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113-549: The N-5 is the longest national highway in Pakistan and serves as an important north–south road artery, starting from Karachi and extending through Hyderabad , Moro and Sukkur in Sindh before crossing into Punjab province where it passes through Multan , Sahiwal , Lahore , Gujranwala , Gujrat , Lalamusa , Kharian , Jhelum and Rawalpindi . At Rawalpindi, it turns westwards and passes through Attock Khurd before crossing

226-511: A Buddhist majority who saw Chach of Alor and his kin as usurpers of the Rai dynasty . This is attributed to having resulted in support being provided by Buddhists and inclusion of rebel soldiers serving as valuable infantry in his cavalry-heavy force from the Jat and Meds . Brahman, Buddhist, Greek, and Arab testimony however can be found that attests towards amicable relations between the adherents of

339-597: A Muslim colony in Sindh allowed for cultural exchanges and the arrival of Sufi missionaries to expand Muslim influence. From Debal , which remained an important port until the 12th century, commercial links with the Persian Gulf and the Middle East intensified as Sindh became the "hinge of the Indian Ocean Trade and overland passway." Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan, claimed that

452-419: A disciple of the companion of Jabir ibn Abd Allah al-Ansari and a famous narrator of Hadith, Atiyya ibn Sa'd al-Awfi was arrested by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on the orders of Al-Hajjaj and demanded that he curse Ali on the threat of punishment. Atiyya refused to curse Ali and was punished. While Maclean doesn't give the details of the punishment, early historians like Ibn Hajar Al-asqalani and Tabari record that he

565-415: A hallmark of Hyderabad's colonial-era architecture. Homes of wealthy residents, especially among the city's Bhaiband community, the presence of windows was a marker of status, and allowed wealthy Hindus to practice the custom of purdah . Balconies were sometimes affixed to the front of a building, and were typically made of wood or cast-iron. Such homes would also sometimes have painted facades. Before

678-614: A limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar , or "Bald Hill." The small hill is traditionally believed to have been the location of the ancient settlement of Neroon Kot , a town which had fallen to the armies of Muhammad Bin Qasim in 711 CE. When the foundations were laid, the city came to be known by the nickname Heart of the Mehran . Devotees of Imam Ali advised Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro to name

791-471: A literacy rate of 71.72% for people over 10 years of age: 74.51% for males and 68.66% for females. Hyderabad was a majority Sindhi Hindu city prior to 1948, when many migrated to India and elsewhere after the independence of Pakistan 1947. Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population. The vacuum left by the departure of much of

904-642: A major trading center by this time. Hyderabad's goods were mostly exported to markets in Khorasan , India, Turkestan , and Kashmir - though some Hyderabadi wares were displayed at The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London . In order to use the Indus River for commercial navigation to Punjab , the British signed a treaty with the rulers of Hyderabad and Khairpur that guaranteed the British free passage along

1017-690: A massive scale. Majority of the population continued to remain Hindu who had to pay the jizya imposed by the Muslim state. It has been reported that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim met with Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali, a daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Al-Hajjaj died in 714, followed a year later by Caliph al-Walid I, who was succeeded by his brother Sulayman . The latter took revenge against the generals and officials who had been close to al-Hajjaj. Sulayman owed political support to al-Hajjaj's opponents and so recalled both of al-Hajjaj's successful generals Qutayba ibn Muslim ,

1130-525: A middle ground, conferring the status of Dhimmi upon the native Sindhis and permitting them to participate in his administration, but treating them as "non-citizens" (i.e. in the Caliphate, but not of it). While Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's warring was clearly at times brutal, he is supposed to have said of Hinduism that 'the idol temple is similar to the churches of the Christians, (to the synagogues) of

1243-463: A police-led siege of the Pacco Qillo fortress in the center of Hyderabad, in which Muhajir activists claim 150 were killed. 2 bombings on trains in Hyderabad killed 10 people in 2000. Much of Hyderabad's public spaces have been encroached upon by illegally-constructed homes and businesses. Much of the city's historic structures are badly neglected, with little preservation being undertaken by

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1356-546: A pro-Sindhi administration. Violence erupted between Urdu and Sindhi speakers during riots in 1971 when the provincial government wished to impose Sindhi-language requirements on Urdu speakers, and again in 1972 in reaction to the 1972 Sindhi Language Bill . The Khuda-ki-Basti Incremental Development Scheme was launched in Hyderabad 1981 as a way to provide housing to low-income residents by forming local cooperatives pool funds to gradually provide increased services that would in turn be managed by community members. Success of

1469-477: A road in Pakistan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hyderabad, Sindh Hyderabad Sindhi : حيدرآباد ‎ ; Urdu : حيدرآباد ; / ˈ h aɪ d ər ə b ɑː d / is a city and the capital of Hyderabad Division in the Sindh province of Pakistan . It is the second-largest city in Sindh, and the 7th largest in Pakistan . Founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of

1582-575: A single day, and more than 250 deaths in total. In a backlash, more than 60 Sindhi speaking people were gunned down in Karachi . The city began to divide itself ethnically, and the Muhajir population migrated en masse from Qasimabad and the interior of Sindh into Latifabad . Similarly, Sindhis moved to Qasimabad from Hyderabad and Latifabad . Further ethnic disturbances occurred in May 1990, including

1695-417: A small inward facing courtyard that afforded privacy from the city's streets. Walls facing the street are typically plain, though the home may display an elaborate entryway. Inner courtyards and doorways of more elaborate homes would be decorated with jharoka balconies, floral motifs, ornamented ceilings, and decorative arches. Most residential homes, however, were utilitarian in design. Homes built during

1808-453: Is Islam, with 90.67% of the population. Hinduism (including those from Scheduled Castes) is practiced by 8.32%, while Christianity is practiced by 0.95% of the population. Located at 25.367 °N latitude and 68.367 °E longitude with an elevation of 13 metres (43 ft), Hyderabad is located on the east bank of the Indus River and is roughly 150 kilometres (93 mi) away from Karachi, the provincial capital. Two of Pakistan's largest highways,

1921-548: Is a suffix indicating a settlement. "Lion" references Ali's valour in battle, so he is often referred to as Ali Haydar , roughly meaning "Ali the Lionheart", by South Asian Muslims . The River Indus was changing course around 1757, resulting in periodic floods of the then capital of the Kalhora dynasty , Khudabad . Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro decided to shift the capital away from Khudabad, and founded Hyderabad in 1768 over

2034-542: Is given: Kill anyone belonging to the ahl-i-harb (combatants); arrest their sons and daughters for hostages and imprison them. Whoever does not fight against us...grant them aman (peace and safety) and settle their tribute [ amwal ] as dhimmah (protected person)... The Arabs' first concern was to facilitate the conquest of Sindh with the fewest casualties while also trying to preserve the economic infrastructure. Towns were given two options: submit to Islamic authority peacefully or be attacked by force ( anwattan ), with

2147-567: Is limited to a passage in a work by al-Ya'qubi (d. 898), a few lines in the history of al-Tabari (d. 839) and scant mention in the Kitab al-Aghani (Book of songs) of Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani . A detailed account of Muhammad's conquest of Sind and his death is found in the Chach Nama , a 13th-century Persian text. The information in the Chach Nama purportedly derives from accounts by

2260-631: Is provided by the Arabic sources about Muhammad's childhood and adolescence. The modern historian Nabi Bakhsh Baloch holds that Muhammad most likely grew up partly in Ta'if and then Basra and Wasit , the provincial capital of Iraq founded by al-Hajjaj in 702. Muhammad's time in Basra, a military and intellectual centre of the Islamic world at the time, may have widened Muhammad's career horizons, while at Wasit he

2373-762: Is serviced by the Allama Iqbal Express to Sialkot , the Badin Express , and the Khyber Mail to Peshawar . Hyderabad has trains to Nawabshah , Badin , Tando Adam Junction , Karachi , and points in northern Pakistan. Hyderabad Airport is situated at the east of the city Hyderabad near Gulistan e Sarmast which is an area of Latifabad but it is no longer served by commercial air traffic. The last services were suspended in 2013. Passengers must now instead rely entirely on Karachi's Jinnah International Airport . 75% of males and 65% of females over

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2486-680: Is the largest park in Karachi (Sindh, Pakistan), named in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium , Multan is a multi-use stadium named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. The Pakistan Naval Station Qasim, or PNS Qasim , is the major naval special operations base for the Amphibious Special Operations Forces in the Pakistan Navy named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Bin Qasim Town in Karachi

2599-709: The Bombay Presidency in 1847, the city emerged as hub for a style of handicrafts known as Sindwork that was peddled in Bombay , and prized by its European residents for its perceived authenticity of style. The work was then shipped from Bombay to Egypt in order to be sold as souvenirs to tourists there. Hyderabadi traders also spread east towards Singapore and Japan as well. Unable to fulfill demand for its products, Hyderabad's traders began to import crafts from Kashmir , Varanasi , China , and Japan to ease demand. Sindwork handicrafts thus placed Hyderabad at

2712-734: The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and by the South Indian emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After the failure of further expeditions on Kathiawar, the Arab chroniclers conceded that the Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi ( r.  775–785 ) "gave up the project of conquering any part of India." The military strategy had been outlined by Al-Hajjaj in a letter sent to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: My ruling

2825-539: The Indus Highway and the National Highway join at Hyderabad. Several towns surrounding the city include Kotri at 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi), Jamshoro at 8.1 kilometres (5.0 mi), Hattri at 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi) and Husri at 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi). Hyderabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with warm conditions year-round. The city is famous for its winds which moderate

2938-785: The Indus River into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to continue through Nowshera and Peshawar before entering the Khyber Pass and reaching the border town of Torkham in the FATA. Its total length is divided into 1021 km in Punjab, 671 km in Sindh, and 165 km in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is managed by the National Highway Authority . Part of the highway was built on the ancient Grand Trunk Road (commonly known as G.T. Road) which came under jurisdiction of

3051-551: The Kalhora Dynasty , Hyderabad served as a provincial capital until the British transferred the capital to Bombay Presidency in 1840. It is about 150 kilometres (93 mi) inland of Karachi , the largest city of Pakistan, to which it is connected by a direct railway and M-9 motorway . The city was named in honour of Ali , the fourth caliph and cousin of Muhammad . Hyderabad's name translates literally as "Lion City"—from haydar , meaning "lion", and ābād , which

3164-516: The M-6 motorway , being built as part of the wider China-Pakistan Economic Corridor . From Sukkur, motorways will continue onward to Multan , Lahore , Islamabad , Faisalabad , and Peshawar . It is connected to the oldest and longest N5 Route from Karachi (Sea) to Torkham 1819 km long. Hyderabad Junction railway station serves as the city's main rail station. Passenger services are provided exclusively by Pakistan Railways . The city's station

3277-557: The North-Western State Railway . The Kotri Bridge was completed in 1900 to traverse the Indus, and link Hyderabad to Karachi. Hyderabad's economy grew as a result of improved transportation. The city increasingly developed into a consumer market under British rule, and the city's exports began to decline, though increased transit trade allowed the city's economy to continue growing. In 1901, 69,378 people lived in

3390-570: The Pakistan movement started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of Sindh , the Gateway of Islam in India. He is often referred to as the first Pakistani according to Pakistan Studies curriculum . Yom-e Bab ul-Islam is observed in Pakistan, in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Port Qasim , Pakistan's second major port, is named in honor of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Bagh Ibn Qasim

3503-665: The Second Muslim Civil War and killed the Umayyads' chief rival for the caliphate, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr , in 692, and two years later was appointed the viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate. Following his promotion, al-Hajjaj became a patron of the Thaqif and appointed several members to important posts in Iraq and its dependencies. Muhammad's father was appointed the deputy governor of Basra , though his career

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3616-588: The Tilak Incline , is named after the early 20th century independence activist Lokmanya Tilak . The industrial sector contributes 25% to the GDP of Pakistan, with a major concentration of industry in an arc stretching from Karachi to Hyderabad. 75% of Sindh's industry is located in the Karachi-Hyderabad region. The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate , home to 439 industrial units, was established on

3729-569: The early Muslim conquests , particularly in Iraq . The tribe produced effective commanders associated with early Arab military operations against the Indian subcontinent: in c.  636 the Thaqafite governor of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia), Uthman ibn Abi al-As , dispatched naval expeditions against the Indian ports of Debal , Thane and Bharuch . The tribe's power continued to increase with

3842-538: The Arab army then marched north-east taking towns such as Nerun and Sadusan ( Sehwan ) without fighting. One-fifth of the war booty including slaves were remitted to al-Hajjaj and the Caliph. The conquest of these towns was accomplished with relative ease; however, Dahir's armies being prepared on the other side of the Indus had not yet been confronted. In preparation to meet them, Muhammad returned to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent by al-Hajjaj. Camped on

3955-556: The Brahmins of Brahmanabad were good people. While proselytization occurred, given the social dynamics of areas of Sindh conquered by Muslim, the spread of Islam was slow and took centuries. No mass conversions to Islam took place and some temples escaped destruction such as the Sun Temple of Multan on payment of jizya. In the Arab settlers controlled areas of Sindh and Multan, conversion to Islam occurred only slowly, not on

4068-458: The British colonial period contain introduced architectural elements like balconies and decorative columns as part of an elaborate outward-facing façade. Such examples can be found in the Saddar neighbourhood of Hyderabad. Large decorated windows were featured as part of Hyderabad's colonial style in order to ventilate the building. Tall and multi-sectional windows with stained glass windows became

4181-527: The British trade and security privileges. The British defeated the city's Talpur rulers at the Battle of Hyderabad on 24 March 1843. The provincial capital was then transferred to Bombay Presidency by the British general Sir Charles Napier . Being the last stronghold in Sindh, the conquered city was the final step in the British Conquest of Sindh. Following the success of the British, several of

4294-523: The Indus and through Sindh. Mir Murad Ali was pressured into accepting an 1838 treaty which resulted in the stationing of a British Resident in the city. The British also signed a treaty of "eternal friendship" with the Talpur rulers of Hyderabad in the early 19th century, who promised not to allow the French to set up residency in Sindh. In 1839, they were pressured into forcing another treaty that guaranteed

4407-587: The Jews and to the fire temples of the Zoroastrians ' ( mā al-budd illā ka-kanāʾis al-naṣārā wa ’l-yahūd wa-buyūt nīrān al-madjūs ). This 'seems to be the earliest statement justifying the inclusion of the Hindus in the category of ahl al-dhimma , leading Muhammad to be viewed by many modern Muslims as a paragon of religious tolerance. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's presence and rule was very brief. His conquest for

4520-583: The Makran desert while raising his forces, he had to subdue the restive towns of Fannazbur and Arman Belah ( Lasbela ), both of which had previously been conquered by the Arabs. The first town assaulted in Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's Sindh campaign was Debal and upon the orders of al-Hajjaj, he exacted retribution on Debal by giving no quarter to its residents or priests and destroying its great temple. From Debal,

4633-540: The Umayyads brought Sindh into the orbit of the Muslim world. After the conquest of Sindh, he adopted the Hanafi school of Sharia law which regarded Hindus, Buddhists and Jains as " dhimmis " and " People of the Book ", allowing them religious freedom as long as they continued to pay the tax known as " jizya ". This approach would prove critical to the way Muslim rulers ruled in India over the next centuries. Coastal trade and

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4746-480: The Umayyads were embroiled in a succession crisis. Later, Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri killed Jaisiah and recaptured the territory before his successors once again struggled to hold and keep it. Arab states in South Asia During the Abbasid period, c. 870, the local emirs shook off all allegiance to the caliphs and by the 10th century the region was split into two separate states, Mansurah on

4859-553: The administration. Significant medieval Muslim chronicles such as the Chach Nama , Zainul-Akhbar and Tarikh-I-Baihaqi have recorded battles between Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Lane-Poole writes that, "as a rule Muslim government was at once tolerant and economic". The preference of collection of jizya over the conversion to Islam is a major economic motivator. Hindus and Buddhists who were classified as Dhimmis had to pay mandatory Jizya instead of Zakat paid by Muslims. Contrastingly preferential treatment

4972-649: The advent of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661. Muhammad belonged to the Abu Aqil family of the Banu Awf, one of the two principal branches of the Thaqif. The Abu Aqil family gained prestige with the rise of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf , the paternal first cousin of Muhammad's father al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam. Al-Hajjaj was made a commander by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ( r.  685–705 ) during

5085-711: The age of 10 were literate in Hyderabad District in 2010, a region which includes rural areas around the city. In 2010–2011, 2.96 Billion Rupees were spent on public education in Hyderabad District, and number which increased to 3.99 Billion Rupees in 2011–2012. 26% of children in Hyderabad District were enrolled in paid private schools in 2010. Muhammad Bin Qasim Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī ( Arabic : محمد بن القاسم الثقفي ; ( 695-12-31 ) 31 December 695– ( 715-07-18 ) 18 July 715)

5198-418: The arrival of Susi and Khes cotton cloth and handicrafts from towns in rural Sindh. The city's became renowned for its calligraphers and bookbinders, while its carpet dealers traded carpets from nearby Thatta . Henry Pottinger traveled up the Indus River in the early 1830s on behalf of the British. He claimed to have seen 341 ships over the course of 19 days at Hyderabad, indicating its importance as

5311-663: The battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim took control of Sindh. Soon the capitals of the other provinces, Brahmanabad, Alor (Battle of Aror) and Multan , were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties. Multan was a key site in the Hindu religion . Usually after a siege of a few weeks or months the Arabs gained a city through the intervention of heads of mercantile houses with whom subsequent treaties and agreements would be settled. After battles all fighting men were executed and their wives and children enslaved in considerable numbers and

5424-513: The borders of Sindh he was joined by an advance guard and six thousand camel cavalry and later, reinforcements from the governor of Makran were transferred directly to Debal (Daybul), at the mouth of the Indus, by sea along with five manjaniks (catapults). The army that eventually captured Sindh would later be swelled by the Jats and Meds as well as other irregulars who heard of the Arab successes in Sindh. When Muhammad ibn al-Qasim passed through

5537-453: The caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under influence of Islam and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali . Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fasayl' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Makran in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven shias who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi in 660 AD near Damascus. Under the Umayyads (661–750 AD), many Shias sought asylum in

5650-522: The capture of the then-capital of Aror by Arab forces, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim became the first Muslim to have successfully captured Indian land, which marked the beginning of Muslim rule in South Asia . Muhammad ibn al-Qasim belonged to the Banu Thaqif , an Arab tribe that is concentrated around the city of Taif in western Arabia . After the Muslim conquest of Persia , he was assigned as

5763-520: The center of a new trading network that was almost entirely dominated by Hindus from the city's mercantile Bhaiband segment of the Lohana caste, although the artisans themselves were primarily Muslim. The city's jail was built in 1851, and the Municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853. In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and

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5876-590: The choice governing their treatment upon capture. The capture of towns was usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among the enemy, who were then extended special privileges and material rewards. There were two types of such treaties, " Sulh " or " ahd-e-wasiq (capitulation)" and " aman (surrender/ peace)". Among towns and fortresses that were captured through force of arms, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim performed executions of ahl-i-harb (fighting men) as part of his military strategy, whose surviving dependants were enslaved. Casualties Where resistance

5989-557: The churches of the Christians, the synagogues of the Jews and altars of the Magians'. In the same text, however, it is mentioned that "Occasional desecration of Hindu fanes took place... but such demonstrations were probably rare sops to the official conscience...", as destruction of temples and civilian massacres still took place. Various polemical perceptions of Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are also reflected in this debate. The period of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's rule has been called by U.T. Thakkur "the darkest period in Sindh history", with

6102-407: The city and a military camp at a short distance from it. He was also given the task of subjugating the area to the south of Shiraz, and the distant area of Jurjan near the Caspian Sea . Fars might have also had at this time some of the rebels leftover from the revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath , which almost brought down the rule of al-Hajjaj. An aged supporter of rebels and a Shia notable of the time,

6215-418: The city in honour of their Imam. The Shah of Iran later gifted the city a stone which purportedly bears the imprint of Ali's feet. The stone was placed in the Qadamgah Maula Ali , which then became a place of pilgrimage. In 1768, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The fort was built using baked clay bricks, earning it

6328-411: The city's Hindu population was quickly filled by the newly arrived Urdu speaking Muslims from British India , known as Muhajirs . Following the arrival of Muhajirs , Hyderabad became a majority of Urdu -speaking Muhajir city, with Muhajirs making up 66% of the city's population. The arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over

6441-499: The city's Talpur Mirs rulers were exiled and died in Calcutta . Their bodies were eventually brought back to Hyderabad, and were buried in the Tombs of the Talpur Mirs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill. Hyderabad's prosperity did not initially decline after the shifting of Sindh's capital to Bombay Presidency . Merchants there forged links with the commercial community in Hyderabad, and began exporting Hyderabadi wares to distant markets. Following Sindhi's assimilation into

6554-576: The city's fort began in 1789, and lasted for 3 years. Celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Pacco Qillo fort, which he made his residence and held court. Talpur rule maintained Hyderabad's security, and the city continued to attract migrants from throughout Sindh, turning the city into a major regional center. Lohana Hindus from Afghanistan migrated to the city and set up ship as metalworkers. The city's goldsmiths , silversmiths, and leather tanners began to export their Hyderabadi wares abroad. The city's textile industry boomed with

6667-415: The city. The city by 1873 had 20 kilometres of metalled roads that were lit at night by kerosene lamps. The newly built urban quarters of Saddar and Soldier Bazaar further expanded the city. The British built a rail network throughout the western part of South Asia in the 1880s, and purchased the private Scinde Railway to connect the province to Kabul trade routes. The rail network would later be called

6780-430: The city. Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers, while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest religious minority. The city ranked seventh in the Bombay Presidency in terms of population. By 1907, the Gazetteer of Sindh claimed that 5,000 Hyderabadi merchants were to be found dispersed throughout the world. The city's Navalrai Clock Tower was built in 1914. Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore remarked in

6893-424: The conqueror of Transoxiana (Central Asia), and Muhammad. He also appointed the son of the distinguished general al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra , Yazid , who was once imprisoned and tortured by al-Hajjaj, as the governor of Fars, Kirman, Makran, and Sind; he immediately placed Muhammad in chains. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim died on 18 July 715 in Mosul which is a part of the modern-day Iraq. Some sources say that his body

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7006-485: The conquest and subsequent conversion of Sindh. This is usually voiced in two antagonistic perspectives viewing Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's actions. His conquest, as described by Stanley Lane-Poole, in Medieval India (Published in 1970 by Haskell House Publishers Ltd), was "liberal". He imposed the customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct and spared peoples' lives and lands. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples;' he proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like

7119-628: The daytime, while the breeze that flows at night is more pleasant. Winters are warm, with highs around 25 °C (77 °F), though lows can often drop below 10 °C (50 °F) at night. The highest temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded on 25 May 2018, while the lowest temperature of 1 °C (34 °F) was recorded on 8 February 2012. In recent years, Hyderabad has seen great downpours. In February 2003, Hyderabad received 105 millimetres (4.13 in) of rain in 12 hours, leaving many dead. The years of 2006 and 2007 saw close contenders to this record rain with death tolls estimated in

7232-437: The decline of other rival trading centres such as Khudabad. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including Sonaras , Amils and Bhaibands . Those groups retained the term "Khudabadi" in the names of their communities as a marker of origin. Mian Ghulam Shah died in 1772, and was succeeded by his son, Sarfraz Khan Kalhoro . In 1774, Sarfraz Khan built a "New" Khudabad north of Hala in memory of

7345-439: The descendants of the Arab soldiers of the 8th-century conquest, namely qadis (judges) and imams from the Sindi cities of Alor and Bhakar who claimed descent from Muhammad's tribe, the Banu Thaqif . The Orientalist Francesco Gabrieli holds the accounts likely emerged after c.  1000 and considers the Chach Nama to be a "historical romance" and "a late and doubtful source" for information about Muhammad. Muhammad

7458-680: The early 20th century that Hyderabad was the "most fashionable" city in all of India . The City of Hyderabad served as the capital of Sindh province between 1947 and 1955. The Partition of India resulted in the large-scale exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though like much of Sindh, Hyderabad did not experience the widespread rioting that occurred in Punjab and Bengal. In all, less than 500 Hindu were killed in Sindh between 1947 and 1948 as Sindhi Muslims largely resisted calls to turn against their Hindu neighbours. Hindus did not flee Hyderabad en masse until riots erupted in Karachi on 6 January 1948, which sowed fear in Sindhi Hindus despite

7571-417: The east bank of the Indus, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim sent emissaries and bargained with the river Jats and boatmen. Upon securing the aid of Mokah Basayah, "the King of the island of Bet", Muhammad crossed over the river where he was joined by the forces of the Thakore of Bhatta and the western Jats. At Aror ( Rohri ) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was met by Dahir's forces and the eastern Jats in battle. Dahir died in

7684-406: The fact that the riots were local and regarded Sikh refugees from Punjab seeking refuge in Karachi. The Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population. The vacuum left by the departure of much of the city's Hindu population was quickly filled by newly arrived refugees from India, known as Muhajirs . By 1951, 66% of the city

7797-407: The government of Abubaker Nizamani, the District Hyderabad included the present-day District of Badin . The current mayor of Hyderabad is Kashif Shoro, The longest-serving mayor of Hyderabad was Jamil Ahmed , who served from 1962 to 1971. In 2005/2006, General Pervaiz Musharraf again divided it into four more districts Matiyari, Tando Allahyar, Tando Mohammad Khan and Hyderabad. Hyderabad district

7910-422: The governor of Fars, likely succeeding his uncle Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi . From 708 to 711, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim led the Sindh conquest. He established Islamic rule throughout the region, serving as governor of Sindh from 712 until his death in 715. After his last conquest of Multan (Punjab) he returned to Arabia where on the way he died in Mosul , in modern Iraq, though some sources record that his body

8023-457: The hundreds. The highest single-day rain total of 259.7 millimetres (10.22 in) was recorded on 12 September 1962, while the wettest month was September 1962, at 346 millimetres (13.62 in). The city was initially founded on a limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar , or "Bald Hill." The limestone outcropping provided several scenic vistas in the city, as well as inclined routes. The most famous incline,

8136-476: The latter refused on the ground that he had no control over those. Al-Hajjaj sent Muhammad ibn al-Qasim for action against the Sindh in 711. The mawali (new non-Arab converts) who were usually allied with Al-Hajjaj's political opponents and thus were frequently forced to participate in battles on the frontier of the Umayyad Caliphate, such as Kabul , Sindh and Transoxania . An actual push into

8249-403: The lower Indus and Multan on the upper Indus, both were the major Arab principalities in South Asia, which were soon captured by Ismailis who set up an independent Fatimid state. The Arab conquest remained checked in what is now the south of Pakistan for three centuries by powerful Hindu monarchs to the north and east until the arrival of Mahmud of Ghazni . There is controversy regarding

8362-534: The method used for more than 60% of the towns and tribes recorded by al-Baladhuri and the Chach Nama . At one point, he was actually berated by Al-Hajjaj for being too lenient. Meanwhile, the common folk were often pardoned and encouraged to continue working; Al-Hajjaj ordered that this option not be granted to any inhabitant of Debal, yet Muhammad ibn al-Qasim still bestowed it upon certain groups and individuals. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's success has been partly ascribed to Dahir being an unpopular Hindu king ruling over

8475-649: The name Pacco Qillo , meaning Strong Fort in Sindhi. The fort was completed in 1769, and is spread over 36 acres. Mian Ghulam Shah also built the "Shah Makki Fort", commonly known as Kacha Qila , to fortify the tomb of the Sufi saint Shah Makki. Hyderabad remained the Kalhora capital during the period in which Sindh was united under their rule. Attracted by the security of the city, Hyderabad began to attract artisans and traders from throughout Sindh, thereby resulting in

8588-478: The natives paid their taxes and tribute. In return, the state provided protection to non-Muslim from any foreign attacks and enemies. He established Islamic Sharia law over the people of the region; however, Hindus were allowed to rule their villages and settle their disputes according to their own laws, and traditional hierarchical institutions, including the village headmen ( rais ) and chieftains ( dihqans ) were maintained. A Muslim officer called an amil

8701-498: The new state after the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The historical Grand Trunk Route extended from Wagha , Punjab to Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The original highways were Peshawar-Torkham Road, Grand Trunk Road (Peshawar-Lahore), Lahore-Multan Road, Multan-Bahawalpur Road, KLP Road ( Bahawal Pur - Rahim Yar Khan ), Karachi-Rahim Yar Khan Road. There are 11 Electronic Toll & Traffic Management (ETTM) System Based Toll Plazas of National Highways. This article on

8814-450: The next few decades. At the time of the 2017 census, 52.57% of the population spoke Urdu , 31.88% Sindhi , 5.25% Punjabi, 3.76% Pashto , and 1.29% Saraiki as their first language. Most Punjabis and Pashtuns are distinct and separately living near the railway station and its vicinity. The city therefore has cosmopolitan atmosphere with multiethnic and multicultural communities. Languages of Hyderabad (2023) The majority religion

8927-548: The old Kalhoro capital, and attempted to shift his capital there. The attempt failed, and Hyderabad continued to prosper while New Khudabad was abandoned by 1814. A formal plan for the city was laid out by Sarfraz Khan in 1782. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur captured the city of Khudabad from the Kalhoros in 1773, and made the city his capital. He then captured Hyderabad in 1775, and shifted his capital there in 1789 after Khudabad once again flooded. Renovation and reconstruction of

9040-473: The ornamental glass bangles in Pakistan, as well as layered glass inlay for jewelry. The glass industry employs an estimated 300,000-350,000 people in manufacturing units centered on the Churi Parah neighbourhood. The industry frequently uses recycled glass as material for its bangles. Hyderabad is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains, and is a major commercial centre for the agricultural produce of

9153-399: The other. Some historians strike a middle ground, saying that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was torn between the political expediency of making peace with the Hindus and Buddhists; having to call upon non-Muslims to serve under him as part of his mandate to administer newly conquered land; and orthodoxy by refraining from seeking the co-operation of "infidels". It is contended that he may have struck

9266-448: The otherwise hot climate. As a result, Hyderabadi homes traditionally feature "wind-catching" towers that funnel breezes down into living quarters in order to alleviate heat. The period from mid-April to late June (before the onset of the monsoon ) is the hottest of the year, with highs peaking in May at 41.4 °C (106.5 °F). During this time, winds that blow usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in

9379-688: The outskirts of Hyderabad in 1950 which prospered with until the urban violence of the 1980s. Much of the city's industrial base was weakened by ethnic violence in urban Sindh in the 1980s, although poor infrastructure and supply of electricity has also hampered growth. Hyderabad is an important commercial centre where industries includes: textiles, sugar, cement, manufacturing of mirror, soap, ice, paper, pottery, plastics, tanneries, hosiery mills and film. There are hide tanneries and sawmills. Handicraft industries, including silver and gold work, lacquer ware, ornamented silks, and embroidered leather saddles, are also well established. Hyderabad produces almost all of

9492-570: The palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the Indian mutiny raged across the South Asia , the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. Though the city did not witness major fighting, the British demolished the large round tower that once stood outside of Pacco Qillo, deeming it a potential risk to their rule were it to fall into the hands of rebels. Hyderabad's Rani Bagh ("Queen's Garden")

9605-558: The policy of providing refuge to Sassanids fleeing the Arab advance and to Arab rebels from the Umayyad consolidation of their rule. These Arabs were imprisoned later on by Governor Deebal Partaab Raye. A letter written by an Arab girl named Nahed who escaped from the prison of Partab Raye asked Hajjaj Bin Yusuf for help. When Hajjaj asked Dahir for the release of prisoners and compensation,

9718-431: The polytheists by committing a taboo (killing a cow) and publicly soiling the idol (giving the cow meat as an offering)" before allowing the temple to continue as a place of worship. A religious Islamic office, " sadru-I-Islam al affal" , was created to oversee the secular governors. The native hereditary elites were reappointed with the title of Rana . According to Yohanan Friedmann , Muhammad ibn al-Qasim declared that

9831-478: The project resulted in the programme being launched in Karachi as well. The late 1980s saw turbulent ethnic rioting between Sindhis and Muhajirs . On 30 September 1988, militants from the Sindh Progressive Party drove into Muhajir dominated areas in the city, and opened indiscriminate fire in busy crossroads. The so-called " Hyderabad Massacre " resulted in the deaths of over 60 people in

9944-405: The provincial administration. Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, including the cantonment area, is home to 1,733,622 people as per the 2017 Census of Pakistan . The city gained 565,799 residents since the 1998 Census , representing an increase of 48.5% - the lowest growth rate of the ten largest Pakistani cities. The city has 903,327 males, 830,038 females and 257 Transgender people. Hyderabad has

10057-602: The records speaking of massive forced conversions, temple destruction, slaughters and genocides; the people of Sindh, described as inherently pacifist due to their Hindu/Buddhist religious inclinations, had to adjust to the conditions of "barbarian inroad". On one extreme, the Arab Muslims are seen as being compelled by religious stricture to conquer and forcibly convert Sindh, but on the other hand, they can be seen as being respectful and tolerant of non-Muslims as part of their religious duty, with conversion being facilitated by

10170-549: The region had been out of favour as an Arab policy since the time of the Rashidun Caliph Umar bin Khattab , who upon receipt of reports of it being an inhospitable and poor land, had stopped further expeditionary ventures into the region. Hajjaj had put more care and planning into this campaign than the second campaign. Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim command of the expedition between 708 and 711, when he

10283-719: The region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees. According to Wink, Umayyad interest in the region was galvanised by the operation of the Meds (a tribe of Scythians living in Sindh) and others. The Meds had engaged in piracy on Sassanid shipping in the past, from the mouth of the Tigris to the Sri Lankan coast, in their bawarij and now were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at Kutch , Debal and Kathiawar . At

10396-651: The surrounding area, including millet, rice, wheat, cotton, and fruit. Hyderabad's local architectural patterns reflect the region's harsh climate and local customs. Walls of most traditional-style buildings were made of mud bricks, which helped keep the structure cool in summer and warm in winter. Hyderabad is famed for its heat-relieving winds, and so homes also featured wind-catchers that directed cool breezes into each homes' living quarters. Residential structures in Hyderabad's Old City , and in Hirabad typically have

10509-543: The time, Sindh was the wild frontier region of al-Hind, inhabited mostly by semi-nomadic tribes whose activities disturbed much of the Western Indian Ocean . Muslim sources insist that it was these persistent activities along increasingly important Indian trade routes by Debal pirates and others which forced the Arabs to subjugate the area, in order to control the seaports and maritime routes of which Sindh

10622-417: The two religions up to the 7th century. Along with this were: After the conquest, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's task was to set up an administrative structure for a stable Muslim state that incorporated a newly conquered alien land, inhabited by non-Muslims. He adopted a conciliatory policy, asking for acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives in return for non-interference in their religious practice, so long as

10735-507: The usual fifth of the booty and slaves were sent to al-Hajjaj. The general populace was encouraged to carry on with their trades and taxes and tributes settled. The conquest of Sindh (and areas of Punjab ) in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, was a major gain for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms during Arab campaigns . The Arabs attempted to invade India but they were defeated by North Indian kings Bappa Rawal of Guhila dynasty , Nagabhata , of

10848-413: The vitality, equality and morals of the Islamic religion. Citations of towns taken either violently or bloodlessly, reading back into Arab Sindh information belonging to a later date and dubious accounts such as those of the forcible circumcision of Brahmins at Debal or Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's consideration of Hindu sentiment in forbidding the slaughter of cows are used as examples for one particular view or

10961-681: Was an Arab military commander in service of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the Muslim conquest of Sindh (and Punjab, part of ancient Sindh), inaugurating the Umayyad campaigns in India. His military exploits led to the establishment of the Islamic province of Sindh , and the takeover of the region from the Sindhi Brahman dynasty and its ruler, Raja Dahir , who was subsequently decapitated with his head sent to al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in Basra . With

11074-575: Was born in c.  694 . His birthplace was almost certainly in the Hejaz (western Arabia), either in Ta'if , the traditional home of his Thaqif tribe, or in Mecca or Medina . Following their general embrace of Islam in c.  630 , members of the Thaqif gradually attained high military and administrative ranks in the nascent Caliphate and played important command and economic roles during and after

11187-591: Was buried in Makran , a semi-desert coastal region in Balochistan . Information about Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the Arab conquest of Sind in the medieval Arabic sources is limited, compared to the contemporary Muslim conquest of Transoxiana . The Futuh al-Buldan ('Conquests of the Lands') by al-Baladhuri (d. 892) contains a few pages on the conquest of Sind and Muhammad's person, while biographical information

11300-595: Was established as Das Gardens in 1861, and was re-christened in honour of Queen Victoria . British-style schools were introduced in Hyderabad by the 1860s, while the St Joseph Missionary School was established in 1868. Further European schools were opened, while Hyderabad's Hindu and Muslim elite established schools for their respective communities throughout the British colonial period. A hospital, psychiatric institution, and quarters for officials were built in 1871. By 1872, 43,088 people lived in

11413-542: Was flogged by 400 lashes and his head and beard shaved for humiliation and that he fled to Khurasan and returned to Iraq after the ruler had been changed. The connection between the Hindu Sind and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions during the Rashidun Caliphate . Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib . During

11526-571: Was given to a small number of people who were converted to Islam by "exempting them from Jizya in lieu of paying the Zakat ". Muhammad ibn al-Qasim fixed the Zakat at 10% of the agricultural produce. have to pay the mandatory jizya. "In Al-Biruni's narrative", according to Manan Ahmed Asif – a historian of Islam in South and South East Asia, "Muhammad bin Qasim first asserts the superiority of Islam over

11639-403: Was in the province Fars in modern Iran, where he was asked to subjugate a group of Kurds. After the successful completion of the mission, he was appointed as the governor of Fars. He likely succeeded his uncle Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi , a brother of al-Hajjaj, who was previously a governor. The city of Shiraz is said to have been revived by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. He built a royal villa in

11752-553: Was likely educated and trained under al-Hajjaj's patronage. Al-Hajjaj was highly fond of Muhammad, and considered him prestigious enough to marry his sister Zaynab, though she preferred the older Thaqafite al-Hakam ibn Ayyub ibn al-Hakam, to whom she was ultimately wed. The Kitab al-aghani refers to Muhammad at the age of 17 as "the noblest Thaqafite of his time". In the summation of Baloch, "Muhammad grew up under favourable conditions into an able, energetic and cultured lad of fine tastes". Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's first assignment

11865-490: Was made up of Muhajirs. Though Hyderabad became a majority Urdu -speaking city in the 1940s, the arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over the next few decades. Animosity between Urdu and Sindhi speakers first arose in 1967, it intensified under the Pakistan People's Party government in the 1970s, which were widely perceived by Muhajirs to be

11978-637: Was only 15–17 years old, apparently because two previous Umayyad commanders had not been successful in punishing Sindh's ruler Raja Dahir for his failure to prevent pirates from disrupting Muslim shipping off the coast of Sindh. Al-Hajjaj superintended this campaign from Kufa by maintaining close contact with Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in the form of regular reports for which purpose special messengers were deputed between Basra and Sindh . The army which departed from Shiraz under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim consisted of 6,000 Syrian cavalry and detachments of mawali (sing. mawla ; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) from Iraq. At

12091-577: Was otherwise undistinguished. According to a letter between Muhammad and al-Hajjaj cited by the Chach Nama , Muhammad's mother was a certain Habibat al-Uzma (Habiba the Great). The Chach Nama also indicates Muhammad had a similar-aged brother named Sulb and Arabic sources indicate he had a much younger brother named al-Hajjaj, who served as an Umayyad commander during the Alid revolt of 740 . No information

12204-415: Was stationed with a troop of cavalry to manage each town on a hereditary basis Everywhere taxes ( mal ) and tribute ( kharaj ) were settled and hostages taken — occasionally this also meant the custodians of temples. Non-Muslim natives were excused from military service and from payment of the religiously mandated tax system levied upon Muslims called Zakat , the tax system levied upon them instead

12317-459: Was strong, prolonged, and intensive, often resulting in considerable Arab casualties, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's response was dramatic, inflicting 6,000 deaths at Aror (Rohri), between 6,000 and 26,000 at Brahmanabad, 4,000 at Iskalandah (Uch), and 6,000 at Multan. Conversely, in areas taken by sulh , such as Armabil, Nirun, and Aror, resistance was light and few casualties occurred. Sulh appeared to be Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's preferred mode of conquest,

12430-682: Was subdivided into five talukas Court of District & Sessions Judge Hyderabad was established in 1899 under the subordination of Judicial Commissioner of Sindh. Peoples Bus Service, formally known as the Sindh Intra-District Peoples Bus Service Project is a public bus service by the Government of Sindh operating in Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana.[1] The M-9 motorway is a six-lane motorway that connects Hyderabad to Karachi , 136 kilometers away. The city will also be connected to Sukkur by

12543-524: Was the jizya - a progressive tax , being heavier on the upper classes and light for the poor. In addition, three percent of government revenue was allocated to the Brahmins . During his administration, Hindus and Buddhists were inducted into the administration as trusted advisors and governors. A Hindu, Kaksa, was at one point the second most important member of his administration. Dahir's prime minister and various chieftains were also incorporated into

12656-452: Was the nucleus, as well as, the overland passage. During Hajjaj 's governorship, the Meds of Debal in one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from Sri Lanka to Arabia , thus providing grounds to the rising power of the Umayyad Caliphate that enabled them to gain a foothold in the Makran , Balochistan and Sindh regions. Also cited as a reason for this campaign was

12769-551: Was transferred to Makran in Balochistan at the Hingol National Park which is part of modern-day Pakistan. There are two different accounts regarding the details of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's fate: After Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's departure, the next appointed Arab governor died on arrival. Dahir's son recaptured Brahmanabad and c. 720, he was granted pardon and included in the administration in return for converting to Islam. Soon, however, he recanted and split off when

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