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42-668: While not directly associated with the former Ruthenian Uniate Church , the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church also derives its name from the Rusyn and Ruthenian Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe and their communion with Rome . While Ruthenian Catholics are not the only Eastern Catholics to utilize the Byzantine Rite in the United States, the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church refers to itself as

84-494: A council composed of Basilian monks and eparchial clergy . In this part of central and eastern Europe, the Carpathian Mountains straddle the borders of the present-day states of Hungary , Poland , Slovakia , Romania and Ukraine . Today, the church is multi-ethnic. Members of the metropolitan province of Pittsburgh are predominantly English-speaking. Most are descendants of Rusyns – including sub-groups like

126-639: A second class people in society, their culture backward compared to the other ethnic groups in the Commonwealth. This delayed the church in recovering from the predations of the Reformation. While the Ruthenian nobility had equal rights with the Polish nobility, by the fifteenth century their ranks had been thinned by war and waves of emigration to the east. The Poles who took their place came to control

168-814: Is mainly because some of the priests and faithful of the Eparchy of Mukacheve desire that it should be part of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . People General Information: History: Eparchies: Parishes: Documents: 48°37′24″N 22°18′08″E  /  48.6232°N 22.3022°E  / 48.6232; 22.3022 Ruthenian Uniate Church The Ruthenian Uniate Church ( Belarusian : Руская уніяцкая царква , romanized :  Ruskaja unijackaja carkva ; Ukrainian : Руська унійна церква , romanized :  Rus'ka uniyna tserkva ; Latin : Ecclesia Ruthena unita ; Polish : Ruski Kościół Unicki )

210-670: The Archbishop of Paris Denis Auguste Affre . He served as a parish priest from 1845 to 1846 before he was sent to Rome for further studies that spanned from 1846 to 1849. He was later made the Vicar-General of Nantes on 1 August 1850 and occupied that post until 1869. Pope Pius IX appointed Richard as the Bishop of Belley on 22 December 1871. He received episcopal consecration on 11 February 1872 in Paris. Later, in 1875, he

252-641: The Boikos , Hutsuls and Lemkos – but the descendants of other nationalities are also present such as Slovaks, Hungarians and Croats as well as those of non-Slavic and non-Eastern European ancestry. The modern Eparchy of Mukacheve in Ukraine is mostly Ukrainian-speaking but remains part of the greater Ruthenian Church. After almost a thousand years of Hungarian rule the region became, in part, incorporated in Czechoslovakia after World War I . Annexation to

294-794: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Crown of Poland or the Crown of Hungary . The Rus' accepted Christianity in its Byzantine form at the same time as the Poles accepted it in its Latin form ; Lithuanians largely remained pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of

336-479: The Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia . The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians , such as the murder of Archeparch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members " Uniates ," though Catholic documents today no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones. Kievan Rus' is an ecclesiastical and cultural description of

378-721: The Second Polish Republic of 1918 to 1939. Suppressed in the Soviet Union from 1946, the Ruthenian Uniate Church survived to become the core of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1989. Today, the metropolis is styled the Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia . Metropolitans of Kyiv , Galicia and all Ruthenia : There are three successor entities: Today, the Ruthenian Uniate Church has two ecclesiastical jurisdictions:

420-756: The Soviet Union after the war led to persecution of the Ruthenian Catholic Church. Since the collapse of Communism the Ruthenian Catholic Church in Eastern Europe has seen a resurgence in numbers of faithful and priests . In the 19th and 20th centuries, various Byzantine Catholics from Austria-Hungary arrived in the United States, particularly in coal mining towns. Members of the predominant Latin Church Catholic hierarchy were sometimes disturbed by what they saw as

462-730: The Treaties of Tilsit , the territory was annexed by the Russian Empire. As a result, the Church was effectively dissolved and the eparchy was forcibly converted to the Russian Orthodox Church. In the territory annexed by the Austrian Empire, the Church continued to operate. It was reorganized as a Greek Catholic Church — the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia . A similar situation continued in

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504-883: The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church . The Ukrainian jurisdiction operates in the following countries under a metropolitan bishop: It operates in the following countries as eparchies under the care of the Major Archbishop ;: It operates in the following countries as an exarchate, directly responsible to the Holy See: Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Benjamin Richard François-Marie-Benjamin Richard de la Vergne ( French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swamaʁibɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ ʁiʃaʁ dəla vɛʁɲ] ; 1 March 1819 – 27 January 1908)

546-587: The sejm . If the Ruthenian aristocracy wanted to profit from its equality, it had to become Catholic and Polish. Intermarriage played a great role in the assimilation of the Ruthenian aristocracy; usually the Catholic faith prevailed. As a result, few Orthodox aristocratic families were left in Galicia or Podilia . By the second half of the sixteenth century, Ruthenian nobility had little reason to feel discriminated against. They had kept their wealth, had access to

588-770: The "Byzantine Catholic Church" within the US. The Ruthenian Church originally developed among the Rusyn people who lived in Carpathian Ruthenia . Christianity and the Byzantine Rite was brought to the Slavic peoples in the 9th century as a result of the missionary outreach of Saints Cyril and Methodius . Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Ruthenian Church retained its Orthodox ties until

630-641: The Commonwealth had successfully resisted the appeal of the Reformation, the Ruthenian church continued to decay. The Ruthenian elite looked externally for aid. The Patriarch in Constantinople could send neither aid nor teachers. Protestant aid was unacceptable to many of them. They therefore turned to the Pope in the hope that he would curb the excesses of the Polish Catholics against Catholic Ruthenians. In this way, they also hoped that acceptance of

672-660: The Revised Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom and the Revised Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great were promulgated. In December 2013, the Pope approved the request of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches that appropriate Eastern Church authorities be granted the faculty to allow pastoral service of Eastern married clergy also outside the traditional Eastern territory. Membership within

714-733: The Ruthenian Byzantine Catholics were united to the Ukrainian Greek Catholics in the same eparchy. Ethnic tensions flared due to cultural differences (mostly of a political nature) between Ukrainians who came from Austrian-ruled Galicia and the Rusyns and other Byzantine Catholics who came from the Kingdom of Hungary . This caused Rome to split the groups after Ortynsky's death, creating two ecclesiastical administrations for Eastern-rite Catholics in

756-421: The Ruthenian Catholic Church, like the other sui iuris churches, is not limited to those who trace their heritage to the ethnic groups affiliated with the church. As of 2016, the membership of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church was estimated at some 419,500 faithful, with seven bishops, 664 parishes, 557 priests, 76 deacons, and 192 men and women religious . The Church is not organised as a single synod . This

798-553: The Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth. Both the Catholic and the Ruthenian churches suffered from the policy of nominations to higher benefices by the King, the indifference of the nobility, and a low state of clerical education and discipline. The monarchs used nominations to bishoprics as rewards to faithful civil servants. After Metropolitan Joseph II Soltan (1509–1522),

840-547: The Ruthenian hierarchy into Catholic communion would also lead to acceptance of the Ruthenian elite into the political structure of the Commonwealth. At the time of the negotiations for union there were eight Ruthenian bishoprics in the Commonwealth: Later, the Archeparchy of Smolensk was erected. Carpathian Rus' did not belong to the Commonwealth. Following the partitions, its successor states treated

882-655: The Ruthenians as a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with the Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus

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924-657: The Second Vatican Council declared: The Catholic Church holds in high esteem the institutions, liturgical rites, ecclesiastical traditions and the established standards of the Christian life of the Eastern Churches, for in them, distinguished as they are for their venerable antiquity, there remains conspicuous the tradition that has been handed down from the Apostles through the Fathers and that forms part of

966-709: The Uniate Church differently. This is a list of eparchies that followed upon the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772–1795): In the territory annexed by the Russian Empire, the Church was effectively dissolved; most of the eparchies converted to the Russian Orthodox Church . See Synod of Polotsk . In the territory annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, the Eparchy of Supraśl operated from 1798 to 1809. Following

1008-537: The Union of Uzhhorod. The present structure of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church traces its origins to the 1646 Union of Uzhhorod , when Eastern Orthodox clergy were received into communion with the Holy See of Rome. Sixty three Ruthenian clergy were received into the Catholic Church; in 1664 a union reached at Munkács (today Mukachevo, Ukraine) brought additional communities into the Catholic communion. Initially,

1050-458: The Union only included lands owned or administered by the noble Drugeth family; essentially, most of the modern-day Presov Region and part of Zakarpattia Oblast : Abov County , Gömör County , Sáros County , Szepes County , Torna County , northern Zemplén County , parts of Ung County , and the city of Uzhhorod itself. The resulting dioceses retained their Byzantine patrimony and liturgical traditions, and their bishops were elected by

1092-632: The United States, divided along nationality lines: one Ukrainian and the other Carpatho-Rusyn. Each was headed not by a bishop, but by an administrator: Father Peter Poniatyshyn for the Ukrainians and Father Gabriel Martyak for the Carpatho-Rusyns. Later, the Rusyn priest Basil Takach was appointed and consecrated in Rome on his way to America as the new eparchy's bishop. Bishop Takach is considered

1134-644: The United States. The dissatisfaction of many Ruthenian Catholics had already given rise to some groups placing themselves under the jurisdiction of what is today the Orthodox Church in America (at that time a mission of the Russian Orthodox Church ). The leader of this movement was the widowed Ruthenian Catholic priest Alexis Toth , whose mistreatment by Archbishop John Ireland of Saint Paul, Minnesota, led to Toth's transfer to Eastern Orthodoxy. He brought with him many Ruthenian Catholics, around 20,000 by

1176-491: The archbishop to the fathers was noted by the government as an act of a political character and Richard was officially censured. His attitude was in general exceedingly moderate, he had no share in the extremist policy of the Ultramontanes , and throughout the struggle over the law of Associations and the law of Separations he maintained his reasonable temper. Richard participated in the papal conclave of 1903 that saw

1218-420: The deficiencies of the bishops. The level of education of the Ruthenian peasantry had been falling during the sixteenth century. This was one of the main reasons for ecclesiastical decay and one of the impediments to renewal. For the common people, their religion was ritualism; attendance was often limited to baptism and church burial. Poles regarded Ruthenians as a conquered people. As such, Ruthenians became

1260-626: The divinely revealed and undivided heritage of the universal Church. The Second Vatican Council urged the Eastern Rite Churches to eliminate liturgical Latinization and to strengthen their Eastern Christian identity. In June 1999 the Council of Hierarchs of the Byzantine Metropolitan Church Sui Iuris of Pittsburgh USA promulgated the norms of particular law to govern itself. In January 2007,

1302-486: The eastern Rus' lands during the high Middle Ages . The Greek and Latin equivalents of Rus' were Ῥῶς ('Rhos'), Ruscia and Ruthenia . It had been an empire rather than a nation state since it had many principalities and some non-Slavic people. By the time of the Union of Brest, these names covered all the Eastern Slav peoples and lands, regardless of whether they belonged politically to the Grand Duchy of Moscow ,

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1344-555: The election of Pope Pius X . He presided in September 1906 over an assembly of bishops and archbishops at his palace in the rue de Grenelle, a few days after the papal encyclical forbidding French Catholics to form associations for public worship, but it was then too late for conciliation. In December he gave up the archiepiscopal palace to the government authorities. He was then an old man of nearly ninety, and his eviction evoked great sympathy. Richard died in 1908 of congestion of

1386-638: The first bishop of Ruthenian Catholics in America, and his appointment as the official founding of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh. Clerical celibacy of American Eastern Catholics was restated with special reference to the Byzantine/Ruthenian Church by the 1 March 1929 decree Cum data fuerit , which was renewed for a further 10 years in 1939. Due to this and other similar factors, 37 Ruthenian parishes transferred themselves into

1428-400: The highest offices, and were socially accepted as equals with the Catholic nobility. By absorbing the Polish form of Western culture, they were also the first to be lost for the Ruthenian people. With the loss of the elite, the Ruthenian Church and people increasingly lost leadership, representation in the government, and benefactors for church-sponsored programmes. While the Catholic Church in

1470-738: The innovation, for the United States, of a married Catholic clergy. At their persistent request, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith applied, on 1 May 1897, to the United States rules already set out in a letter of 2 May 1890 to François-Marie-Benjamin Richard , the Latin Archbishop of Paris . These rules stated that only celibates and widowed priests coming without their children should be permitted in

1512-762: The jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch in 1938, creating the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese . Relations with the Latin Church Catholic hierarchy have improved, especially since the Second Vatican Council , at which the Ruthenian Church influenced decisions regarding using the vernacular (i.e. the language of the people) in the liturgy . In its decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum ,

1554-445: The names of the great families are missing among the nominees to the bishoprics. While the great families could have obtained the nominations had they cared, since they did not, the nominees came from the poorer gentry and from the burghers. Prelates continued to live the style of life they were used to as laymen: they took part in raids and carried on trade and money lending. The Ruthenian Church had no cathedral chapters to make up for

1596-419: The nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' . Ethnically, the Catholics of the Commonwealth were Poles, Germans and Lithuanians. During the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered

1638-427: The time of his death with many who followed afterward, and was canonized a saint by the Orthodox Church in America in 1996. The situation with Alexis Toth and the Latin Catholic bishops highlighted the need for American Eastern Catholics to have their own bishop. Pope Pius X appointed the Ukrainian bishop Soter Ortynsky in 1907 as bishop for all Slavic Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine rite in America. For this period

1680-416: Was a particular church of the Catholic Church in the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was created in 1595/1596 by those clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church who subscribed to the Union of Brest . In the process, they switched their allegiances and jurisdiction from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Holy See . The church had a single metropolitan territory —

1722-436: Was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and served as the Archbishop of Paris . His cause of beatification has commenced and he has the title of Servant of God . François-Marie-Benjamin Richard was born in 1819 in Nantes and was one of eleven children. Richard was educated at the seminary of St Sulpice where he studied theology from October 1841. He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 December 1844 by

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1764-445: Was appointed Titular Archbishop of Larissa and Coadjutor of Paris. In 1886 the death of Cardinal Guibert was followed by Richard's succession to the see of Paris. Pope Leo XIII elevated him into the cardinalate on 24 May 1889 as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Via. In January 1900 the trial of the Assumptionist Fathers resulted in the dissolution of their society as an illegal association. The next day an official visit of

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