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67-957: The Novorossiysky okrug was a district ( okrug ) of the Black Sea Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire . It bordered the Kuban Oblast to the north, the Tuapsinsky okrug to the east, and the Black Sea to the south. The area of the Novorossiysky okrug mostly corresponds to the Krasnodar Krai region of Russia . The district was eponymously named for its administrative centre, Novorossiysk . According to

134-627: A UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. The largest rivers that flow through the oblast include the Tysa , Borzhava , and the Tereblia . A high altitude lake is located in Rakhiv Raion , which is the highest in the region. It is called Nesamovyte . The lake is located in the Hoverla preserve on the slopes of Turkul mountain. The lake's area is 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) and it

201-719: A few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union ; of those almost 60,000 died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined the Czechoslovak Army . The major Jewish communities of the region had existed in Mukachevo , Ungvar , and Khust . During the German occupation of Hungary (March–December 1944), almost

268-577: A large number of Ukrainians and Russians moved to Transcarpathia, where they found jobs in the industry, the military, or the civilian administration. By 1989, around 170,000 Ukrainians (mainly from nearby Galizia) and 49,000 Russians were living in Transcarpathia, mainly in new residential blocks in the main towns of Uzhgorod and Mukachevo, where the dominant language had soon turned from Hungarian and Yiddish to Russian. They kept being considered newcomers ( novoprybuli ) due to their disconnect from

335-636: A majority. In the 2010 and 2015 local elections , the United Centre won majorities in Transcarpathia. The 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election saw both the United Centre and the Party of Regions win districts in Transcarpathia. In the 2014 presidential election , Transcarpathia helped elect Petro Poroshenko as president of Ukraine. Turnout in the east of the region was among the lowest in Ukraine, below 40%, while it reached 65% in its west. At

402-562: A moderate Ukrainian nationalist ideology. One year later, at the Presidential elections , Transcarpathian voters supported the re-election of Leonid Kuchma by 85%. At the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election , voters from Transcapathia supported the Our Ukraine Bloc , in line with voters from all Western Ukraine. At the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election , Transcarpathians voted in majority for Viktor Yushchenko . At

469-574: A municipal district. The Republic of Serbia is divided into twenty-nine okrugs as well as the City of Belgrade . The term okrug in Serbia is often translated as either district or county . Zakarpattia Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast ( Ukrainian : Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття; Hungarian : Kárpátalja ) or Transcarpathia in English,

536-502: A passive knowledge of the Rusyn language , but no knowledge about local culture. XIX-century Rusyn intellectuals were labelled as "members of the reactionary class and instruments of Vatican obscurantism". The Rusyn anthem and hymn were banned from public performance. Carpatho-Rusyn folk culture and songs, which were promoted, were presented as part of Transcarpathian regional culture as a local variant of Ukrainian culture. As early as 1924,

603-490: A population of 75,021 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 41,919 men and 33,102 women, 37,544 of whom were the permanent population, and 37,477 were temporary residents: 44°43′N 37°45′E  /  44.717°N 37.750°E  / 44.717; 37.750 Okrug Etymologically, okrug literally means ' circuit ', derived from Proto-Slavic * okrǫgъ , in turn from * ob- "around" + * krǫgъ "circle". In meaning,

670-614: A subgroup of Ukrainians . Rusyns and the Rusyn language are thus included in the category of Ukrainians and Ukrainian language group are in the majority (80.5%), other ethnic groups are relatively numerous in Zakarpattia. The largest of these are Hungarians (12.1%), Romanians (2.6%), Russians (2.5%), Roma (1.1%), Slovaks (0.5%) and Germans (0.3%). Most Romanians in Ukraine live in Northern Maramureș , but there

737-417: A type of municipal formation. In Tver Oblast , the term okrug also denotes a type of an administrative division which is equal in status to that of the districts. Furthermore, the designation okrug denotes several selsoviet -level administrative divisions: In some cities, the term okrug is used to refer to the administrative divisions of those cities. Administrative okrugs are such divisions in

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804-456: Is 1,244,476 (2022 estimate). This total includes people of many different nationalities of which Hungarians , Romanians , and Rusyns constitute significant minorities in some of the province's cities, while in others, they form the majority of the population (as in the case of Berehove). The oblast's name Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття , romanized :  Zakarpattia ), which translates as "Transcarpathian" or literally "beyond

871-577: Is also a reference to the largely overlapping physical geographical region of Prykarpattia (the Ukrainian name for Ciscarpathia), which encompasses the northeastern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. Many historical names included Rus' or Ruthenian when referring to the region because of the area's large population of Rusyns (also known as Carpatho-Rusyns , Ruthenians , or Rusnaks ), an East Slavic ethnic group that speaks

938-768: Is also a small Romanian community living outside of this region, referred to in Romanian as volohi . The Ukrainian government does not recognize the Rusyn people living in that country as a distinct nationality but rather as an ethnic sub-group of Ukrainians. About 10,100 people (0.8%) identify themselves as Rusyns according to the last census. Out of 1,010,100 Ukrainians in the region, 99.2% (~1,002,019) identified their native language as Ukrainian, while about 0.5% (~5,051) consider their native language to be Russian. Out of 151,500 Hungarians, 97.1% (~147,107) consider their native language to be Hungarian, while about 2.6% (~3,939) consider their native language to be Ukrainian. Out of

1005-525: Is an oblast located in the Carpathian Mountains in west Ukraine , mostly coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia . Its administrative centre is the city of Uzhhorod . Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo , Khust , Berehove , and Chop , the last of which is home to railroad transport infrastructure. Zakarpattia Oblast was established on 22 January 1946, after Czechoslovakia gave up its claim to

1072-459: Is located 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) above sea level . The region's climate is moderate and continental with about 700–1,000 mm (28–39 in) of rainfall per year. The average temperature in summer is +21 °С (70 °F) and −4 °С (25 °F) in winter. With an elevation of 2,061 metres (6,762 ft) above sea level, Hoverla , part of the Chornohora mountain range,

1139-649: Is the highest point in the oblast. The lowest point, 101 m (331 ft) above sea level , is located in the village of Ruski Heyevtsi (Oroszgejőc in Hungarian) in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion . Four of the oblast's historical-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine competition in 2007: Palanok Castle , Museum upon the Chorna River , Mykhailiv Orthodox Church , and

1206-623: The obwody by powiat s. Okrugs were one of the several types of administrative division for oblasts and selected governorates in Imperial Russia . Until the 1920s, okrugs were administrative districts in Cossack hosts such as the Don Cossacks . Inherited from Imperial Russia, in the 1920s, okrugs were administrative divisions of several other primary divisions such as oblasts , krais , and others. For some time in

1273-494: The 1994 Ukrainian parliamentary election , Transcarpathia elected 9 independent MPs over 11 to the Rada. The same year, voters in the region supported the incumbent Leonid Kravchuk over Leonid Kuchma by 70.5% At the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election , Transcarpathia turned out to be one of the strongholds (together with Kyiv and L'viv) of Viktor Medvedchuk 's Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) , which back then ran on

1340-718: The 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election , voters from Transcapathia supported the Our Ukraine Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc , in line with voters in Ciscarpatian East Galizia. At the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election , the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc linked with former President Viktor Yushchenko won in most of the region, while the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc came out first in Uzhhorod and its raion. On 7 March 2007,

1407-623: The 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election , electoral results in Transcarpathia saw districts being won by Arseniy Yatsenyuk 's People's Front and by the Petro Poroshenko Bloc . Ukraine's 2017 education law makes Ukrainian the required language of study in state schools. Since 2017, relations between Ukraine and Hungary rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine . Transcaparthian voters supported Volodymyr Zelensky for president of Ukraine at

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1474-483: The 2019 elections . At the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election , president Zelensky's Servant of the People party won a plurality in Transcarpathia. Electoral turnout in the region was the lowest in the country (<42.5%) The Zakarpattia Oblast has a total area of 12,800 km (4,942 sq mi) and is located on southwestern slopes and foothills of the Carpathian Mountains covering around 80% of area in

1541-652: The Comintern had declared all East Slavic inhabitants of Czechoslovakia ( Rusyns , Carpatho-Russians, Rusnaks ) to be Ukrainians . As of the 1946 census, all Rusyns were recorded as Ukrainians; anyone clinging to the old label was considered a separatist and a potential counter-revolutionary. Already in February 1945, the National Council proceeded to confiscate 53,000 hectares of land from big landowners and redistribute it to 54,000 peasant households (37% of

1608-642: The Kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In Transcarpathia, the Voivodeship of Maramureș , granted to a small Romanian nobility, was established in 1343. The region was reorganized into the Máramaros County in 1402. Since 1867, it was part of the Hungarian side of Austria-Hungary until the latter's demise at the end of World War I . It approximately consisted of four Hungarian counties ( comitatus ): Bereg , Ung , Ugocsa and Maramaros . This region

1675-582: The Mountain ASSR of the Russian SFSR in 1921 as units of the Soviet autonomy and additional national okrugs were created in the Russian SFSR for the peoples of the north and Caucasus region. In 1977, all national okrugs were renamed autonomous okrugs. In the present-day Russian Federation , the term okrug is either translated as district or rendered directly as okrug , and is used to describe

1742-485: The Nevytsky Castle . According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census , the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. The current estimated population is 1,259,158 (2016 est.) . With the comparison of the last official Soviet Census of 1989 the total population grew by 0.7%. Ukrainians and the 2001 Ukrainian Census , does not recognise ethnic Rusyns as a separate nationality, instead categorizing them as

1809-520: The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed a day after. Voloshyn asked support for recognition in advance from Hitler, but received no answer. The state is known as 'the one-day republic' because it did not exist more than one day. The military operations and the occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine was finished by the Hungarian troops on March 18. The Hungarian invasion was followed by

1876-484: The Russian Empire Census , the Novorossiysky okrug had a population of 34,908 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 21,380 men and 13,528 women. The majority of the population indicated Russian to be their mother tongue, with significant Ukrainian and Greek speaking minorities. According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Novorossiysky okrug had

1943-708: The Russkiy Mir Foundation ), an Our Ukraine deputy of the Zakarpattia regional council and chairman of the People's Council of Ruthenians, on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine. On May 1, 2009, National Union Svoboda blocked the holding of the third European congress of the Carpathian Ruthenians, a pro-Russian entity. At the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election , Yulia Tymoshenko won in most raions of Transcarpathia save for Mukachevo , Berehove and Vynohradiv , where Viktor Yanukovych gained

2010-564: The Rusyn language and descend from the original East Slavic population that had inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians since the Early Middle Ages . Transcarpathian/Carpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus', and the Ukrainian diminutive name Rusinko are amongst some of the names that reference the Rusyn -speaking population. The oblast has various names in other languages, including: While

2077-615: The Soviet Bloc , signed a treaty formally ceding the area to the Soviet Union, and the next month it was united with the Ukrainian SSR through the "Manifest for unification with Soviet Ukraine" that was accepted by the 1st Congress of People's Committees of Sub-Carpathian Ukraine without any knowledge or approval of the common people. It was then annexed into the Soviet Union as Zakarpattia Oblast. Between 1945 and 1947,

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2144-705: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church . Smaller religious groups include Roman Catholics and Protestants, which are largely associated with minority groups; Roman Catholics and Protestants tend to be Hungarian or Rusyn. Their languages and culture are respected by the provision of education, clubs, etc. in their respective languages. Those who recognize Ukrainian as their native language total 81.0% of

2211-710: The Verecke Pass . Some of Ungvari's Kubiars under Khan-Tuvan eventually joined the Rus' to form Rus' Khaganate . In the late 9th century Ungvari's ruling Árpád dynasty began to fulfil their ambitions for the Carpathian basin where by 895 they had relocated to rule over the Magyars . According to the Gesta Hungarorum , as Prince Álmos entered on the castle of Hung and there he appointed his son Árpád as

2278-475: The Zakarpatsk ' a Pravda (130,000 copies). The Uzhhorod National University was opened in 1945. Over 816 cinemas were open by 1967 to insure the indoctrination of the population with Marxist-Leninist propaganda. The Ukrainian language was the first language of instruction in schools throughout the region, followed by Russian , which was extensively used at the university level. Most new generations had

2345-529: The 1920s they also served as the primary unit upon the abolishment of guberniyas and were divided into raions . On 30 July 1930 most of the okrugs were abolished. The remaining okrugs were phased out in the Russian SFSR during 1930–1946, although they were retained in Zakarpattia Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR in a status equivalent to that of a raion. National okrugs were first created in

2412-727: The 32,100 officially recorded Romanians, 99.1% (31,811) identified their native language to be Romanian, while 0.6% (~193) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 31,000 Russians, 91.6% (28,396) identified their native language as Russian, while 8.1% (~2,511) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 14,000 Romani peoples only 20.7% (2,898) identify their native language as Romani, while 62.9% (~8,806) consider their language Ukrainian or Russian. Out of 5,600 Slovaks 43.9% (2,458) identify their native language as Slovak, while 42.1% (~2,358) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 3,500 Germans, 50.0% (1,750) acknowledge their native language, while 38.9% (~1,362) consider their language Ukrainian. About 81% of

2479-467: The Carpathians are an important tourist and travel destination (housing many ski and spa resorts), they play a major part in the oblast's economy. With a land area of almost 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi), the oblast is ranked 23rd by area and 15th by population as according to the 2001 Ukrainian Census , the population of Zakarpatska Oblast was 1,254,614. The current population

2546-567: The Carpathians," refers to its location on the western side of the Carpathian Mountains , a major mountain range that forms an arc across Central and Southeast Europe . Due to this, the oblast is also often called Transcarpathian Oblast or Transcarpathia , although the historical region of Transcarpathia also includes areas outside the oblast, specifically small parts of Slovakia (mostly in Prešov Region and Košice Region ) as well as Poland's Lemko Region . Other historical names for both

2613-746: The East and Northeast— Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , and on the North— Lviv Oblast and the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland. The Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as alpine meadows . Mountains cover about 80% of the oblast's area, and cross from North-West to South-East. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians , part of which are located within Zakarpattia Oblast, were recognized as

2680-684: The Hungarian or East Slavic language versions of the name, with the English and French names generally deriving from the Hungarian Subcarpathia . According to the Chronicon Pictum , the earliest state established in Zakarpattia was Ungvari in 677 AD. The name Ungvar derives from a migration of the Onogurs of Poltava who were ruled by the northern Kubiar sons of Kubrat . The Onogur tribes entered Etelköz through

2747-619: The Munich Agreement, the southern part of the region was awarded to Hungary under the First Vienna Award in 1938. The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czechoslovak Republic . After the Slovak declaration of an independent state on 14 March, the next day Carpatho-Ukraine was proclaimed as an independent republic but was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary, and

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2814-578: The Nort-West United States were now closed, Carpathian Ruthens and Romanians could now move for seasonal work in Russia's North and East. The inhabitants of the oblast grew steadily in the Soviet period, from 776,000 in 1946 to over 1,2 million in 1989. Uzhgorod increased its residents five-fold, from 26,000 to 117,000, and Mukachevo likewise from 26,600 to 84,000. This population increase also reflected demographic changes. The arrival of

2881-596: The Red Army meant the departure of 5,100 Magyars and 2,500 Germans, while the 15–20,000 Jews survivors of the Holocaust also decided to move out before the borders were sealed. By 1945, around 30,000 Hungarians and Germans had been interned and sent for labour camps in Eastern Ukraine and Siberia; while amnestied in 1955, around 5,000 did not come back. In January 1946, 2,000 more Germans were deported. In return,

2948-602: The Rusyn- and Hungarian-speaking countryside. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine held an independence referendum in which the residents of Zakarpattia were asked about the Zakarpattia Oblast Council's proposal for self-rule. About 78% of the oblast's population voted in favour of autonomy; however, it was not granted. At the first Presidential elections in Ukraine in 1991 , voters from Transcarpathia supported Leonid Kravchuk by 58%. At

3015-523: The Slovak lands and Bohemia-Moravia-Czech Silesia (Czech lands). The province has a unique footnote in history as the only region in the former Czechoslovakia to have had an American governor: its first governor was Gregory Zhatkovich , an American citizen who had earlier emigrated from the region and represented the Rusyn community in the U.S. Zhatkovich was appointed governor by Czechoslovakia's first president, T. G. Masaryk in 1920, and served for about one year until he resigned over differences regarding

3082-422: The Zakarpattia Oblast Council recognized the Rusyn ethnicity. On October 25, 2008, 100 delegates to the Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians declared the formation of the "Republic of Carpathian Ruthenia". The prosecutor's office of Zakarpattia region filed a case against priest Dymytrii Sydor and Yevhen Zhupan (members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in Ukraine and in close relations with

3149-430: The cities of Murmansk , Omsk , and Tyumen ; city okrugs are used in Krasnodar ; municipal okrugs are the divisions of Nazran ; okrugs exist in Belgorod , Kaluga , Kursk , and Novorossiysk ; and territorial okrugs are the divisions of Arkhangelsk and Lipetsk . The term okrug is also used to describe a type of a municipal formation , the municipal urban okrug—a municipal urban settlement not incorporated into

3216-410: The coming Soviet regime as it had been with all previous ones. After breaking the Greek Catholic Church in Eastern Galicia in 1946, Soviet authorities pushed for the return to Orthodoxy of Greek-Catholic parishes in Transcarpathia too, including by engineering the accident and death of recalcitrant bishop Theodore Romzha on 1 November 1947. In January 1949, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo

3283-438: The entire Jewish population was deported; few survived the Holocaust . In October 1944, the region was occupied by the Red Army . On 26 November 1944, the First Congress of People's Committees of Zakarpattia Ukraine took place in Mukachevo , and sham elections were organized on 10–25 November 1944. On 29 June 1945, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš , seeking to postpone the inevitable incorporation of Czechoslovakia into

3350-423: The following types of divisions: After the series of mergers in 2005–2008, several autonomous okrugs of Russia lost their federal subject status and are now considered to be administrative territories within the federal subjects they had been merged into: Okrug is also used to describe the administrative divisions of the two " federal cities " in Russia: In the federal city of Sevastopol , municipal okrugs are

3417-482: The later part of the Congress Poland period, from 1842, when the name was applied to the former powiats (the name powiat being transferred to the former obwody ). See: subdivisions of Congress Poland . Okręgi were also created temporarily from 1945 to 1946, in the areas annexed to Poland from Germany as a result of the Soviet military advance. An okręg was then subdivided into obwody . These okręgi were later replaced by voivodeships , and

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3484-495: The name Transcarpathia is a translation of the Ukrainian version of the name, the Hungarian name translates as Subcarpathia , in-line with the name of other Hungarian regions such as Alpokalja , a sub-Alpine territory in western Hungary. The Transcarpathia name and its variants instead reflect the East Slavic language practice of emphasizing the area's location "past" or "beyond" the Carpathians (as opposed to "below"). Western European languages have variously translated from

3551-454: The new Soviet authorities fortified the new borders, and in July 1947 declared Transcarpathia as "restricted zone of the highest level", with checkpoints on the mountain passes connecting the region to mainland Ukraine. In December 1944, the National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine set up a special people's tribunal in Uzhgorod to try and condemn all collaborationists with the previous governments – both Hungary and Carpatho-Ukraine. The court

3618-415: The oblast and broader region include Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, and Carpathian Ruthenia. The region is also sometimes referred to as "Subcarpathian" (which translates literally to "below (or "feet of") the Carpathians"), such as in Subcarpathian Rus' and Subcarpathia. This name refers to the area's location in the lower elevation Carpathian Basin (also known as the Pannonian Basin) and

3685-401: The oblast population considers the Ukrainian language their native language, while 12.7% of population gives consideration to the Hungarian language and just over 5% considers either the Russian or Romanian languages . Around two thirds are Eastern Orthodox and about a quarter are Catholic. The largest denomination is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate , followed by

3752-618: The population). Forced collectivisation of land started in 1946; around 2,000 peasants were arrested during protests in 1948–49 and sent for forced labour in the Gulag . Collectivisation, including of mountain shepherds, was completed by May 1950. Central planning decisions set Transcarpathia to become a "land of orchards and vineyards" between 1955 and 1965, planting 98,000 hectares with little results. Attempts to cultivate tea and citrus also failed due to climate. Most vineyards were uprooted twenty years later, during Mikhail Gorbachev 's anti-alcohol campaign in 1985–87. The Soviet period also meant

3819-404: The population, Hungarian — 12.7%, Russian — 2.9%, Romanian — 2.6%, and Rusyn — 0.5% Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion 's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment. Zakarpattia is home to approximately 14,000 ethnic Roma (Gypsies), the highest proportion of Roma in any oblast in Ukraine. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine

3886-399: The primary ruler, hence he was called of the leader of Hungvária , while all of his valiant soldiers as Hungvárus , so since then all the Magyars have been known by this name internationally. In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin from here through the Verecke pass, and the lands of Transcarpathia were influenced by the Principality of Hungary since 895, which transformed

3953-418: The region's autonomy. In 1928, it adopted the name of Subcarpathian Rus' ( Czech : Podkarpatská Rus ). Nevertheless, such autonomy was granted as late as in 1938, after detrimental events of the Munich Conference ; until then this land was administered directly from Prague by the government-appointed provincial presidents ( zemští prezidenti ) and/or elected governors ( guvernéři ). Following

4020-477: The region. Although a large majority favoured autonomy, it was not granted. However, this referendum was about self-government status, not about autonomy (like in Crimea). Situated in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine, except the southwestern Hungarian-populated region that belongs to the Hungarian plain , Zakarpattia Oblast is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries: Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , and Romania . As

4087-455: The region. The rest of the region is covered by the Transcarpathian Lowland which is part of the Pannonian plain . Zakarpattia is the only Ukrainian oblast to have boundaries with four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. On the West it borders the Prešov and Košice Regions of Slovakia and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties of Hungary, on the South—the Satu Mare and Maramureș Counties of Romania, on

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4154-430: The territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia ( Czech and also Slovak : Podkarpatská Rus) under a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union . The territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was then taken over by the USSR and became part of the Ukrainian SSR . During the Ukrainian independence referendum held in 1991, Zakarpatska Oblast voters were given a separate option on whether or not they favoured autonomy for

4221-404: The upscaling of industrialisation in Transcarpathia. State-owned lumber mills, chemical and food-processing plants widened, with Mukachevo's tobacco factory and Solotvyno's salt works as the biggest ones, providing steady employment to the residents of the region, beyond the traditional subsistence agriculture. And while traditional labour migration routes to the fields of Hungary or the factories of

4288-504: The word is similar to the German term Bezirk or Kreis (' district ') and the French word arrondissement ; all of which refer to something "encircled" or "surrounded". In Bulgaria , okrag s are the abolished primary unit of the administrative division and implied "districts" or "counties". They existed in the postwar Bulgaria between 1946 and 1987 and corresponded approximately to today's oblasts . As historical administrative subdivisions of Poland , okręgi existed in

4355-403: Was allowed to hand down either 10 years of forced labour, or death penalty. Several Ruthenian leaders, including Andrej Bródy  [ cs ] and Štefan Fencik  [ cs ] , were condemned and executed in May 1946. Avgustyn Voloshyn also died in prison. The extent of the repression showed to many Carpatho-Ruthenian activists that it was not possible to find an accommodation with

4422-407: Was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918. The region was occupied by Romania by the end of that year, mostly the eastern portion such as Rakhiv and Khust . It was later recaptured by the Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919. Finally, after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 it became part of Czechoslovakia with a supposedly equal level of autonomy as

4489-464: Was declared illegal; remaining priests and nuns were arrested, and church properties were nationalised and parcelled for public use or lent to the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) as the only accepted religious authority in the region. Cultural institutions were also forbidden, including the russophile Dukhnovych Society, the ukrainophile Prosvita, and the Subcarpathian Scholarly Society. New books and publications were circulated, including

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