Saiddhantika
85-557: Traditional Kartikeya ( IAST : Kārtikeya ), also known as Skanda , Subrahmanya , Shanmukha and Murugan , is the Hindu god of war . He is generally described as the son of the deities Shiva and Parvati and the brother of Ganesha . Kartikeya has been an important deity in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times . It has been postulated that the Tamil deity of Murugan
170-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
255-522: A peacock and a rooster , respectively. After Surapadma was killed, Kartikeya took the peacock as his vahana and the rooster as his pennant . Indian religious literature describes Kartikeya and Ganesha as sons of Shiva and Parvati. Shavite puranas such as Ganesha Purana , Shiva Purana and Skanda Purana state that Ganesha is the elder of the two. Mahabharata and the Puranas mention various other brothers and sisters of Skanda or Kartikeya. In
340-445: A spear called the vel , supposedly given to him by his mother Parvati. While most icons represent him with only one head, some have six heads, a reflection of legends surrounding his birth wherein he was fused from six boys or borne of six conceptions. He is described to have aged quickly from childhood, becoming a warrior, leading the army of the devas and credited with destroying rakshasas including Tarakasura and Surapadma . He
425-509: A century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
510-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
595-515: A function, and twelve arms, and tells of the temples dedicated to him in the hilly regions and of his victory over evil. The ancient Tamil lexicon Pinkalandai identifies the name Vel with the slayer of Tarakasura. Paripatal , a Sangam literary work from the third century CE, refers to Kartikeya as Sevvel ("red spear") and as Neduvel ("great spear"). In Mahayana Buddhism , the Mahaparinirvana Sutra mentions Kumara as one of
680-452: A hunter and a philosopher. He wields a divine spear known as the vel , granted to him by Parvati. The vel signifies his power, or shakti , and symbolizes valor, bravery and righteousness. He is sometimes depicted with other weapons, including a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow. His vahana or mount is depicted as a peacock , known as Paravani. While he was depicted with an elephant mount in early iconography, his iconography of
765-536: A six faced lord on a peacock mount became firmly enshrined after the sixth century CE, along with the progression of his role from that of a warrior to that of a philosopher-teacher, and his increasing prominence in the Shaivite cannon. According to the Skanda Purana , when Kartikeya faced asura Surapadma, the latter turned into a mango tree, which was then split in half by Kartikeya using his vel. One half of
850-460: A spiritual debt or on behalf of a loved one who is in need of help or healing. Worshipers often carry pots of cow milk as an offering ( pal kavadi ). The most extreme and spectacular practice is the carrying of el kavadi , a portable altar up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) decorated with peacock feathers, which is attached to the body of the devotee through multiple skewers and metal hooks pierced into
935-951: A temple dedicated to Murugan. As he is venerated as the lord of Kurinji , which is a mountainous region, most of his temples are located on hillocks. Most renowned among them are the Six Abodes of Murugan , a set of six temples at Thiruparankundram , Tiruchendur , Palani , Swamimalai , Tiruttani , and Pazhamudircholai which are mentioned in Sangam literature. Other major temples dedicated to Murugan are located at Kandakottam , Kumaran Kundram , Kumarakkottam , Manavalanallur , Marudamalai , Pachaimalai , Sikkal , Siruvapuri , Thiruporur , Vadapalani , Vallakottai , Vayalur , and Viralimalai . Places of worship dedicated to Subramanya in Kerala include temples at Haripad , Neendoor , Kidangoor and Kodumbu . In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , he
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#17327718894511020-670: A war fought by Kartikeya against the asuras. As Kartikeya was born to save the devas from the tyrnany of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras. Shiva granted him an army of 30,000 warriors to assist in the war against the oppressive asura brothers, whom Kartikeya was born to defeat. Kartikeya was assisted by nine warriors, headed by Virabahu , who served as sub-commanders of his army. These nine men were borne by nine lesser clones of Shakti who appeared from her silambu (anklet). Kartikeya believed that asuras and devas were all descendants of Shiva and that if asuras were to correct their ways,
1105-410: A wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the three worlds . When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, he manifested five additional heads on his body, and a divine spark emerged from each of them. Initially, the wind god Vayu carried
1190-579: Is a central philosopher and a key exponent of Shaiva Siddhanta theology, as well as the patron deity of the Tamil language . Originally, Murugan was not worshipped as a god, but rather as an exalted ancestor, heroic warrior and accomplished Siddhar born in the Kurinji landscape. In that role he was seen as a guardian who consistently defended the Tamils against foreign invasions with the stories of his astonishing and miraculous deeds increasing his stature in
1275-473: Is a divine spear associated with Murugan , the Hindu god of war. According to Shaiva tradition, the goddess Parvati presented the Vel to her son Murugan , as an embodiment of her shakti , in order to vanquish the asura Surapadman . According to the Skanda Purana , in the war between Murugan and Surapadman, Murugan used the vel to defeat all the forces of Surapadman. When a complete defeat for Surapadman
1360-466: Is a fifteenth century anthology of Tamil religious songs composed by Arunagirinathar in veneration of Murugan. Kanda Shasti Kavasam is a Tamil devotional song composed by Devaraya Swamigal in the ninteenth century CE. Murugan (Kartikeya), being known as the God of the Tamils, has many temples dedicated to him across Tamil Nadu . An old Tamil saying states that wherever there is a hill, there will be
1445-480: Is a major festival observed in Sri Lanka by Tamil Hindus in the month of July/August, known as Adi . The festival take place cities such as Katharagama and Colombo . The alternative interpretation of vel is that it is a symbol of wisdom/knowledge. It symbolically shows that wisdom/knowledge should be sharp as in the vel's tip, as broad and tall as the javelin. Only such wisdom is supposed to be able to destroy
1530-537: Is a popular deity among both Tamil Hindus and Sinhalese Buddhists. While many Sri Lankan Buddhists regard him as a bodhisattva , he is also associated with sensuality and retribution. Anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere has suggested that the deity's popularity among Buddhists is due to his purported power to grant emotional gratification, which is in stark contrast to the sensual restraint that characterizes Buddhist practice in Sri Lanka.According to Asko Parpola ,
1615-649: Is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for
1700-569: Is affirmed by the archeological , epigraphic , and numismatic record of this period. For example, he is found in numismatic evidence linked to the Yaudheyas , a confederation of warriors in North India who are mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini. During the Kushan era , that included rule over the northwest Indian subcontinent , more coins featuring Kartikeya were minted. He
1785-495: Is also found on ancient Indo-Scythian coins, where his various names are minted in Greek script . Skanda was regarded as a philosopher in his role as Subramanhya, while Murugan was similarly regarded as the teacher of Tamil literature and poetry. In the late Chola period from the sixth to thirteenth centuries CE, Murugan was firmly established in the role of a teacher and philosopher, while his militaristic depictions waned. Despite
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#17327718894511870-521: Is also said to have married Valli, the daughter of a tribal chief . In Tamil folklore, both Devasena and Valli were daughters of Vishnu in the previous birth. When they reincarnated , Devasena was adopted as the daughter of Indra as a result of her penance and Valli was born on the Earth. However, both were destined to marry the son of Shiva. There are references in the ancient Vedas to "Skanda", which can be interpreted to refer to Kartikeya. For example,
1955-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
2040-407: Is generally regarded as a mango . Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya, but Narada counseled that the fruit could not be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Kartikeya started his journey around the globe atop his peacock mount . However, Ganesha surmised that
2125-508: Is known as Weituo, a young heavenly general, the guardian deity of local monasteries and the protector of Buddhist dhamma . According to Henrik Sorensen, this representation became common after the Tang period , and became well established in the late Song period . He is also regarded as one of the twenty-four celestial guardian deities , who are a grouping of originally Hindu and Taoist deities adopted into Chinese Buddhism as dharmapalas . Skanda
2210-785: Is known by 108 different names, though other names also exist in common usage. Most common amongst these include Skanda (from skand- , 'to leap or to attack'), Murugan ('handsome'), Kumara ('youthful'), Subrahmanya ('transparent'), Senthil ('victorious'), Vēlaṇ ('wielder of vel '), Swaminatha ('ruler of gods'), Saravaṇabhava ('born amongst the reeds'), Arumukha or Shanmukha ('six faced'), Dhanadapani ('wielder of mace') and Kandha ('cloud'). On ancient coins featuring his images, his name appears inscribed as Kumara, Brahmanya, or Brahmanyadeva. On some ancient Indo-Scythian coins, his name appears in Greek script as Skanda, Kumara, and Vishaka. Various Indian literary works recount different stories surrounding
2295-561: Is most developed in the Tamil texts and in the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition. He is described as dheivam (abstract neuter divinity, nirguna brahman ), as kadavul (divinity in nature, in everything), as Devan (masculine deity), and as iraivativam (concrete manifestation of the sacred, saguna brahman ). According to Fred Clothey, as Murugan, he embodies the "cultural and religious whole that comprises South Indian Shaivism". He
2380-585: Is narrated in the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata , where he is described as the son of Agni and Svaha . It is narrated that Agni goes to meet the wives of the Saptarshi (seven great sages) and, while none of the wives reciprocates Agni's feelings of love, Svaha is present and attracted to Agni. Svaha takes the form of six of the wives, one by one, and has sex with Agni six times. She is unable to take
2465-478: Is part of Shaivite literature. While the text is named after Skanda (Kartikeya), he does not feature either more or less prominently in the text than in other Shiva-related Puranas. The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to war-god Skanda. The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the sixth century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into
2550-890: Is regarded as a philosopher who taught the pursuit of an ethical life and the theology of Shaiva Siddhanta . Kaumaram is the Hindu denomination that primarily venerates Kartikeya. Apart from significant Kaumaram worship and temples in South India , he is worshipped as Mahasena and Kumara in North and East India . He is also worshipped in Sri Lanka , Southeast Asia (notably in Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand and Indonesia ), other countries with significant populations of Tamil origin (including Fiji , Mauritius , South Africa and Canada ), Caribbean countries (including Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana and Suriname ), and countries with significant Indian migrant populations (including
2635-522: Is revered in regions with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, including those in Malaysia , Singapore , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Indonesia and Myanmar , Fiji , Mauritius , Seychelles , Réunion , South Africa and Canada , Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana and Suriname , countries with significant Indian migrants including the United States and Australia . Sri Subramanyar Temple at
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2720-540: Is worshipped under the names Subrahmanya, Kumara Swamy, and Skanda, with major temples at Mopidevi , Biccavolu , Skandagiri, Mallam, and Indrakeeladri, Vijayawada. In Kukke Subramanya and Ghati Subramanya temples in Karnataka , he is worshipped as Subrahmanya and is regarded as the lord of the serpents . In West Bengal , Kartikeya is associated with childbirth and is worshipped in Kartik temples. Temples also exist in
2805-555: The Chandogya Upanishad (eighth to sixth century BCE) equates Sanat-Kumara (eternal son) and Skanda, as he teaches the sage Narada to discover his own Atman (soul, self) as a means to ultimate knowledge, true peace, and liberation. The earliest clear evidence of Kartikeya's importance emerges in the Hindu epics , such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata , where his story is recited. Mentions of Skanda are found in
2890-876: The Batu Caves in Malaysia is dedicated to Murugan, who is depicted in a 42.7-meter-high statue at the entrance, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world. There are some other temples in Malaysia such as Balathandayuthapani Temple and Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple , Marathandavar Temple and Kandaswamy Kovil . Sri Thendayuthapani Temple is a major Hindu temple in Singapore . Murugan temples also exist in several western countries like United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom , Australia, New Zealand , Germany and Switzerland . A number of festivals relating to Kartikeya are observed: IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST )
2975-685: The United States and Australia ). The epithet Kartikeya is linked to the circumstances surrounding the deity's birth. According to the Skanda Purana , six divine sparks emerged from Shiva , forming six separate baby boys. These boys were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas . Later, Parvati fused them into one, creating the six-headed Kartikeya. Kartikeya means "of the Krittikas" in Sanskrit . According to Hindu literature, he
3060-463: The Jain deity Naigamesa , who is also referred to as Hari-Naigamesin, is depicted in early Jain texts as riding the peacock and as the leader of the divine army, both characteristics of Kartikeya. Kavadi Aattam is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering to Murugan practiced by his devotees. Its origin has been linked to a mythic anecdote about Idumban . It symbolizes a form of debt bondage through
3145-403: The Tamils." Korravai is often identified as the mother of Murugan. Tirumurukarruppatai , estimated to be have been written in the second to fourth century CE, is an ancient Tamil epic dedicated to Murugan. He is called Murugu and described as a god of beauty and youth, with such exaltations as "his body glows like the sun rising from the emerald sea". It describes him with six faces—each with
3230-458: The actual fruit of wisdom for his devotees rather than any physical fruit such as a mango or a pomegranate. Though Kartikeya had powers derived from Shiva, he was innocent and playful. Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear vel , an embodiment of the power of Shakti (Parvati). On obtaining the vel, Kartikeya was imparted with the knowledge of distinguishing between good and evil. Texts Kanda Puranam and Kumarasambhavam recount
3315-524: The archeological and epigraphical evidence, the contemporary deity worshipped as Murugan, Subrahmanya and Kartikeya is a composite of two influences: Skanda from the south, and Mahasena from the north. He as the warrior-philosopher god was the patron deity for many ancient northern and western Hindu kingdoms, and of the Gupta Empire , according to Ghurye. After the seventh century, Skanda's importance diminished while his brother Ganesha's importance rose in
3400-597: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Vel Non - Saiddhantika Vel ( Tamil : வேல் , lit. 'Vēl')
3485-471: The bearing of a physical burden called Kavadi ( lit. ' burden ' ). The Kavadi is a physical burden which consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure in its simplest form, which is then balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. By bearing the Kavadi, the devotees processionally implore Murugan for assistance, usually as a means of balancing
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3570-551: The birth of Kartikeya. In Valmiki 's Ramayana (seventh to fourth century BCE), he is described as the child of deities Rudra and Parvati, with his birth aided by Agni and Ganga . The Shalya Parva and the Anushasana Parva of the third-century BCE Hindu epic Mahabharata narrate the legend of Skanda, presenting him as the son of Maheshvara (Shiva) and Parvati: Shiva and Parvati were disturbed during sex, causing Shiva to inadvertently spill his semen . The semen
3655-459: The changes, his portrayal was multi-faceted, with significant differences between Skanda and Murugan until the late Vijayanagara period , when he was accepted as a single deity with diverse facets. In Mahayana Buddhism , he is described as a manifestation of Mahābrahmārāja with five hair coils and a handsome face emanating purple-golden light that surpasses the light of the other devas. In Chinese Buddhism , Skanda (also sometimes known as Kumāra)
3740-446: The coming of age of Kartikeya. Kartikeya killed the next brother Simhamukha and faced off with Surapadma in the final battle. Surapadma took a large form with multiple heads, arms and legs trying to intimidate Kartikeya. When Kartikeya threw his vel, Surapadma escaped to the sea and took the form of a large mango tree , which spread across the three worlds. Kartikeya used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into
3825-416: The community, who began to view him as god. Many of the major events in the narrative of Murugan's life take place during his youth, which encouraged the worship of Murugan as a child-god. According to Raman Varadara , Murugan, originally regarded as a Tamil deity, underwent a process of adoption and incorporation into the pantheon of North Indian deities. In contrast, G. S. Ghurye states that according to
3910-416: The conflict could be avoided. He sent messengers to communicate as much and to give the asuras a fair warning, which they ignored. Kartikeya killed Tarakasura and his lieutenant Krowchaka with his vel. While Tarakasura was confused at facing Shiva's son, as he thought his war was not with Shiva, Kartikeya felt it necessary to vanquish him, as his vision was occluded by Maya . Zvelebil interprets this episode as
3995-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
4080-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
4165-399: The daughter of Indra and his wife Shachi . In Tamil literature , he has two consorts: Devayanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli . In Kanda Puranam , Devayanai ( lit. ' Divine elephant ' ; as she was brought up by Airavata , the elephant) is depicted as the daughter of Indra, who was given in marriage to Kartikeya for his help in saving the devas from the asuras. Kartikeya
4250-426: The devotees to enter a state of trance . Devotees usually prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet , and fasting while remaining celibate . They make pilgrimage to the temples of Kartikeya on bare feet and dance along the route while bearing these burdens. Tonsuring is performed by devotees as the ritual fulfillment of a vow to discard their hair in imitation of
4335-450: The diverse corpus of legends relating to him include his birth by a surrogate in difficult circumstances, his upbringing by a host of mothers, and his later reunion with his biological family. According to Fred Clothey, Muruga thus symbolizes a union of polarities. He is considered a uniter, championing the attributes of both Shaivism and Vaishnavism (which revere Shiva and Vishnu as their supreme deities, respectively). Kartikeya's theology
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#17327718894514420-433: The divine fruit of knowledge. The practice is followed in modern times in temples where the devotees are provided the mixture as a prasad . Vetrivel Muruganukku Arogara (meaning 'victory for vel wielding Murugan') is a Tamil mantra commonly chanted by devotees while worshiping Kartikeya. Om Saravana Bhava is a common chant used by the devotees to invoke Kartikeya. Tiruppukal (meaning 'holy praise' or 'divine glory')
4505-539: The eighty gods worshipped by the common people. The Arya Kanikrodhavajrakumarabodhisattava Sadhanavidhi Sutra (T 1796) features a section for the recitation of a mantra dedicated to the deity, where he is also paired with Isvara . Yi Xing 's Commentary of the Mahavairocana Tantra clarifies that Kumara is the son of Isvara. The sixteenth-century Siamese text Jinakalamali mentions him as a guardian god. Ancient Yaudheya and Kushan period coins dated to
4590-512: The first and second centuries CE show Kartikeya with either one or six heads, with one-headed depictions being more common. Similarly, sculptures show him with either one or six heads, with the six head iconography dated to post- Gupta Empire era. Artwork found in Gandhara and Mathura dated to the Kushan period shows him with one head, dressed in a dhoti (a cloth wrapped at the waist, covering
4675-408: The first century CE and earlier shows an association of his iconography with Agni , the Hindu god of fire, indicating that Kartikeya was a significant deity in early Hinduism. The iconography of Kartikeya varies significantly. He is typically represented as an ever-youthful man, riding or near an Indian peafowl (named Paravani), and sometimes with an emblem of a rooster on his banner. He wields
4760-431: The flow of River Ganges, among other feats. He imprisons Brahma as he could not explain the meaning of Aum . When Shiva asks for the meaning of the mantra , Kartikeya teaches it to his father. According to the Mahabharata , the devas and gods gift him various objects and animals. As per Kanda Puranam , sage Narada once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a Gnana palam (fruit of knowledge). This fruit
4845-480: The form of Arundhati, Vasishtha 's wife, because of Arundhati's extraordinary virtuous powers. Svaha deposits the semen of Agni into the reeds of Ganges river, where it develops and is born as the six-headed Skanda. In Kanda Puranam , Kartikeya is portrayed as a child playing in the cosmos . In his childhood, he fiddles with the orbits of planets , stacks the mountains in Kailasha on top of Mount Meru and stops
4930-477: The form that Kartikeya assumed in childhood. Newborns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and ear piercing at temples dedicated to Kartikeya. Panchamritam ( lit. ' mixture of five ' ) is a sacred sweet mixture made of banana , honey , ghee , jaggery and cardamom along with date fruits and Sugar candies , which is offered to Kartikeya. It is believed to have been prepared before by Ganesha to soothe his brother Kartikeya after their battle for
5015-493: The hills on the shoulder may have influenced the practice of Kavadi. Worshipers also practice a form of mortification of the flesh by flagellation and by piercing their skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers. These practices are suppressed in India, where public self-mutilation is prohibited by law. Vibuthi , a type of sacred ash, is spread across the body, including the piercing sites. Drumming and chanting of verses help
5100-481: The legs) armour , wielding a spear in his right hand with a rooster on his left. Artworks from Gandhara show him in Scythian dress, likely reflecting the local dress culture of the time, with a rooster-like bird that may draw from Parthian influence to symbolize Kartikeya's agility and maneuverability as a warrior god. Kartikeya's iconography portrays him as a youthful god, dressed as a warrior with attributes of
5185-427: The modern era exists in many versions. Ancient Tamil text Tolkappiyam from the second century BCE mentions Ceyon ("the red one"), identified with Murugan, whose name is mentioned as Murukan ("the youth"). Extant Sangam literature works dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE glorify Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," as "the favoured god of
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#17327718894515270-563: The mythology in the earlier Vedic texts is different. In these, Agni is described as Kumara, whose mother is Ushas (goddess Dawn) and whose father is Purusha. Section 10.1 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka mentions Sanmukha (six faced one), while the Baudhayana Dharmasutra mentions a householder's rite of passage that involves prayers to Skanda (Kartikeya) and his brother Ganapati (Ganesha) together. Chapter 7 of
5355-402: The northern and eastern Indian traditions, Kartikeya is generally regarded as a celibate bachelor. In Sanskrit literature , Kartikeya is married to Devasena ( lit. ' Army of Devas ' ; as her husband was 'Devasenapati' lit. ' Commander of army of Devas ' ). Devasena is described as the daughter of Daksha in the Mahabharata , while Skanda Purana considers her as
5440-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
5525-599: The reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than
5610-867: The rest of India in Pehowa in Haryana , in Manali and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh and Rudraprayag in Uttarakhand . Kartikeya is worshipped as Kumar in Nepal . In Sri Lanka , Murugan is predominantly worshipped by Tamil people as Murugan and by the Sinhalese as Kataragama deviyo , a guardian deity. Numerous Murugan temples exist throughout the island, including Kataragama temple , Nallur Kandaswamy temple and Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple . Murugan
5695-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
5780-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
5865-478: The rooster became the emblem on his battle flag. Vel, as a symbol of divinity, is an object of worship in the temples dedicated to Murugan. The annual Thaipusam festival celebrates the occasion when Murugan received the divine vel from his mother. During this festival, some of the devotees pierce their skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers while they undertake a procession towards the Murugan temple. Adi-vel
5950-460: The skin on the chest and back. Once all sages and gods assembled in Kailasha , the abode of Shiva, which resulted in the tilting of Earth due to an increase in weight on the hemisphere where the gathered stood. Shiva asked sage Agasthya to move towards the south to restore the balance. Agasthya employed an asura named Idumban to carry two hills called Sivagiri and Sakthigiri (Mountains of Shiva and Shakti ) on his shoulders to be placed in
6035-544: The south, to balance the weight. Idumban carried the hills and set southward, stopping en-route to place them down for a while and rest. When he tried to lift them again, he was unable to move one of the hills. He found a youth standing atop the hill and fought with him, only to be defeated. Agasthya identified the youth as Kartikeya, and the two discussed the dispute. The hill was left to remain at its resting location, which later became Palani . Kartikeya later resurrected Idumban as his devotee. The mythology behind Idumban carrying
6120-471: The sparks, later handing them to the fire god Agni because of the unbearable heat. Agni deposited the sparks in the Ganges river. The water in the Ganges began to evaporate due to the intense heat of the sparks. Ganga took them to Saravana lake, where the sparks developed into six baby boys. The six boys were then raised by the Krittikas and they were later fused into one by Parvati. Thus, the six-headed Kartikeya
6205-539: The term Kumara appears in hymn 5.2 of the Rig Veda . The verses mention a brightly-colored boy hurling weapons, evoking motifs associated with Kartikeya such as his bright glowing skin and his possession of divine weapons including the vel . These motifs are also found in other Vedic texts, such as in sections 6.1-3 of the Shatapatha Brahmana : while Kumara is one of the names used to mention Kartikeya,
6290-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
6375-578: The tree became his mount, the peacock, while the other half became the rooster entrenched on his flag. Guha (Muruga) You who has form and who is formless, you who are both being and non-being, who are the fragrance and the blossom, who are the jewel and its lustre, who are the seed of life and life itself, who are the means and the existence itself, who are the supreme guru, come and bestow your grace, O Guha [Murugan] Kantaranuputi 51 , Arunagirinathar (Translator: Kamil Zvelebil), Consistent elements of Kartikeya's narrative across
6460-554: The west and north, while in the south the legends of Murugan continued to grow. According to Norman Cutler, Kartikeya-Murugan-Skanda of South and North India coalesced over time, but some aspects of the South Indian iconography and mythology for Murugan have remained unique to Tamil Nadu. According to Fred Clothey, the evidence suggests that mythology relating to Kartikeya became widespread in North India sometime around 200 BCE or later. In addition to textual evidence, his importance
6545-467: The works of Pāṇini (fifth century BCE), in Patanjali 's Mahabhasya and Kautilya 's Arthashastra (third to second century BCE). Kalidasa 's epic poem Kumarasambhava from the fifth-century CE features the life and story of Kartikeya. Kartikeya forms the main theme of Skanda Purana , the largest Mahapurana , a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts. The text contains over 81,000 verses, and
6630-522: The world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them, and won the fruit. When Kartikeya returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain, and felt cheated. He discarded all his material belongings and left Kailasha to take up abode in the Palani Hills as a hermit . According to Fred Clothey, Kartikeya did this out of a felt need to mature from boyhood. According to Kamil Zvelebil , Kartikeya represents
6715-573: Was also adopted by Korean Buddhism , and he appears in Korean Buddhist woodblock prints and paintings. According to Richard Gombrich , Skanda has been an important deity in the Theravada Buddhist pantheon in countries such as Sri Lanka and Thailand . The Nikaya Samgraha describes Skanda Kumara as a guardian deity of the land, along with Upulvan (Vishnu), Saman and Vibhisana . In Sri Lanka, Skanda, as Kataragama deviyo ,
6800-526: Was armed with near immortality . In his quest to rule the three worlds, he expelled the devas from Svarga . Indra , the king of devas, devised a scheme to disrupt Shiva’s meditation and beguile him with thoughts of love, so that he could sire an offspring and thusly end Tarakasura's immortality. Shiva was engaged in meditation , and hardly noticed the courtship of Parvati , the daughter of Himavan who sought him as her consort. Indra tasked god of love Kamadeva and his consort Rati to disturb Shiva. Shiva
6885-578: Was born, conceived to answer the devas' pleas for help and deliver them from the asuras. Kumarasambhava ( lit. ' Birth of Kumara ' ) from the fifth-century CE narrates a similar story on his birth wherein Agni carries the semen of Shiva and deposits them in Bhagirathi River (headstream of Ganges). When the Krittikas bathe in the river, they are impregnated and give birth to Kartikeya. An alternate account of Kartikeya's parentage
6970-443: Was furious with the act and burnt Kamadeva to ashes. But Shiva's attention then turned towards Parvati, who had performed tapas in order to win his affection, and married her, then conceiving Kartikeya. According to the seventeeth-century CE text Kanda Puranam (the Tamil rendition of the older Skanda Purana) , the asura brothers Surapadma, Simhamukha and Tarakasura performed tapas to Shiva, who granted them with various weapons and
7055-406: Was imminent, the asura transformed himself into a huge mango tree to evade detection by Murugan. Not fooled by asura's trick, Murugan hurled his vel and split the mango tree into two halves, one becoming a rooster ( Tamil : சேவல் , lit. 'Cēval'), and the other a peacock ( Tamil : மயில் , lit. 'Mayil'). Henceforth, the peacock became his vahana or mount, and
7140-521: Was syncretized with the Vedic deity of Skanda following the Sangam era . He is regarded as the "God of the Tamil people" and is hailed as the lord of Palani hills , the tutelary deity of the Kurinji region whose cult gained immense popularity. Tamil literary works such as Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai by Nakkīraṉãr and Tiruppukal by Arunagirinathar are devoted to Murugan. Archaeological evidence from
7225-488: Was then incubated in the Ganges , preserved by the heat of the god Agni, and eventually born as baby Kartikeya. According to Shiva Purana , asura Tarakasura performed tapas to propitiate the creator god Brahma . Brahma granted him two boons: one, that none shall be his equal in all of the three worlds , and two, that only a son of Shiva could slay him. As Shiva was a yogi and thus unlikely to bear children, Tarakasura
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