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108-506: Arkansas Highway 177 (AR 177) crosses the lake atop the dam. There are 19 recreational parks on the lake that provide places for camping, hiking, picnicking, swimming, boating, and water skiing. Commercial docks on Norfork Lake provide boats, motors, diving equipment, and guides to the lake. In 1902, a pamphlet was printed by the Mountain Home Commercial club advertising the area to mining interests and suggesting

216-637: A 1,000 ft (305 m) dam across the Columbia River, high enough that water would back up into the Grand Coulee. A dam that size would have its reservoir encroach into Canada, which would violate treaties. Soon after the Bureau of Reclamation was founded, it investigated a scheme for pumping water from the Columbia River to irrigate parts of central Washington. An attempt to raise funds for irrigation failed in 1914, as Washington voters rejected

324-489: A 1.6 mi (2.6 km) feeder canal. From the feeder canal, the water is transferred to Banks Lake which has an active storage of 715,000  acre⋅ft (882 million m ). The plant's twelve 65,000–70,000 horsepower (48,000–52,000 kW) pumps can transfer up to 1,605 cu ft/s (45 m /s) to the lake. Currently, the Columbia Basin Project irrigates 670,000 acres (2,700 km ) with

432-423: A bond measure. Such a power if developed would operate railroads, factories, mines, irrigation pumps, furnish heat and light in such measure that all in all it would be the most unique, the most interesting, and the most remarkable development of both irrigation and power in this age of industrial and scientific miracles. – Rufus Woods In 1917, William M. Clapp, a lawyer from Ephrata, Washington , proposed

540-468: A ceremony. 2,626 people living in five main camps along the Columbia worked on the project. When it was finished, $ 4.9 million had been spent in labor. Workers building the dam received an average of 80 ¢ an hour; the payroll for the dam was among the largest in the nation. The workers were mainly pulled from Grant , Lincoln , Douglas , and Okanogan counties and women were allowed to work only in

648-428: A federal takeover of the project, including its most prominent supporters, but Washington State lacked the resources to fully realize the project. In August 1935 , with the help of Roosevelt and a Supreme Court decision allowing the acquisition of public land and Indian Reservations, Congress authorized funding for the upgraded high dam under the 1935 River and Harbors Act. The most significant legislative hurdle for

756-519: A glacier that diverted the Columbia River formed the Grand Coulee, but it was revealed in the mid-late 20th century that massive floods from Lake Missoula carved most of the gorge. The earliest known proposal to irrigate the Grand Coulee with the Columbia River dates to 1892, when the Coulee City News and The Spokesman Review reported on a scheme by a man named Laughlin McLean to construct

864-686: A gravity canal to irrigate farmland in Central and Eastern Washington. Many locals such as Woods, O'Sullivan and Clapp were pumpers, while many influential businessmen in Spokane associated with the Washington Water and Power Company (WWPC) were staunch ditchers. The pumpers argued that hydroelectricity from the dam could cover costs and claimed the ditchers sought to maintain a monopoly on electric power. The ditchers took several steps to ensure support for their proposals. In 1921, WWPC secured

972-570: A higher elevation. By 1973, the Pump-Generating Plant was completed and the first two generators (P/G-7 and P/G-8) were operational. In 1983, two more generators went online, and by January 1984 the final two were operational. The six pump-generators added 314 MW to the dam's capacity. In May 2009 , the Pump-Generating Plant was officially renamed the John W. Keys III Pump-Generating Power Plant after John W. Keys III ,

1080-653: A month later. His successor, Calvin Coolidge , had little interest in irrigation projects. The Bureau of Reclamation, desirous of a major project that would bolster its reputation, was focusing on the Boulder Canyon Project that resulted in the Hoover Dam . Reclamation was authorized to conduct a study in 1923, but the project's cost made federal officials reluctant. The Washington state proposals received little support from those further east, who feared

1188-441: A population of 3,000. Three-bedroom houses in the city were rented for $ 32 a month. Of the two living areas, Engineer's City was considered to have the better housing. Several other living areas formed around the construction site in an area known as Shack Town, which did not have reliable access to electricity and the same amenities as the other towns. Incorporated in 1935, the city of Grand Coulee supported workers as well and

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1296-534: A potential for 1.1 million . Over 60 different crops are grown within the project and distributed throughout the United States. Grand Coulee Dam supports four different power houses containing 33 hydroelectric generators. The original Left and Right Powerhouses contain 18 main generators and the Left has an additional three service generators for total installed capacity of 2,280 MW. The first generator

1404-576: A preliminary permit to build a dam at Kettle Falls , about 110 mi (177 km) upstream from the Grand Coulee. If built, the Kettle Falls Dam would have lain in the path of the Grand Coulee Dam's reservoir, essentially blocking its construction. WWPC planted rumors in the newspapers, stating exploratory drilling at the Grand Coulee site found no granite on which a dam's foundations could rest, only clay and fragmented rock. This

1512-608: A reduced capacity. Most importantly, it would not raise its reservoir high enough to irrigate the plateau around the Grand Coulee. The dam's design provided for future raising and upgrading. Before and during construction, workers and engineers experienced problems. Contracts for companies to construct the various parts of the dam were difficult to award as few companies were sizable enough to fill them. This forced companies to consolidate. Native American graves had to be relocated and temporary fish ladders had to be constructed. During construction additional problems included landslides and

1620-400: A refrigeration plant. This froze the earth and secured it so construction could continue. Final contract bidding for the dam began June 18 , 1934, in Spokane, and four bids were submitted. One bid was from a lawyer with no financial backing; another was from actress Mae West which consisted of nothing more than a poem and promise to divert the river. Of the two serious bids, the lowest bid

1728-464: A result, many people did not get paid for their land when it was covered. One Widowed woman was given only $ 1500 in exchange for 666 acres in the present day Cranfield Area of the lake. This was awarded after a nearly 10 year long legal battle. One man who thought he had lake front property paid taxes on it until 2004 when he realized that his property was underwater (Andrewson). The record level of 581.84 feet (177.34 m) occurred in 2008, according to

1836-418: A site was selected, a nearby source of sufficient materials for construction had to be located. Since the site was acceptable for either an earth or concrete dam, the types of construction materials and their locations would be the deciding factor in determining what type of dam would be built. The decision to build a concrete dam was made because sufficient quantities of concrete aggregate could be located near

1944-495: A twenty-mile (32 km) section of the White River. A quarry and crushing plant was required to create nearly 800,000 tons of larger aggregate. Between thirty-five hundred and four thousand people came to witness the first blast to be made on Norfork Dam. Touted by advertisers as the biggest blast in the world; many of the spectators were sorely disappointed when the blast finally occurred. They had been made to believe that

2052-430: A vast irrigation supply network called the Columbia Basin Project. Irrigation began between 1951 and 1953 as six of the 12 pumps were installed and Banks Lake was filled. After World War II, the growing demand for electricity sparked interest in constructing another power plant supported by the Grand Coulee Dam. One obstacle to an additional power plant was the great seasonality of the Columbia River's streamflow . Today

2160-738: Is a north–south state highway that runs in north central Arkansas. The route runs 16.20 miles (26.07 km) from Herron north over the Norfork Dam , then south to Pineville . AR 177 begins in Herron and heads north to meet AR 5 in Norfork . It concurs with AR 5 north until Salesville . North of Salesville, AR 177 serves the Norfork National Fish Hatchery, the Quarry Cove Use Area, and bridges

2268-455: Is just west of the dam on the plateau. MWAK eventually sold Mason City to Reclamation in 1937 before its contract was completed. In 1956, Reclamation combined both Mason City and Engineer's Town to form the city of Coulee Dam . It was incorporated as a city in February 1959 . With the onset of World War II , power generation was given priority over irrigation. In 1943, Congress authorized

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2376-530: Is supplied with water by an individual penstock . The largest of these feed the Third Power Plant and are 40 ft (12 m) in diameter and can supply up to 35,000 cu ft/s (990 m /s). The dam's power facilities originally had an installed capacity of 1,974 MW but expansions and upgrades have increased generation to 6,809 MW installed, 7,079 MW maximum. Grand Coulee Dam generates 21 TWh of electricity annually. This means

2484-779: The Columbia Basin Project and the Bureau of Reclamation began construction of irrigation facilities in 1948. Directly to the west and above the Grand Coulee Dam, the North Dam was constructed. This dam, along with the Dry Falls Dam to the south, enclosed and created Banks Lake , which covered the northern 27 mi (43 km) of the Grand Coulee . Additional dams, such as the Pinto and O'Sullivan Dams , were constructed alongside siphons and canals, creating

2592-476: The Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington , built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. Constructed between 1933 and 1942, Grand Coulee originally had two powerhouses. The third powerhouse ("Nat"), completed in 1974 to increase energy production, makes Grand Coulee the largest power station in the United States by nameplate capacity at 6,809 MW. The proposal to build

2700-470: The Corps projects in the area. Centrally located between both Norfork and Bull Shoals Dam , few of its citizens could foresee the economic change Norfork Dam would bring to the poor agricultural community. When the dam was initially designed for flood control only, the existing US 62 bridge would be subject to infrequent inundation. The Corps agreed to provide ferry service during these periods. But when

2808-490: The Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam . Construction began in the spring of 1941 with the removal of 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m) of earth to expose the bedrock foundation and an additional 28,000 cubic yards (21,000 m) had to be removed to stabilize it. This was accomplished using draglines and power shovels. Most of the smaller aggregate used in construction was removed from the sand and gravel bars of

2916-659: The Great Depression , and funding was scarce. But in 1938, the Federal Power Commission rescinded private licenses to construct dams while the government studied flood control in the White River basin. A proposal for what would become Norfork Dam would inundate US Route 62 (US 62) during periods of high water, with the Corps offering a ferry service during these periods. Clyde T. Ellis , who defeated Claude Fuller in 1938 to become

3024-600: The Hanford Site , which was part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . The demand for power at that project was so great that in 1943, two generators originally intended for the Shasta Dam in California were installed at Grand Coulee to hurry the generator installation schedule. Water is pumped via the Pump-Generating Plant's 12-foot (3.7 m) diameter pipes 280 ft (85 m) from Lake Roosevelt to

3132-476: The Norfork Dam . The route turns south to pass through Jordan and Iuka before terminating at AR 223 in Pineville . AR 177 is a 2-lane paved highway for its entire length. Mile markers reset at concurrencies . Grand Coulee Dam 47°57′21″N 118°58′54″W  /  47.95583°N 118.98167°W  / 47.95583; -118.98167 Grand Coulee Dam is a concrete gravity dam on

3240-536: The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and a consortium of three companies called MWAK (Mason-Walsh-Atkinson Kier Company) began construction on a high dam, although they had received approval for a low dam. After visiting the construction site in August 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt endorsed the "high dam" design, which at 550 ft (168 m) high would provide enough electricity to pump water into

3348-463: The projects known as "Parker Dam" on the Colorado River and "Grand Coulee Dam" on the Columbia River are hereby authorized and adopted. On December 6, 1935, Governor Clarence Martin presided over the ceremonial first concrete pour. During construction, bulk concrete was delivered on site by rail-cars where it was further processed by eight large mixers before being placed in form. Concrete

Norfork Dam - Misplaced Pages Continue

3456-451: The 805 MW G22, G23 and G24 generator overhauls are scheduled to begin in 2011. The overhauls will start in 2013 with the G22 generator, then G23 starting in 2014, and finally G24 starting in 2016, with planned completions in 2014, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The generator overhauls for G19, G20 and G21 have not been scheduled as of 2010. The dam's primary goal, irrigation, was postponed as

3564-531: The Army Corps responded with the first of the "308 Reports" named after the 1925 House Document No. 308 (69th Congress, 1st Session). With the help of Washington's Senators, Wesley Jones and Clarence Dill , Congress ordered $ 600,000 in further studies to be carried out by the Army Corps and Federal Power Commission on the Columbia River Basin and Snake Rivers . U.S. Army Major John Butler

3672-531: The Columbia Basin Commission to oversee the dam project, and Reclamation was selected to oversee construction. On July 16, 1933, a crowd of 3,000 watched the driving of the first stake at the low dam site, and excavation soon began. Core drilling commenced that September while the Bureau of Reclamation accelerated its studies and designs for the dam. It would still help control floods and provide for irrigation and hydroelectricity, though at

3780-481: The Columbia basin for irrigation. Congress approved the high dam in 1935, and it was completed in 1942. The first waters overtopped Grand Coulee's spillway on June 1 of that year. Power from the dam fueled the growing industries of the Northwest United States during World War II . Between 1967 and 1974, the third powerplant was constructed. The decision to construct the additional facility

3888-406: The Columbia be dammed immediately below the Grand Coulee. He suggested a concrete dam could flood the plateau, just as nature blocked it with ice centuries ago. Clapp was joined by James O'Sullivan, another lawyer, and by Rufus Woods, publisher of The Wenatchee World newspaper in the nearby agricultural centre of Wenatchee . Together, they became known as the "Dam College". Woods began promoting

3996-574: The Columbia's flow. The Bureau of Reclamation in 1932 estimated the cost of constructing Grand Coulee Dam (not including the Third Powerplant) to be $ 168 million; its actual cost was $ 163 million in 1943 ($ 2.3 billion in 2023 dollars ). Expenses to finish the power stations and repair design flaws with the dam throughout the 1940s and '50s added another $ 107 million, bringing the total cost to $ 270 million ($ 2.46 billion in 2023 dollars ), about 33% over estimates. The Third Powerplant

4104-570: The Columbia's flows was necessary to make the new power plant feasible. It would require water storage and regulation projects in Canada and a treaty to resolve the many economic and political issues involved. The Bureau of Reclamation and Army Corps of Engineers explored alternatives that would not depend on a treaty with Canada, such as raising the level of Flathead Lake or Pend Oreille Lake , but both proposals faced strong local opposition. The Columbia River Treaty , which had been discussed between

4212-648: The Colville and Spokane Reservations, eventually accounting for 21,100 acres (85 km ). By 1942, all land had been purchased at market value: a cost of $ 10.5 million that included the relocation of farms, bridges, highways and railroads. Relocation reimbursement was not offered to property owners, which was common until U.S. laws changed in 1958. In late 1938, the Works Progress Administration began clearing what would be 54,000 acres (220 km ) of trees and other plants. The cut timber

4320-472: The Corps began accelerating the project, informed the Highway Department there would not be time for the bridge pier construction, and that condemnation proceedings would begin immediately. Ultimately the Highway Department agreed to receive $ 800,000 ($ 14,086,000 today) from the Corps in exchange for operating a ferry in perpetuity. This ferry ultimately became woefully inadequate for the traffic in

4428-513: The Grand Coulee Dam in his newspaper, often with articles written by O'Sullivan. The dam idea gained popularity with the public in 1918. Backers of reclamation in Central Washington split into two camps. The "pumpers" favored a dam with pumps to elevate water from the river into the Grand Coulee from which canals and pipes could irrigate farmland. The "ditchers" favored diverting water from northeast Washington's Pend Oreille River via

Norfork Dam - Misplaced Pages Continue

4536-807: The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's commissioner from 2001 to 2006. A major overhaul of the Third Powerplant, which contains generators numbered G19 through G24, began in March 2008 and will be continuing for many years. Among the projects to be completed before the generators themselves can begin to be overhauled include replacing underground 500 kV oil-filled cables for G19, G20 and G21 generators with overhead transmission lines (started in February 2009 ), new 236 MW transformers for G19 and G20 (started in November 2006 ), and several other projects. Planning, design, procurement and site preparation for

4644-620: The U.S. Corps Of Engineers. Flood pool is 580 feet (176.8 m). In the late 1930s, before construction of the Norfork Dam had begun, the local economy of Baxter County, Arkansas was deteriorating. The yearly per capita income had fallen to between one-hundred and two-hundred dollars, and in 1940 alone more than six hundred small farms were abandoned. Those who remained looked forward with enthusiasm to any solution that promised relief from their economic problems. Mountain Home, Arkansas , then

4752-651: The U.S. and Canada since 1944, was seen as the answer. Efforts to build the Third Powerplant were also influenced by competition with the Soviet Union , which had constructed power plants on the Volga River larger than Grand Coulee. On September 16 , 1964, the Columbia River Treaty was ratified and included an agreement by Canada to construct the Duncan , Keenleyside , Mica Dams upstream and

4860-519: The U.S. would build the Libby Dam in Montana. Shortly afterward, Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson , who was influential in constructing the new power plant, announced Reclamation would present the project to Congress for appropriation and funding. To keep up with Soviet competition and increase the generating capacity it was determined the generators could be upgraded to much larger designs. With

4968-469: The area would be suitable for power-generating dams. Several entities, including Dixie Power Company and White River Power Company, were granted franchises and explored dam sites on various rivers in North Arkansas, including the White River. Flood control became an urgent need following the 1927 flood , but by the time a study was completed and presented to Congress, the country was in the throes of

5076-619: The area, especially during the summer tourism season in the Ozarks. It would take legislation in the 1970s before a bridge replaced the ferry in 1983. Norfork Lake covers 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) with more than 550 miles (890 km) of shoreline. Most of the lake lies within Baxter County, Arkansas , with its Northernmost portion in Ozark County, Missouri . Bass , crappie , walleye , catfish , and bream are all found on

5184-516: The areas most affected by seasonal flooding were those covered by the reservoir , and the dam had little effect on flooding of the White River. However, not everyone was happy with the construction of the dam, nearly four-hundred people had to be removed from one of the most heavily populated and prosperous regions of Baxter County to make room for the reservoir. The government only paid people for their land if they had structures on it, effectively stealing thousands of acres from rightful landowners. As

5292-420: The bedrock. The cofferdams allowed workers to dry portions of the riverbed and begin constructing the dam, while water continued to flow down the center of the riverbed. In August 1936 , once the west foundation was complete, portions of the west cofferdam were dismantled, allowing water to flow through part of the dam's new foundation. In February 1936 , MWAK had begun constructing cofferdams above and below

5400-479: The channel between the east and west cofferdams. By December, the entire Columbia River was diverted over the foundations constructed within the east and west cofferdams. On December 15 , 1936, the Wenatchee Daily World announced the river was diverted and by early the next year, people were arriving in large numbers to see the riverbed. On August 4, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited

5508-409: The construction site and was impressed by the project and its purpose. He spoke to workers and spectators, closing with this statement: "I leave here today with the feeling that this work is well undertaken; that we are going ahead with a useful project, and we are going to see it through for the benefit of our country." Soon afterward, Reclamation was allowed to proceed with the high dam plan but faced

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5616-562: The construction site, while there was insufficient material for an earth dam. The detailed design of the dam, construction plans and specifications were prepared by the design section of the engineering division under Mr. G.R. Schneider. The construction contracts for the dam were awarded to the Morrison-Knudsen company and the Utah Construction Company. Both companies had participated in the construction of

5724-529: The cost. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who took office in March 1933, supported the dam because of its irrigation potential and the power it would provide, but he was uneasy with its $ 450 million price tag. For this reason, he supported a 290 ft (88 m) "low dam" instead of the 550 ft (168 m) "high dam". He provided $ 63 million in federal funding, while Washington State provided $ 377,000. In 1933, Washington governor Clarence Martin set up

5832-435: The dam and highlighted its limited flood control capability at the time, as its spillway and turbines hit a record flow of 637,800-cubic-foot-per-second (18,060 m /s). The flood damaged downstream riverbanks and deteriorated the face of the dam and its flip bucket at the base (toe) of the spillway. The flood spurred the Columbia River Treaty and its provisions for dams constructed upstream in Canada, which would regulate

5940-574: The dam effectively ended the traditional way of life of the native inhabitants. The government eventually compensated the Colville Indians in the 1990s with a lump settlement of approximately $ 53 million , plus annual payments of approximately $ 15 million . In 2019, a bill was passed to provide additional compensation to the Spokane Tribe . It provides roughly $ 6 million annually for the first decade, followed by roughly $ 8 million

6048-459: The dam generates about 2,397 MW of power on average, which results in a total plant factor efficiency of 35%. In 2014, 20.24 TWh of electricity was generated. Grand Coulee Dam's spillway is 1,650 feet (500 m) long and is an overflow, drum-gate controlled type with a 1,000,000 cu ft/s (28,000 m /s) maximum capacity. A record flood in May and June 1948 flooded the lowlands below

6156-482: The dam site, one of which, the Grand Coulee Bridge , exists today. The Bureau of Reclamation provided housing and located their administrative building at Engineer's Town, which was directly downstream of the construction site on the west side of the river. Opposite Engineer's Town, MWAK constructed Mason City in 1934. Mason City contained a hospital, post office, electricity and other amenities along with

6264-616: The dam to contract about 8 inches (20 cm) in length; the resulting gaps were filled with grout. Until the project began, the stretch of the Columbia River where the dam was to rise was as yet unbridged, making it difficult to move men and materials. In January 1936 , the Grand Coulee Bridge, a permanent highway bridge, was opened after major delays caused by high water. Three additional and temporary bridges downstream had moved vehicles and workers along with sand and gravel for cement mixing. In March 1938 , MWAK completed

6372-458: The dam was expanded to add the Third Powerplant, with architectural design by Marcel Breuer . Beginning in July 1967 , this involved demolishing the northeast side of the dam and building a new fore-bay section. The excavation of 22,000,000 cu yd (16,820,207 m ) of dirt and rock had been completed before the new 1,725 ft (526 m) long section of dam was built. The addition made

6480-416: The dam was over: That for the purpose of controlling floods, improving navigation, regulating the flow of the streams of the United States, providing for storage and for the delivery of the stored waters thereof, for the reclamation of public lands and Indian reservations, and other beneficial uses, and for the generation of electric energy as a means of financially aiding and assisting such undertakings

6588-457: The dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups. One group wanted to irrigate the ancient Grand Coulee with a gravity canal while the other pursued a high dam and pumping scheme. The dam supporters won in 1933, but, although they fully intended otherwise, the initial proposal by the Bureau of Reclamation was for a "low dam" 290 feet (88 m) tall which would generate electricity without supporting irrigation. That year,

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6696-447: The dam's eighteen generators could run year-round. The remaining nine operated for less than six months a year. In 1952, Congress authorized $ 125,000 for Reclamation to conduct a feasibility study on the Third Powerplant which was completed in 1953 and recommended two locations. Nine identical 108 MW generators were recommended, but as matters stood, they would be able to operate only in periods of high water. Further regulation of

6804-442: The dam's spillway. On January 31 , 1943, work was officially complete. The last of the original 18 generators did not operate until 1949. In 1933, Reclamation began efforts to purchase land behind the dam as far as 151 mi (243 km) upstream for the future reservoir zone. The reservoir, known later as Lake Roosevelt, flooded 70,500 acres (285 km ) and Reclamation acquired an additional 11,500 acres (47 km ) around

6912-508: The design changed in 1941 to include power generation, the dam was raised and the bridge would be permanently submerged. In 1942, the Corps, United States Bureau of Public Roads , and Arkansas State Highway Commission agreed bridge piers would be installed prior to inundation to allow for a new bridge to be constructed, with the Arkansas Highway Department operating a ferry until the bridge could be completed. In 1943,

7020-431: The dorms and the cookhouse . Around 8,000 people worked on the project, and Frank A. Banks served as the chief construction engineer. Bert A. Hall was the chief inspector who would accept the dam from the contractors. Orin G. Patch served as the chief of concrete. Construction conditions were dangerous and 77 workers died. To prepare for construction, housing for workers was needed along with four bridges downstream of

7128-468: The economy, a large delegation from the region met in Harrison, Arkansas to insist that power generation be included in the project purpose. The Baxter County delegation wanted to pass a resolution that would have expressed opposition to any dam that did not include hydroelectric power facilities. They feared that the cost/benefit ratio would not justify congressional expenditure unless power generation

7236-530: The end of fishing at Kettle Falls. Within a year after the Ceremony, the falls were inundated. The town of Kettle Falls, Washington , was relocated. The Columbia Basin Project has affected habitat ranges for species such as mule deer, pygmy rabbits and burrowing owls, resulting in decreased populations. However, it has created new habitats such as wetlands, and riparian corridors . The environmental impact of

7344-487: The entire cliff was going to be blown away. After the event, construction officials said no one had ever intended to do this and apologized for the disappointment (Blevins; Scott). Norfork Dam is a gravity dam ; this means that it resists the thrust of water entirely by its own weight. This takes enormous amounts of concrete which can be expensive; however, many engineers prefer the solid strength of gravity dams to arch dams or buttress dams . For example, Norfork Dam and

7452-409: The flow is closely managed—there is almost no seasonality. Historically, about 75% of the river's annual flow occurred between April and September. During low flow periods, the river's discharge was between 50,000 cu ft/s (1,400 m /s) and 80,000 cu ft/s (2,300 m /s) while maximum spring runoff flows were around 500,000 cu ft/s (14,000 m /s). Only nine out of

7560-487: The future shoreline. Within the zone were eleven towns, two railroads, three state highways, about one hundred and fifty miles of country roads, four sawmills, fourteen bridges, four telegraph and telephone systems, and many power lines and cemeteries. All facilities had to be purchased or relocated, and 3,000 residents were relocated. The Anti-Speculation Act was passed in 1937, limiting the amount of land farmers could own to prevent inflated prices. The government appraised

7668-479: The irrigation of 671,000 acres (2,700 km ). The reservoir is called Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake , named after the president who endorsed the dam's construction. Creation of the reservoir forced the relocation of over 3,000 people, including Native Americans whose lands were partially flooded. The dam was constructed without fish passage. The next one downstream, Chief Joseph Dam , which

7776-521: The irrigation would result in more crops, depressing prices. With President Coolidge opposed to the project, bills to appropriate money for surveys of the Grand Coulee site failed. In 1925, Congress authorized a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers study of the Columbia River. This study was included in the Rivers and Harbors Act of March 1925 , which provided for studies on the navigation, power, flood control and irrigation potential of rivers. In April 1926 ,

7884-415: The lake with almost all other varieties of fresh water game fish. Below the dam , North Fork River has a superb population of trout . The Norfork National Fish Hatchery maintains a continuous supply of trout. 36°14′53″N 92°14′15″W  /  36.24806°N 92.23750°W  / 36.24806; -92.23750 Arkansas Highway 177 Highway 177 ( AR 177 , Ark. 177 , and Hwy. 177 )

7992-588: The land and offered to purchase it from the affected residents. Many refused to accept the offers, and Reclamation filed condemnation suits. Members of the Colville Confederated and Spokane tribes who had settlements within the reservoir zone were also resettled. The Acquisition of Indian Lands for Grand Coulee Dam Act of June 29 , 1940, allowed the Secretary of the Interior to acquire land on

8100-433: The land predicted, the gross value of crop output (in constant dollars) had doubled from 1962 to 1992, largely due to different farming practices and crop choices. The Bureau expects the money earned from supplying power and irrigation water will pay off the cost of construction by 2044. The dam had severe negative consequences for the local Native American tribes whose traditional way of life revolved around salmon and

8208-475: The largest community, was described as having no prospect for new business and very few paved roads. When construction of the dam finally began in the spring of 1941 it was said that, "before the first shovel of dirt was thrown, or the first tree dozed down, the Mountain Home people knew that a new era had dawned". As the largest nearby community, Mountain Home was to derive the most spectacular benefit for

8316-402: The lower dam and Consolidated Builders Inc. began constructing the high dam. In December 1939 , the west power house was completed. About 5,500 workers were on site that year. Between 1940 and 1941, the dam's eleven floodgates were installed on the spillway . In January 1941 , the dam's first generator went into operation. On June 1 , 1942, the reservoir was full and the first water flowed over

8424-499: The methods of collection destroyed archaeological evidence. Various estimates for the number of relocated graves in 1939 include 915 graves reported by the Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation, or 1,388 reported by Howard T. Ball, who supervised the field work. Tribal leaders reported another 2,000 graves in 1940, but the Bureau of Reclamation would not continue grave relocation, and the sites were soon covered by water. The town of Inchelium, Washington , home to around 250 Colville Indians,

8532-482: The need to protect newly poured concrete from freezing. Construction on the downstream Grand Coulee Bridge began in May 1934 and more considerable earth-moving began in August. Excavation for the dam's foundation required the removal of 22 million cubic yards (17 million m³) of dirt and stone. To reduce the amount of trucking required in the excavation, a conveyor belt nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) long

8640-456: The original 4,300 ft (1,300 m) dam almost a mile long. Original designs for the powerhouse had twelve smaller units but were altered to incorporate six of the largest generators available. To supply them with water, six 40 ft (12 m) diameter penstocks were installed. Of the new turbines and generators, three 600 MW units were built by Westinghouse and three 700 MW units by General Electric . The first new generator

8748-606: The original shrub steppe habitat of the area. Because it lacks a fish ladder , Grand Coulee Dam permanently blocks fish migration, removing over 1,100 mi (1,770 km) of natural spawning habitat. By largely eliminating anadromous fish above the Okanogan River, the Grand Coulee Dam also set the stage for the subsequent decision not to provide for fish passage at Chief Joseph Dam (built in 1953). Chinook, Steelhead, Sockeye and Coho salmon (as well as other important species, including Lamprey) are now unable to spawn in

8856-664: The possibility of international companies bidding on the project, the Soviets who had just installed a 500 MW hydroelectric generator on the Yenisei River indicated their interest. To avoid the potential embarrassment of an international rival building a domestic power plant, the Department of the Interior declined international bidding. The Third Powerplant was approved and President Lyndon Johnson signed its appropriation bill on June 14 , 1966. Between 1967 and 1974,

8964-406: The powerhouse cost approximately 28,600,000 dollars; a very large sum of money in the early 1940s. It was constructed in sections, called monoliths, ranging from forty to fifty-four feet in length and not exceeding five feet in height (Scott). The completion of the dam had an immediate effect; with freedom from the fear of floods many people began to reoccupy farms downstream of the dam. Ironically

9072-628: The problems of transitioning the design and negotiating an altered contract with MWAK. In June 1935 , for an additional $ 7 million , MWAK and Six Companies, Inc. agreed to join together as Consolidated Builders Inc. and construct the high dam. Six Companies had just finished the Hoover Dam and was nearing completion of Parker Dam . The new design, chosen and approved by the Reclamation office in Denver, included several improvements, one of which

9180-733: The reaches of the Upper Columbia Basin. The lack of fish passage to the upper reaches of the Columbia River wiped out the June hogs , so-called "supersalmon" known to regularly weigh over 80 pounds (36kg). Today, the largest Chinook caught on the Columbia River are not even half that size. The extinction of the spawning grounds upstream from the dam has prevented the Spokane and other tribes from holding sacred salmon ceremonies since 1940. Grand Coulee Dam flooded over 21,000 acres (85 km ) of prime bottom land where Native Americans had been living and hunting for thousands of years, forcing

9288-671: The relocation of settlements and graveyards. The Office of Indian Affairs negotiated with the United States Bureau of Reclamation on behalf of tribes who were concerned about the flooding of their grave sites. The Acquisition of Indian Lands for Grand Coulee Dam, 54 Stat.703 Act of June 20, 1940, allowed the Secretary of the Interior to remove human remains to new Native American grave sites. The burial relocation project started in September 1939. Human remains were put into small containers and many artifacts were discovered, but

9396-600: The representative for the Arkansas's 3rd congressional district , envisioned a smaller Arkansas version of the Tennessee Valley Authority . Ellis made Norfork Dam his personal project and fought for it until construction began in the spring of 1941. Having won the election with the promise of cheap hydroelectricity , he hoped the dams would give rise to industry and lift the region out of the depths of depression. Ellis firmly believed that if Norfork Dam

9504-400: The supervision of Lieutenant Colonel Stanley L. Scott. Much work had to be done before construction could begin on the massive structure. First, a suitable location had to be found before any other type of work could begin. Because of the large number of caves in the region foundation exploration, using diamond tipped drills, was carried out for nearly a year before plans were completed. Once

9612-468: The threat of impending war, authorized construction of the power house and two out of the four generators for Norfork Dam. Built on the North Fork River , Norfork Dam was one of the six largest concrete dams in the country at the time of its construction. All preliminary investigation, the final design of the structure, and the preparation of construction plans and specs was carried out under

9720-401: The time. Two large cofferdams were constructed for the dam, but they were parallel to the river rather than straddling its width, so drilling into the canyon walls was not required. By the end of 1935 about 1,200 workers completed the west and east cofferdams. The west cofferdam was 2,000 ft (610 m) long, 50 ft (15 m) thick and was constructed 110 ft (34 m) above

9828-585: The wartime need for electricity increased. The dam's powerhouse began production around the time World War II began, and its electricity was vital to the war effort. The dam powered aluminum smelters in Longview and Vancouver, Washington , Boeing factories in Seattle and Vancouver, and Portland's shipyards. In 1943, its electricity was also used for plutonium production in Richland, Washington , at

9936-676: Was built decades later, also does not have fish passage. This means no salmon reach the Grand Coulee Dam or the Colville Indian Reservation . The third large dam downstream, Wells Dam , has an intricate system of fish ladders to accommodate yearly salmon spawning and migration. The Grand Coulee is an ancient river bed on the Columbia Plateau created during the Pliocene Epoch (Calabrian) by retreating glaciers and floods. Originally, geologists believed

10044-550: Was built then the other dams would follow. Authorization for construction of the dam was included as part of the Flood Control Act of 1938 . Norfork Dam was to be one of six dams built to accomplish flood control in the White River basin. The act was later revised in 1941 to include Bull Shoals and Table Rock . Power generation was not originally included in the project purpose for Norfork Dam. However, this

10152-410: Was built. To further secure the foundation, workers drilled 660–880 ft (200–270 m) holes into the granite and filled any fissures with grout, creating a grout curtain . At times, excavated areas collapsed from overburden. In order to secure these areas from further movement and continue excavation, 3-inch (76 mm) diameter pipes were inserted into the mass and chilled with cold liquid from

10260-588: Was commissioned in 1941 and all 18 were operating by 1950. The Third Power plant contains a total of six main generators with a 4,215 MW installed capacity. Generators G-19, G-20 and G-21 in the Third Power Plant have a 600 MW installed capacity but can operate at a maximum capacity of 690 MW which brings the overall maximum capacity of the dam's power facilities to 7,079 MW. The Pump-Generating Plant contains six pump-generators with an installed capacity of 314 MW. When pumping water into Banks Lake they consume 600 MW of electricity. Each generator

10368-517: Was commissioned in 1975 and the final one in 1980. The three 700 MW units were later upgraded to 805 MW by Siemens . After power shortages in the Northwest during the 1960s, it was determined the six remaining planned pumps be pump-generators . When energy demand is high, the pump-generators can generate electricity with water from the Banks Lake feeder canal adjacent to the dam at

10476-420: Was estimated to cost $ 390 million in 1967, but higher construction costs and labor disputes drove the project's final cost in 1973 to $ 730 million ($ 3.82 billion in 2023 dollars ), about 55% over estimates. Despite estimates being exceeded, the dam became an economic success, particularly with the Third Powerplant exhibiting a benefit-cost ratio of 2:1. Although Reclamation has only irrigated about half of

10584-475: Was floated downstream and sold to the highest bidder, Lincoln Lumber Company, which paid $ 2.25 per thousand board feet, equivalent to $ 49 in 2023. The pace of clearing was accelerated in April 1941 when it was declared a national defense project, and the last tree was felled on July 19 , 1941. The felling was done by Reclamation Supervising Engineer Frank A. Banks and State WPA Administrator Carl W. Smith during

10692-403: Was from a consortium of three companies: Silas Mason Co. from Louisville, Kentucky; Walsh Construction Co. of Davenport, Iowa and New York; and Atkinson-Kier Company of San Francisco and San Diego. The consortium was known as MWAK, and their bid was $ 29,339,301, almost 15% lower than the $ 34.5 million option submitted by the next bidder, Six Companies, Inc. , which was building Hoover Dam at

10800-548: Was included, and the dam would never be built. However, the Batesville, Arkansas delegation was able to convince the assembly that the resolution may be interpreted as general opposition to the dam and it never passed. They believed that the population and economic growth brought by the construction of the dam would make it feasible for power companies to move in. As it happened the citizens of Baxter County need not have worried. Shortly after construction began Congress, under

10908-481: Was influenced by growing energy demand, regulated river flows stipulated in the Columbia River Treaty with Canada, and competition with the Soviet Union . Through a series of upgrades and the installation of pump-generators , the dam now supplies four power stations with an installed capacity of 6,809  MW . As the centerpiece of the Columbia Basin Project , the dam's reservoir supplies water for

11016-513: Was later disproved with Reclamation-ordered drilling. Ditchers hired General George W. Goethals , engineer of the Panama Canal , to prepare a report. Goethals visited the state and produced a report backing the ditchers. The Bureau of Reclamation was unimpressed by Goethals' report, believing it filled with errors. In July 1923 , President Warren G. Harding visited Washington state and expressed support for irrigation work there, but died

11124-418: Was poured into 50 sq ft (4.6 m ) columns by crane-lifted buckets, each supporting eight tons of concrete. To cool the concrete and facilitate curing, about 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of piping was placed throughout the hardening mass. Cold water from the river was pumped into the pipes, reducing the temperature within the forms from 105 °F (41 °C) to 45 °F (7 °C). This caused

11232-411: Was responsible for the upper Columbia River and Snake River and in 1932, his 1,000-page report was submitted to Congress. It recommended the Grand Coulee Dam and nine others on the river, including some in Canada. The report stated electricity sales from the Grand Coulee Dam could pay for construction costs. Reclamation—whose interest in the dam was revitalized by the report—endorsed it. Although there

11340-617: Was submerged and later relocated. Kettle Falls , once a primary Native American fishing grounds, was also inundated. The average catch of over 600,000 salmon per year was eliminated. In one study, the Army Corps of Engineers estimated the annual loss was over 1 million fish. In June 1940 , the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation hosted a three-day event called the "Ceremony of Tears", marking

11448-406: Was support for the Grand Coulee Dam, others argued there was little need for more electricity in the Northwest and crops were in surplus. The Army Corps did not believe construction should be a federal project and saw low demand for electricity. Reclamation argued energy demand would rise by the time the dam was complete. The head of Reclamation, Elwood Mead , stated he wanted the dam built no matter

11556-493: Was the irrigation pumping plant. Roosevelt envisioned the dam would fit into his New Deal under the Public Works Administration; it would create jobs and farming opportunities and would pay for itself. In addition, as part of a larger public effort, Roosevelt wanted to keep electricity prices low by limiting private ownership of utility companies, which could charge high prices for energy. Many opposed

11664-410: Was unacceptable to the people of Baxter County and the surrounding region. The sparse population of the area did not justify investment, by private companies, in a large network of power lines. It was believed that, if the dam did not include power generation, it could be many years before the region would gain service. While most citizens would have accepted any type of government project to help boost

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