NoScript (or NoScript Security Suite ) is a free and open-source extension for Firefox - and Chromium -based web browsers, written and maintained by Giorgio Maone, a software developer and member of the Mozilla Security Group.
83-415: By default, NoScript blocks active (executable) web content, which can be wholly or partially unblocked by allowlisting a site or domain from the extension's toolbar menu or by clicking a placeholder icon. In the default configuration, active content is globally denied, although the user may turn this around and use NoScript to block specific unwanted content. The allowlist may be permanent or temporary (until
166-497: A database and web sites of related news and information, monitors and challenges potential legislation that it believes would infringe on personal liberties and fair use , and solicits a list of what it considers are abusive patents with intentions to defeat those that it considers are without merit . The Electronic Frontier Foundation was formed in July 1990 by John Gilmore , John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor in response to
249-562: A beginners' how-to manual by contracted technical writer Adam Gaffin, and made available for free download in many formats. MIT Press published it in paperback form in 1994 as Everybody's Guide to the Internet ( ISBN 9780262571050 ). The online edition was updated regularly throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, and translated into dozens of languages. The organization's second book, Protecting Yourself Online ( ISBN 9780062515124 ), an overview of digital civil liberties,
332-418: A database query to return information. The notable standalone runtimes are Node.js , Deno , and Bun . The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise. JavaScript supports much of the structured programming syntax from C (e.g., if statements, while loops, switch statements, do while loops, etc.). One partial exception
415-578: A desire in the flourishing web development scene to remove this limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a programming language to Navigator. They pursued two routes to achieve this: collaborating with Sun Microsystems to embed the Java language, while also hiring Brendan Eich to embed the Scheme language. The goal was a "language for the masses", "to help nonprogrammers create dynamic, interactive Web sites ". Netscape management soon decided that
498-559: A growing social crisis: Future Shock. America was entering the Information Age with neither laws nor metaphors for the appropriate protection and conveyance of information itself." Barlow felt that to confront this a formal organization would be needed; he hired Cathy Cook as press coordinator, and began to set up what would become the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The Electronic Frontier Foundation
581-580: A paper describing it. More recently, the organization has been involved in defending Edward Felten , Jon Lech Johansen and Dmitry Sklyarov . The organization was originally located at Mitch Kapor's Kapor Enterprises offices in Boston. By the fall of 1993, the main EFF offices were consolidated into a single office in Washington DC, headed by Executive Director Jerry Berman. During this time, some of
664-566: A reasonable degree of protection against clickjacking attacks." NoScript can force the browser to always use HTTPS when establishing connections to some sensitive sites, in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. This behavior can be triggered either by the websites themselves, by sending the Strict Transport Security header, or configured by users for those websites that don't support Strict Transport Security yet. NoScript's HTTPS enhancement features have been used by
747-522: A replacement for DES. The EFF is a leading supporter of the Email Privacy Act . The EFF regularly brings and defends lawsuits at all levels of the US legal system in pursuit of its goals and objectives. The EFF has long taken a stance against strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP) as attempts to stymie free speech and advocated for effective anti-SLAPP legislation. Many of
830-505: A series of Macintosh ROMs. Barlow described the visit as "complicated by [the agent's] fairly complete unfamiliarity with computer technology. I realized right away that before I could demonstrate my innocence, I would first have to explain to him what guilt might be." Barlow felt that his experience was symptomatic of a "great paroxysm of governmental confusion during which everyone's liberties would become at risk". Barlow posted an account of this experience to The WELL online community and
913-407: A series of actions by law enforcement agencies that led them to conclude that the authorities were gravely uninformed about emerging forms of online communication, and that there was a need for increased protection for Internet civil liberties . In April 1990, Barlow had been visited by a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation agent in relation to the theft and distribution of the source code for
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#1732790263096996-445: A set of seven specific criteria ranging from whether messages were encrypted in transit to whether or not the code had been recently audited." As of April 21, 2017 , a revised version is under development. As of 2021, Charity Navigator has given the EFF an overall rating of four out of four stars, including four stars for its financial efficiency and capacity. In 2011, the EFF received $ 1 million from Google as part of
1079-401: A settlement of a class action related to privacy issues involving Google Buzz . The Electronic Privacy Information Center and seven other privacy-focused nonprofits protested that the plaintiffs' lawyers and Google had, in effect, arranged to give the majority of those funds "to organizations that are currently paid by Google to lobby for or to consult for the company". An additional $ 1 million
1162-469: A spat arose between Maone and the developers of the Ghostery add-on after Maone implemented a change on his website that disabled the notification Ghostery used to report web tracking software . This was interpreted as an attempt to "prevent Ghostery from reporting on trackers and ad networks on NoScript's websites". In response, Maone stated that the change was made because Ghostery's notification obscured
1245-452: A stand-alone JavaScript runtime system. As of 2018, Node had been used by millions of developers, and npm had the most modules of any package manager in the world. The ECMAScript draft specification is currently maintained openly on GitHub , and editions are produced via regular annual snapshots. Potential revisions to the language are vetted through a comprehensive proposal process. Now, instead of edition numbers, developers check
1328-886: A variety of other software systems, both for server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Initial attempts at promoting server-side JavaScript usage were Netscape Enterprise Server and Microsoft 's Internet Information Services , but they were small niches. Server-side usage eventually started to grow in the late 2000s, with the creation of Node.js and other approaches . Electron , Cordova , React Native , and other application frameworks have been used to create many applications with behavior implemented in JavaScript. Other non-browser applications include Adobe Acrobat support for scripting PDF documents and GNOME Shell extensions written in JavaScript. JavaScript has been used in some embedded systems , usually by leveraging Node.js. A JavaScript engine
1411-520: A white paper in which he coined the term Ajax and described a set of technologies, of which JavaScript was the backbone, to create web applications where data can be loaded in the background, avoiding the need for full page reloads. This sparked a renaissance period of JavaScript, spearheaded by open-source libraries and the communities that formed around them. Many new libraries were created, including jQuery , Prototype , Dojo Toolkit , and MooTools . Google debuted its Chrome browser in 2008, with
1494-484: Is multi-paradigm , supporting event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model (DOM). The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities. In practice,
1577-530: Is scoping : originally JavaScript only had function scoping with var ; block scoping was added in ECMAScript 2015 with the keywords let and const . Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements . One syntactic difference from C is automatic semicolon insertion , which allow semicolons (which terminate statements) to be omitted. JavaScript is weakly typed , which means certain types are implicitly cast depending on
1660-455: Is a software component that executes JavaScript code . The first JavaScript engines were mere interpreters , but all relevant modern engines use just-in-time compilation for improved performance. JavaScript engines are typically developed by web browser vendors, and every major browser has one. In a browser, the JavaScript engine runs in concert with the rendering engine via the Document Object Model and Web IDL bindings. However,
1743-466: Is a built-in NoScript module meant to harden the web application -oriented protections already provided by NoScript, by delivering a firewall-like component running inside the browser. This "firewall" is specialized in defining and guarding the boundaries of each sensitive web application relevant to the user (e.g., plug-ins, webmail, online banking, and so on), according to policies defined directly by
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#17327902630961826-441: Is a major section of its main website at EFF.org. The EFF sent a video message of support to global grassroots movement CryptoParty . EFF's How to Fix the Internet podcast won a 2024 Anthem Award . The EFF has developed some software and browser add-ons, including Switzerland , HTTPS Everywhere , and Privacy Badger . The EFF conducted a project named Secure Messaging Scorecard which "evaluated apps and tools based on
1909-487: Is by far the most-used. Other notable ones include Angular , Bootstrap , Lodash , Modernizr , React , Underscore , and Vue . Multiple options can be used in conjunction, such as jQuery and Bootstrap. However, the term "Vanilla JS" was coined for websites not using any libraries or frameworks at all, instead relying entirely on standard JavaScript functionality. The use of JavaScript has expanded beyond its web browser roots. JavaScript engines are now embedded in
1992-556: Is designed to quickly document irregularities and instances of voter suppression as they occur on an election day. The EFF was active in the 2016 United States presidential election because of online phishing related to the controversy over fabrication of election results. J. Alex Halderman , a computer security professor at the University of Michigan , wrote an article that was published in Medium in 2016 stating he thought it
2075-491: Is directly related to Java. At the time, the dot-com boom had begun and Java was a popular new language, so Eich considered the JavaScript name a marketing ploy by Netscape. Microsoft debuted Internet Explorer in 1995, leading to a browser war with Netscape. On the JavaScript front, Microsoft created its own interpreter called JScript . Microsoft first released JScript in 1996, alongside initial support for CSS and extensions to HTML . Each of these implementations
2158-435: Is necessary reduces the chances of vulnerability exploitation. In addition, not loading this content saves significant bandwidth and defeats some forms of web tracking. NoScript is useful for developers to see how well their site works with JavaScript turned off. It also can remove many irritating web elements, such as in-page pop-up messages and certain paywalls , which require JavaScript in order to function. NoScript takes
2241-601: Is the dominant client-side scripting language of the Web, with 99% of all websites using it for this purpose. Scripts are embedded in or included from HTML documents and interact with the DOM . All major web browsers have a built-in JavaScript engine that executes the code on the user's device. Over 80% of websites use a third-party JavaScript library or web framework as part of their client-side scripting. jQuery
2324-704: The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and eventually returned to the ACLU). Not long before EFF's move into new offices at 454 Shotwell St. in SF's Mission District, Mike Godwin departed, long-time Legal Director Shari Steele was appointed executive director, and staff attorney Cindy Cohn became the legal director. In the spring of 2006, the EFF announced the opening of an office again in Washington, D.C., with two new staff attorneys. In 2012,
2407-549: The EFF DES cracker (nicknamed Deep Crack), using special purpose hardware and software and costing $ 210,000. This brought the record for breaking a message down to 56 hours on 17 July 1998 and to under 24 hours on 19 January 1999 (in conjunction with distributed.net ). The EFF published the plans and source code for the cracker. Within four years the Advanced Encryption Standard was standardized as
2490-550: The Electronic Frontier Foundation as the basis of its HTTPS Everywhere add-on. In May 2009, it was reported that an "extension war" had broken out between NoScript's developer, Giorgio Maone, and the developers of the Firefox ad-blocking extension Adblock Plus after Maone released a version of NoScript that circumvented a block enabled by an AdBlock Plus filter. The code implementing this workaround
2573-560: The United States Patent and Trademark Office . The EFF has long been an advocate of paper audit trails for voting machines and testified in support of them after the 2004 United States presidential election . Later, it funded the research of Hariprasad Vemuru who exposed vulnerabilities in a particular model. Since 2008, the EFF has operated the Our Vote Live website and database. Staffed by hotline volunteers, it
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2656-511: The V8 JavaScript engine that was faster than its competition. The key innovation was just-in-time compilation (JIT), so other browser vendors needed to overhaul their engines for JIT. In July 2008, these disparate parties came together for a conference in Oslo . This led to the eventual agreement in early 2009 to combine all relevant work and drive the language forward. The result was
2739-545: The client side for webpage behavior. Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code . These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps . The most popular runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js . JavaScript is a high-level , often just-in-time compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . It
2822-570: The ECMAScript 5 standard, released in December 2009. Ambitious work on the language continued for several years, culminating in an extensive collection of additions and refinements being formalized with the publication of ECMAScript 6 in 2015. The creation of Node.js in 2009 by Ryan Dahl sparked a significant increase in the usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers. Node combines the V8 engine, an event loop , and I/O APIs , thereby providing
2905-499: The EFF Pioneer Awards, are awarded annually to recognize individuals who in its opinion are "leaders who are extending freedom and innovation on the electronic frontier." In 2017, the honorees were Chelsea Manning , Mike Masnick and Annie Game. The EFF Cooperative Computing Awards are a series of four awards meant "to encourage ordinary Internet users to contribute to solving huge scientific problems", to be awarded to
2988-796: The EFF and 56 other digital advocacy organizations called for internet infrastructure providers to stop policing the content of the websites they service. The organizations argued that many providers can only moderate content by revoking access to an entire website, leaving end-users with little transparency or recourse. They expressed concern that governments may pressure infrastructure providers to deny service to opponents and marginalized groups, and that monopolistic infrastructure providers may take banned users offline altogether. The coalition believes that platforms and user-facing websites are better-positioned as moderators, because they can remove specific content, sanction accounts granularly, and offer reasoning and appeals for moderation decisions. The initiative
3071-527: The EFF began a fundraising campaign for the renovation of a building located at 815 Eddy Street in San Francisco, to serve as its new headquarters. The move was completed in April 2013. On April 1, 2015, Shari Steele stepped down as executive director. Cindy Cohn became the new executive director, Corynne McSherry became the legal director, and Kurt Opsahl became the general counsel. By the mid-1990s
3154-477: The EFF was becoming seriously concerned about the refusal of the US government to license any secure encryption product for export unless it used key recovery and claims that governments could not decrypt information when protected by Data Encryption Standard (DES), continuing even after the public breaking of the code in the first of the DES Challenges . They coordinated and supported the construction of
3237-489: The EFF's attention focused on influencing national policy , to the dislike of some of the members of the organization. In 1994, Berman parted ways with the EFF and formed the Center for Democracy and Technology , while Drew Taubman briefly took the reins as executive director. In 1995, under the auspices of Executive Director Lori Fena , after some downsizing and in an effort to regroup and refocus on their base of support,
3320-700: The United States at about that time as part of a state–federal task force called Operation Sundevil . GURPS Cyberpunk , one of the game company's projects, was mistakenly labeled as a handbook for computer crime, and the Secret Service raided the offices of Steve Jackson Games. The search warrant for the raid was deemed hastily issued, and the games company soon after claimed unauthorized access as well as tampering of their emails. While phone calls were protected by legislation, digital emails were an early concept and had not been considered to fall under
3403-471: The United States. The trademark was originally issued to Sun Microsystems on 6 May 1997, and was transferred to Oracle when they acquired Sun in 2009. A letter was circulated in September 2024, spearheaded by Ryan Dahl , calling on Oracle to free the JavaScript trademark . Brendan Eich the original creator of JavaScript, was among the over 14,000 signatories who supported the initiative. JavaScript
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3486-426: The ability to import scripts. JavaScript is a single- threaded language. The runtime processes messages from a queue one at a time, and it calls a function associated with each new message, creating a call stack frame with the function's arguments and local variables . The call stack shrinks and grows based on the function's needs. When the call stack is empty upon function completion, JavaScript proceeds to
3569-437: The amount of regulation on social media were open to abuse. Also in 2019, the EFF launched the website " TOSsed out" to document cases of moderation rules being applied inconsistently. Cindy Cohn underscored their commitment to upholding free speech online, writing that "once you've turned it on, whether through pressure or threats of lawsuits, the power to silence people doesn't just go in one direction." In December 2022,
3652-599: The areas relating to digital speech and the extension of the Constitution into Cyberspace." This generated further reaction and support for the ideas of Barlow and Kapor. In late June, Barlow held a series of dinners in San Francisco with major figures in the computer industry to develop a coherent response to these perceived threats. Barlow considered that: "The actions of the FBI and Secret Service were symptoms of
3735-450: The best option was for Eich to devise a new language, with syntax similar to Java and less like Scheme or other extant scripting languages . Although the new language and its interpreter implementation were called LiveScript when first shipped as part of a Navigator beta in September 1995, the name was changed to JavaScript for the official release in December. The choice of the JavaScript name has caused confusion, implying that it
3818-401: The browser closes or the user revokes permissions). Active content may consist of JavaScript , web fonts, media codecs , WebGL , and Flash . The add-on also offers specific countermeasures against security exploits. Because many web browser attacks require active content that the browser normally runs without question, disabling such content by default and using it only to the degree that it
3901-510: The director of the original office, and in December 1992, Jerry Berman became the acting executive director of the organization as a whole, based in a new second office. The creation of the organization was motivated by the massive search and seizure on Steve Jackson Games executed by the United States Secret Service early in 1990. Similar but officially unconnected law-enforcement raids were being conducted across
3984-496: The donation button on the NoScript site. This conflict was resolved when Maone changed his site's CSS to move—rather than disable—the Ghostery notification. JavaScript This is an accepted version of this page JavaScript ( / ˈ dʒ ɑː v ə s k r ɪ p t / ), often abbreviated as JS , is a programming language and core technology of the Web , alongside HTML and CSS . 99% of websites use JavaScript on
4067-491: The effort to fully standardize the language was undermined by Microsoft gaining an increasingly dominant position in the browser market. By the early 2000s, Internet Explorer 's market share reached 95%. This meant that JScript became the de facto standard for client-side scripting on the Web. Microsoft initially participated in the standards process and implemented some proposals in its JScript language, but eventually it stopped collaborating on ECMA work. Thus ECMAScript 4
4150-444: The empty array is cast to a number by the remaining unary + operator. If the expression is wrapped in parentheses - ({} + []) – the curly brackets are interpreted as an empty object and the result of the expression is "[object Object]" as expected. Electronic Frontier Foundation The Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) is an international non-profit digital rights group based in San Francisco, California . It
4233-488: The first client-side protection against Type 0 and Type 1 cross-site scripting (XSS) ever delivered in a web browser. Whenever a website tries to inject HTML or JavaScript code inside a different site (a violation of the same-origin policy ), NoScript filters the malicious request and neutralizes its dangerous payload. Similar features have been adopted years later by Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and by Google Chrome . The Application Boundaries Enforcer (ABE)
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#17327902630964316-408: The first individual or group who discovers a prime number with a significant record number of decimal digits. The awards are funded by an anonymous donor. The awards are: EFF publishes through several outlets such as the online periodical EFFector , as well as its websites, blogs, and on social networking services. EFF's first book was published in 1993 as The Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet ,
4399-428: The form of a toolbar icon or status bar icon in Firefox. It displays on every website to denote whether NoScript has either blocked, allowed, or partially allowed scripts to run on the web page being viewed. Clicking or hovering (since version 2.0.3rc1) the mouse cursor on the NoScript icon gives the user the option to allow or forbid the script's processing. NoScript's interface, whether accessed by right-clicking on
4482-618: The most significant technology law cases have involved the EFF, including MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. , Apple v. Does , and others. The EFF represented the Internet Archive in Hachette v. Internet Archive . Following the COVID-19 pandemic , the Internet Archive introduced a digital book borrowing system which allows users to borrow digital copies of physical books the archive had in its physical location. The case
4565-414: The next message in the queue. This is called the event loop , described as "run to completion" because each message is fully processed before the next message is considered. However, the language's concurrency model describes the event loop as non-blocking : program I/O is performed using events and callback functions . This means, for example, that JavaScript can process a mouse click while waiting for
4648-557: The old status bar at the bottom of your old browser ." In November 1996, Netscape submitted JavaScript to Ecma International , as the starting point for a standard specification that all browser vendors could conform to. This led to the official release of the first ECMAScript language specification in June 1997. The standards process continued for a few years, with the release of ECMAScript 2 in June 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in December 1999. Work on ECMAScript 4 began in 2000. However,
4731-409: The operation used. Values are cast to strings like the following: Values are cast to numbers by casting to strings and then casting the strings to numbers. These processes can be modified by defining toString and valueOf functions on the prototype for string and number casting respectively. JavaScript has received criticism for the way it implements these conversions as the complexity of
4814-467: The organization moved offices to San Francisco, California . There, it took up temporary residence at John Gilmore's Toad Hall, and soon afterward moved into the Hamm's Building at 1550 Bryant St. After Fena moved onto the EFF board of directors for a while, the organization was led briefly by Tara Lemmey , followed by Barry Steinhardt (who had come from the closely allied Technology and Liberty Program at
4897-454: The rapid growth of the early World Wide Web . The lead developers of Mosaic then founded the Netscape corporation, which released a more polished browser, Netscape Navigator , in 1994. This quickly became the most-used. During these formative years of the Web, web pages could only be static, lacking the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser. There was
4980-442: The right to personal privacy. The Steve Jackson Games case was the EFF's first high-profile case, was the major rallying point around which the EFF began promoting computer- and Internet-related civil liberties. The EFF's second big case was Bernstein v. United States led by Cindy Cohn , in which programmer and professor Daniel J. Bernstein sued the government for permission to publish his encryption software, Snuffle, and
5063-437: The rules can be mistaken for inconsistency. For example, when adding a number to a string, the number will be cast to a string before performing concatenation, but when subtracting a number from a string, the string is cast to a number before performing subtraction. Often also mentioned is {} + [] resulting in 0 (number). This is misleading: the {} is interpreted as an empty code block instead of an empty object, and
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#17327902630965146-430: The script or to allow it temporarily. On November 14, 2017, Giorgio Maone announced NoScript 10, which will be "very different" from 5.x versions, and will use WebExtension technology, making it compatible with Firefox Quantum . On November 20, 2017, Maone released version 10.1.1 for Firefox 57 and above. NoScript is available for Firefox for Android. On April 11, 2007, NoScript 1.1.4.7 was publicly released, introducing
5229-611: The spring of 2018, the EFF joined the Open Technology Institute (OTI), the Center for Democracy & Technology , the ACLU Foundation of Northern California and four academics in writing The Santa Clara Principles: On Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation . The document sets out the following guidelines for social networks. Six months later, the same organizations sought
5312-436: The status of upcoming features individually. The current JavaScript ecosystem has many libraries and frameworks , established programming practices, and substantial usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers. Plus, with the rise of single-page applications and other JavaScript-heavy websites, several transpilers have been created to aid the development process. "JavaScript" is a trademark of Oracle Corporation in
5395-620: The support of roughly 80 others, including Article 19 , in calling for Facebook to adopt the Santa Clara Principles. This was later updated with a request for Facebook to warn users who have interacted with sock puppet law enforcement accounts. In 2019, the EFF and OTI delivered testimony about the Online Harms White Paper in the United Kingdom. They commented that several proposals to increase
5478-492: The target of Secret Service raids. This generated a large amount of publicity which led to offers of financial support from John Gilmore and Steve Wozniak . Barlow and Kapor continued to research conflicts between the government and technology and in June 1990, Barlow posted online the influential article titled "Crime & Puzzlement" in which Barlow announced his and Kapor's plans to create an organization to "raise and disburse funds for education, lobbying, and litigation in
5561-506: The use of JavaScript engines is not limited to browsers; for example, the V8 engine is a core component of the Node.js runtime system . A JavaScript engine must be embedded within a runtime system (such as a web browser or a standalone system) to enable scripts to interact with the broader environment. The runtime system includes the necessary APIs for input/output operations, such as networking , storage , and graphics , and provides
5644-562: The user, the web developer/administrator, or a trusted third party. In its default configuration, NoScript's ABE provides protection against CSRF and DNS rebinding attacks aimed at intranet resources, such as routers and sensitive web applications. NoScript's ClearClick feature, released on October 8, 2008, prevents users from clicking on invisible or "redressed" page elements of embedded documents or applets, defeating all types of clickjacking (i.e., from frames and plug-ins). This makes NoScript "the only freely available product which offers
5727-402: The web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O. Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name, syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design. The first popular web browser with a graphical user interface , Mosaic , was released in 1993. Accessible to non-technical people, it played a prominent role in
5810-449: The web page or the distinctive NoScript box at the bottom of the page (by default), shows the URL of the script(s) that are blocked, but does not provide any sort of reference to look up whether or not a given script is safe to run. With complex webpages, users may be faced with well over a dozen different cryptic URLs and a non-functioning webpage, with only the choice to allow the script, block
5893-534: Was "camouflaged" to avoid detection. Maone stated that he had implemented it in response to a filter that blocked his own website. After mounting criticism and a declaration by the administrators of the Mozilla Add-ons site that the site would change its guidelines regarding add-on modifications, Maone removed the code and issued a full apology. In the immediate aftermath of the Adblock Plus incident,
5976-404: Was advisable to have a recount on some of the election results from states like Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania , exclusively states Hillary Clinton lost. In retaliation against Halderman, a hacker sent anti-Semitic and racist emails to students at University of Michigan signed from Halderman. The EFF publicizes these controversies and promotes the reduction of online phishing. In
6059-581: Was based on an ECMAScript 4 draft. The goal became standardizing ActionScript 3 as the new ECMAScript 4. To this end, Adobe Systems released the Tamarin implementation as an open source project. However, Tamarin and ActionScript 3 were too different from established client-side scripting, and without cooperation from Microsoft , ECMAScript 4 never reached fruition. Meanwhile, very important developments were occurring in open-source communities not affiliated with ECMA work. In 2005, Jesse James Garrett released
6142-415: Was contacted by Mitch Kapor, who had had a similar experience. The pair agreed that there was a need to defend civil liberties on the Internet. Kapor agreed to fund any legal fees associated with such a defense and the pair contacted New York lawyers Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky and Lieberman about defending several computer hackers from a Harper's magazine forum on computers and freedom who had been
6225-437: Was formally founded on July 10, 1990, by Kapor and Barlow, who very soon after elected Gilmore, Wozniak, and Stewart Brand to join them on the board of directors. Initial funding was provided by Kapor, Wozniak, and an anonymous benefactor. In 1990, Mike Godwin joined the organization as its first staff counsel. Then in 1991, Esther Dyson and Jerry Berman joined the EFF board of directors. By 1992, Cliff Figallo became
6308-486: Was founded in 1990 to promote Internet civil liberties . It provides funds for legal defense in court, presents amicus curiae briefs, defends individuals and new technologies from what it considers abusive legal threats, works to expose government malfeasance, provides guidance to the government and courts , organizes political action and mass mailings, supports some new technologies which it believes preserve personal freedoms and online civil liberties, maintains
6391-544: Was launched in the wake of Drop Kiwi Farms , a campaign that convinced several internet service providers and DDoS protection firms to revoke service to Kiwi Farms , a controversial forum. After the forum returned behind an open-source bot detection tool, the EFF stopped classifying DDoS protection services as infrastructure because they cannot determine whether a website stays online or not. The EFF organizes two sets of awards to promote work in accordance with its goals and objectives. The EFF Awards, until 2022 called
6474-641: Was mothballed. During the period of Internet Explorer dominance in the early 2000s, client-side scripting was stagnant. This started to change in 2004, when the successor of Netscape, Mozilla , released the Firefox browser. Firefox was well received by many, taking significant market share from Internet Explorer. In 2005, Mozilla joined ECMA International, and work started on the ECMAScript for XML (E4X) standard. This led to Mozilla working jointly with Macromedia (later acquired by Adobe Systems ), who were implementing E4X in their ActionScript 3 language, which
6557-662: Was noticeably different from their counterparts in Netscape Navigator . These differences made it difficult for developers to make their websites work well in both browsers, leading to widespread use of "best viewed in Netscape" and "best viewed in Internet Explorer" logos for several years. Brendan Eich later said of this period: "It's still kind of a sidekick language. It's considered slow or annoying. People do pop-ups or those scrolling messages in
6640-598: Was obtained from Facebook in a similar settlement. The agitprop art group Psychological Industries has independently issued buttons with pop culture tropes such as the logo of the Laughing Man from the anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (with the original The Catcher in the Rye quotation replaced with the slogan of Anonymous ), a bleeding roller derby jammer , and
6723-477: Was produced in 2015 as part of EFF's 25th anniversary activities, and includes contributions from 22 writers, including Charlie Jane Anders , Paolo Bacigalupi , Lauren Beukes , David Brin , Pat Cadigan , Cory Doctorow , Neil Gaiman , Eileen Gunn , Kameron Hurley , James Patrick Kelly , Ramez Naam , Annalee Newitz , Hannu Rajaniemi , Rudy Rucker , Lewis Shiner , Bruce Sterling , and Charles Yu . The Electronic Frontier Foundation's blog , DeepLinks ,
6806-451: Was won by Hachette and the Internet Archive being forced to stop its digital book borrowing system. The Patent Busting Project is an Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) initiative challenging patents that the organization describes as illegitimate and suppress innovation or limit online expression. The initiative launched on April 19, 2004, and involves two phases: documenting the damage caused by these patents, and submitting challenges to
6889-445: Was written in 1998 by technical writer Robert B. Gelman and EFF Communications Director Stanton McCandlish, and published by HarperCollins . A third book, Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics & Chip Design ( ISBN 9781565925205 ), focusing on EFF's DES Cracker project, was published the same year by O'Reilly Media . A digital book, Pwning Tomorrow , an anthology of speculative fiction ,
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