkic Khaganate displayed genetic heterogeneity. Türk remains analysed displayed on average c. 62% Ancient Northeast Asian , c. 27% Western Steppe Herders , and c. 11% BMAC -associated ancestry. A sample belonging to the Ashina tribe , the ruling clan of the Göktürks, was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (96-98%) and also displayed affinity for

2968-399: Was recorded in Chinese chronicles, some claim that the Göktürks were indeed blacksmith servants for the Rouran elite, and that "blacksmith slavery" may have indicated a form of vassalage within Rouran society. According to Denis Sinor , this reference indicates that the Türks specialized in metallurgy, although it is unclear if they were miners or, indeed, blacksmiths. Whatever the case, that

3024-419: Was regarded as separating Europe from Asia, just as the Thracian Bosporus did. Most geographers, such as Posidonius , Strabo ( Geographica 11.7.4), and Ptolemy , considered the boundary between Europe and Asia to be the river Tanais ( Don ), which flows into the Sea of Azov from the north; an alternative view, found in the poet Cornelius Gallus was that it was the river Hypanis ( Kuban ), which flows into

3080-431: Was still the crown prince at that time, in Binzhou (彬州), and was asked to duel. The khan was afraid and agreed to retreat in an alliance, which is called the Weishui Alliance (渭水之盟) or the Alliance of Bian Qiao (便橋會盟 / 便桥会盟). On the third day after the meeting, the khan sent 3,000 horses and 10,000 sheep to the border to be prepared as compensation for the Tang dynasty, which Emperor Taizong did not accept, believing that this

3136-469: Was too little. All in all, 67 incursions into China proper were recorded. Before mid-October 627, heavy snows on the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland covered the ground to a depth of several feet, preventing the nomads' livestock from grazing and causing a massive die-off among the animals. According to the New Book of Tang , in 628, Taizong mentioned that "There has been a frost in midsummer. The sun had risen from same place for five days. The moon had had

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