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158-531: Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne ; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts , from a family long associated with that town. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. He published his first work in 1828,

316-404: A Venus glase & an Egg" to learn "what trade their sweet harts should be of." The infamous Salem witch trials began in 1692, and 19 people were executed by hanging because of the false accusations; Giles Corey was pressed to death for refusing to plead innocent or guilty, thus avoiding the noose and instead dying an innocent man. Salem is also significant in legal history as the site of

474-462: A hot-summer humid continental climate (abbreviated Dfa ), or a hot-summer humid sub-tropical climate (abbreviated Cfa ), depending on the isotherm used. Throughout the colonial period and thereafter, Salem was one of the largest municipalities in the United States; as late as the 1820 census , Salem was ranked in the top ten cities in the country by population, and would not drop out of

632-619: A polar bear in 1913 to honor Robert Peary , a Bowdoin alumnus who led the first successful expedition to the North Pole. Between the years 1821 and 1921, Bowdoin operated a medical school called the "Medical School of Maine." The main Bowdoin campus is located near Casco Bay and the Androscoggin River . In addition to its Brunswick campus, Bowdoin owns a 118-acre (48 ha) coastal studies center on Orr's Island and

790-906: A protofeminist and avatar of the self-reliance and responsibility that led to women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation. Anthony Splendora found her literary genealogy among other archetypally fallen but redeemed women, both historic and mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's tragedy involving world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard ; Anne Hutchinson (America's first heretic, circa 1636), and Hawthorne family friend Margaret Fuller . In Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens her, "infant at her bosom", to Mary, Mother of Jesus, "the image of Divine Maternity". In her study of Victorian literature, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as to name Hester's fall and subsequent redemption, "the novel's one unequivocally religious activity". Regarding Hester as

948-453: A " Hidden Ivy ". Bowdoin's dining services have been ranked No. 1 among all universities and colleges nationally by Princeton Review in 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2016, with The New York Times reporting: "If it weren't for the trays, and for the fact that most diners are under 25, you'd think it was a restaurant." Bowdoin uses food from its organic garden in its two major dining halls, and every academic year begins with

1106-658: A 200-acre (81 ha) scientific field station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy . Bowdoin College was chartered in 1794 by the Massachusetts State Legislature and was later redirected under the jurisdiction of the Maine Legislature . It was named for former Massachusetts governor James Bowdoin , whose son James Bowdoin III was an early benefactor. Bowdoin began to develop in the 1820s,

1264-413: A calling in such vital but often low paying fields such as teaching or social work. With significant debt at graduation, some students will undoubtedly be forced to make career or education choices not based on their talents, interests, and promise in a particular field but rather on their capacity to repay student loans. As an institution devoted to the common good, Bowdoin must consider the fairness of such

1422-648: A cappella groups are on campus; the Meddiebempsters are the oldest. Founded in the spring of 1937, the Meddies performed in USO shows after World War II . Bowdoin College signed onto the American College and University President's Climate Commitment in 2007. The college followed through with a carbon neutrality plan released in 2009, with 2020 as the target year for carbon neutrality. According to

1580-695: A ceremony in the Peabody parlor on West Street in Boston. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts , where they lived for three years. His neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, but Hawthorne was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent at gatherings. At the Old Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse . Like Hawthorne, Sophia

1738-550: A dark side to Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten times black". He was composing his novel Moby-Dick at the time, and dedicated the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne." Hawthorne's time in the Berkshires was very productive. While there, he wrote The House of the Seven Gables (1851), which poet and critic James Russell Lowell said

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1896-601: A decade in which Maine became an independent state as a result of the Missouri Compromise and graduated U.S. President Franklin Pierce . The college also graduated two literary philosophers, the writers Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , both of whom graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1825. Pierce and Hawthorne began an official militia company called the 'Bowdoin Cadets'. From its founding, Bowdoin

2054-546: A deity figure, Meredith A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in American fiction that the archetypal Goddess appears quite graphically," like a Goddess "not the wife of traditional marriage, permanently subject to a male overlord"; Powers noted "her syncretism, her flexibility, her inherent ability to alter and so avoid the defeat of secondary status in a goal-oriented civilization". Aside from Hester Prynne,

2212-565: A dream". With Pierce's election as President , Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool shortly after the publication of Tanglewood Tales . The role was considered the most lucrative foreign service position at the time, described by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity to the Embassy in London". During this period he and his family lived in

2370-817: A drugstore building marks the former site of the Korn Leather Factory, which burned in the fire. Coast Guard Air Station Salem was established on February 15, 1935, when the United States Coast Guard opened a new seaplane facility in Salem because there was no space to expand the Gloucester Air Station at Ten Pound Island . Coast Guard Air Station Salem was located on Winter Island , an extension of Salem Neck which juts out into Salem Harbor . Search and rescue , hunting for derelicts , and medical evacuations were

2528-495: A goddess supreme in beauty and power." Hawthorne also wrote nonfiction. In 2008, the Library of America selected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime. Hawthorne's writings were well received at the time. Contemporary response praised his sentimentality and moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity. Herman Melville wrote

2686-618: A host of critics." In fact, it was Fields who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel rather than a short story. Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, including the purchase of cigars, overseeing financial accounts, and even purchasing clothes. Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his side in Philadelphia in 1864; according to a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed". Hawthorne's works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism , cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are

2844-408: A household in the city was $ 44,033, and the median income for a family was $ 55,635. Males had a median income of $ 38,563 versus $ 31,374 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 23,857. About 6.3% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. The Pickman House , built c.  1664 , abuts

3002-530: A lobster bake outside Farley Fieldhouse. Recalling his days at Bowdoin in a 2005 interview, Professor Richard E. Morgan (class of 1959) described student life at the then-all-male school as "monastic" and noted that "the only things to do were either work or drink". This is corroborated by the Official Preppy Handbook , which in 1980 ranked Bowdoin the number two drinking school in the country, behind Dartmouth . These days, Morgan observed,

3160-795: A multi-community area, thus laying the foundation for what became the Army National Guard . In 1637, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered the organization of the Colony's militia companies into the North, South and East Regiments. The colonists adopted the English militia system, which obligated men between the ages of 16 and 60 to own arms and take part in the community's defense. Each April,

3318-597: A nineteen-month voyage that was perhaps the first from the newly independent America to the East Indies . In 1795, Captain Jonathan Carnes set sail for Sumatra in the Malay Archipelago on his secret voyage for pepper . Nothing was heard from him until eighteen months later, when he entered Salem harbor with a cargo of pepper in bulk, the first to be so imported into the country, and which sold at

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3476-439: A passionate review of Mosses from an Old Manse , titled " Hawthorne and His Mosses ", arguing that Hawthorne "is one of the new, and far better generation of your writers." Melville describes an affinity for Hawthorne that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my soul. He expands and deepens down, the more I contemplate him; and further, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into

3634-600: A resident of Salem, as a United States consul of the early years . The Old China Trade left a significant mark in two historic districts, Chestnut Street District , part of the Samuel McIntire Historic District containing 407 buildings, and the Salem Maritime National Historic Site , comprising 12 historic structures and about 9 acres (36,000 m ) of land along the waterfront in Salem. Elias Hasket Derby

3792-562: A result." In February 2009, following a US$ 10 million donation (equivalent to $ 14.2 million in 2023) by Subway co-founder and alumnus Peter Buck , class of 1952, the college completed a $ 250-million capital campaign. Additionally, the college has also recently completed major construction projects on the campus, including a renovation of the college's art museum and a new fitness center named after Peter Buck. On July 1, 2015, Clayton Rose succeeded Mills as president. Eight years later, on July 1, 2023, Safa Zaki succeeded Rose as

3950-490: A room from George Stillman Hillard , business partner of Charles Sumner . Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his "owl's nest" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived, but only dreamed about living." He contributed short stories to various magazines and annuals, including " Young Goodman Brown " and " The Minister's Black Veil ", though none drew major attention to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover

4108-446: A scene in his novel The Blithedale Romance . The Hawthornes had three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference to The Faerie Queene , to the displeasure of family members. Hawthorne wrote to a friend, "I find it a very sober and serious kind of happiness that springs from the birth of a child ... There is no escaping it any longer. I have business on earth now, and must look about me for

4266-551: A second smallpox epidemic struck, killing two of Nanepashemet's successors, Montowompate and Wonohaquaham , and leaving his remaining heir Wenepoykin scarred. So it was that English settlers met little resistance on their arrival in Salem. Although Wenepoykin would join Metacomet in King Philip's War in 1675, the English settlers at this point had the numerical superiority to defeat Metacomet's indigenous coalition. It

4424-471: A site nearby called Proctor's Ledge was identified as the true site of the executions. Gallows Hill now serves as a city park. Native Americans lived in northeastern Massachusetts for thousands of years prior to European colonization of the Americas . The peninsula that would become Salem was known as Naumkeag (alternate spellings Naemkeck, Nahumkek, Neumkeage ) by the native people who lived there at

4582-554: A system of college-owned social houses. In 1970, Bowdoin began competing in the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium , with Bates and Colby. The consortium became both an athletic rivalry and an academic exchange program. On January 18, 2008, Bowdoin announced that it would eliminate loans for all new and current students receiving financial aid, replacing those loans with grants beginning with the 2008–2009 academic year. President Barry Mills stated, "Some see

4740-462: A woman." Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering goddess still bearing the mark of her Asiatic origins ... moving serenely in the magic circle of her sexual nature". Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as woman [personifying] love as a quality of the body that contains the purest light of nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of futile Puritan metaphors. Historicists view Hester as

4898-514: A year, though several physicians could find nothing wrong with him. In the summer of 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers before moving to a home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Robert Manning in Raymond, Maine , near Sebago Lake . Years later, Hawthorne looked back at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for that part of the country

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5056-546: Is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education . Bowdoin was ranked first among 1,204 small colleges in the U.S. by Niche in 2017, but has since fallen to 6th. Based on students' SAT scores, Bowdoin is tied with Williams for 5th in Business Insider's smartest liberal arts colleges, with an average score of 1435 for math and critical reading combined. Among all colleges, it

5214-402: Is a need-blind and no-loans institution. While a significant portion of the student body hails from New England —including nearly 25% from Massachusetts and 10% from Maine—recent classes have drawn from an increasingly national and international pool. The median family income of Bowdoin students is $ 195,900, with 57% of students coming from the top 10% of highest-earning families and 17.5% from

5372-642: Is a historic coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts , United States, located on the North Shore of Greater Boston . Continuous settlement by Europeans began in 1626 with English colonists. Salem was one of the most significant seaports trading commodities in early American history . Prior to the dissolution of county governments in Massachusetts in 1999, it served as one of two county seats for Essex County, alongside Lawrence . Today, Salem

5530-698: Is a residential and tourist area that is home to the House of Seven Gables , Salem State University , Pioneer Village , the Salem Maritime National Historic Site , Salem Willows Park , and the Peabody Essex Museum . It features historic residential neighborhoods in the Federal Street District and the Charter Street Historic District . The city's population was 44,480 at the 2020 census . Salem

5688-456: Is a tribute to the man." Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it." Poet John Greenleaf Whittier wrote that he admired the "weird and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales. Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to live, he is

5846-459: Is also a memorial to the victims of the infamous Witch Trials at Proctor's Ledge, the execution site from that time. The memorial is "meant to be a place of reflection" for the city. In 2000, the replica tall ship Friendship of Salem was finished and sailed to Salem Harbor, where she sits today. The Friendship of Salem is a reconstruction of a 171-foot (52 m) three-masted East Indiaman trading ship, originally built in 1797, which traveled

6004-599: Is divided by its natural features into several small neighborhoods. The Salem Neck neighborhood lies northeast of downtown, and North Salem lies to the west of it, on the other side of the North River. South Salem is south of the South River, lying mostly along the banks of Salem Harbor southward. Downtown Salem lies 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Boston , 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Gloucester and Cape Ann , and 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Lawrence ,

6162-513: Is land and 9.9 square miles (26 km ), or 55.09%, is water. Salem lies on Massachusetts Bay between Salem Harbor, which divides the city from much of neighboring Marblehead to the southeast, and Beverly Harbor, which divides the city from Beverly along with the Danvers River, which feeds into the harbor. Between the two harbors lies Salem Neck and Winter Island, which are divided from each other by Cat Cove, Smith Pool (located between

6320-687: Is located 8 miles (13 km) south of Orr's Island in Harpswell, Maine . Bowdoin College operates the Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick. Organized athletics at Bowdoin began in 1828 with a gymnastics program established by the "father of athletics in Maine", John Neal . In the proceeding years, Neal agitated for more programs, and himself taught bowling , boxing , and other sports. Bowdoin College teams are known as

6478-401: Is no vacancy in my mind, any more than in my heart ... Thank God that I suffice for her boundless heart!" Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. She wrote in one of her journals: I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the ... jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in

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6636-490: Is the Outing Club, which leads canoeing, kayaking, rafting, camping, and backpacking trips throughout Maine. One of the school's two historic rival literary societies, The Peucinian Society, has recently been revitalized from its previous form. The Peucinian Society was founded in 1805. This organization counts such people as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain among its former members. The other,

6794-407: Is the furthest point from residences and where the winds are the strongest. The 30-acre park has been open to the public since the early 1970s. In 2011, a master plan was developed with help from the planning and design firm, Cecil Group of Boston and Bioengineering Group of Salem. The City of Salem paid $ 45,000 in federal money. In the long term, the projected cost to rehabilitate just the barracks

6952-719: Is the oldest continuously published college weekly in the United States. The Orient was named the second-best tabloid-sized college weekly at a Collegiate Associated Press conference in March 2007 and the best college newspaper in New England by the New England Society of News Editors in 2018. The school's literary magazine, The Quill , was published between 1897 and 2015. The Bowdoin Globalist , an international news, culture, and politics magazine affiliated with

7110-496: Is tied with Brown , Carnegie Mellon , and Williams for 22nd. The college was ranked 5th in the country by Washington Monthly in 2019 based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. In 2006, Newsweek described Bowdoin as a " New Ivy ", one of a number of liberal arts colleges and universities outside of the Ivy League , and it has also been dubbed

7268-608: Is white. The fight song, Forward The White , was composed by Kenneth A. Robinson, class of 1914. The college's rowing club competes in the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Chase Regatta annually. The rowing club also competes as a member of the American Collegiate Rowing Association; the women's team won its first national championship in 2023. The field hockey team are four-time NCAA Division III National Champions; winning

7426-596: Is widely noted for the Salem witch trials of 1692, which strongly informs the city's cultural identity into the present. Some of Salem's police cars are adorned with witch logos, a public elementary school is known as Witchcraft Heights, and the Salem High School athletic teams are named the Witches. Gallows Hill was originally believed to be the site of the executions during the Witch Trials, but in 2016

7584-728: The Salem Gazette . In 1836, Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge . At the time, he boarded with poet Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Street in Beacon Hill in Boston . He was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House at a salary of $ 1,500 a year, which he accepted on January 17, 1839. During his time there, he rented

7742-476: The Dorothy Talbye Trial , where a mentally ill woman was hanged for murdering her daughter because Massachusetts made no distinction at the time between insanity and criminal behavior. William Hathorne was a prosperous entrepreneur in early Salem and became one of its leading citizens. He led troops to victory in King Philip's War , served as a magistrate on the highest court, and was chosen as

7900-485: The Massachusetts Bay Colony and held many political positions, including magistrate and judge, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing. William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials . Hawthorne probably added the "w" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college, in an effort to dissociate himself from his notorious forebears. Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr.

8058-715: The Peirce-Nichols House and Hamilton Hall . The Witch House or Jonathan Corwin House ( c.  1642 ) is also located in the district. Samuel McIntire's house and workshop were located at 31 Summer Street in what is now the Samuel McIntire Historic District . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 18.1 square miles (47 km ), of which 8.1 square miles (21 km )

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8216-466: The Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism . His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his college friend Franklin Pierce , written for his 1852 campaign for President of the United States , which Pierce won, becoming

8374-552: The Transcendentalism movement. Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer in his early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales , however, he noted, "I do not think much of them," and he expected little response from the public. His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe ,

8532-533: The United Daughters of the Confederacy . The award, however, was discontinued in 2015, with the current college president citing it as inappropriate because it was named after someone "whose mission was to preserve and institutionalize slavery". Although Bowdoin's Medical School of Maine closed its doors in 1921, it produced Augustus Stinchfield , who received his M.D. in 1868 and became one of

8690-669: The War of 1812 . Following the American Revolution , many ships used as privateers were too large for short voyages in the coasting trade, and their owners determined to open new avenues of trade to distant countries. The young men of the town, fresh from service on the armed ships of Salem, were eager to embark in such ventures. Captain Nathaniel Silsbee, his first mate Charles Derby, and second mate Richard J. Cleveland were not yet twenty years old when they set sail on

8848-515: The West Indies , imported sugar and molasses from the West Indies , tea from China, and products depicted on the city seal from the East Indies —in particular Sumatran pepper. Salem ships also visited Africa in the slave trade— Zanzibar in particular. They also traveled to Russia , Japan , and Australia . The sail frigate USS  Essex was built at one of Enos Briggs 's shipyards on Winter Island in 1799. The neutrality of

9006-574: The illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody . He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841, not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia. He paid a $ 1,000 deposit and was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred to as "the Gold Mine". He left later that year, though his Brook Farm adventure became an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance . Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at

9164-539: The "definitive edition" of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne , edited by William Charvat and others, published by The Ohio State University Press in twenty-three volumes between 1962 and 1997. Tales and Sketches (1982) was the second volume to be published in the Library of America , Collected Novels (1983) the tenth. [REDACTED] Category Salem, Massachusetts Salem ( / ˈ s eɪ l ə m / SAY -ləm )

9322-481: The 10,930 applications received in the class of 2027. U.S. News & World Report classifies Bowdoin as "most selective". Of enrolling students, 89% are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Although Bowdoin does not require the SAT in admissions, all students may submit a score upon application. The middle 50% SAT range for the verbal and math sections of the SAT is 660–750 and 660–750, respectively—numbers of only those submitting scores during

9480-415: The 14th president. Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was originally spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem , Massachusetts; his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne , was a Puritan and the first of the family to emigrate from England. He settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts , before moving to Salem. There he became an important member of

9638-422: The 18th century. Prominent buildings on the campus include the college's oldest building, Massachusetts Hall , the Parker Cleaveland House , and the Harriet Beecher Stowe House . The campus has two museums. The Bowdoin College Museum of Art is in the Walker Art Building and the Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum is in the Gibbons Center for Arctic Studies. The 118-acre (48 ha) Schiller Coastal Studies Center

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9796-542: The 1970s but were reinstated by a faculty majority vote in 1981 due to an initiative by oral communication and film professor Barbara Kaster. She insisted that distribution requirements would ensure students a more well-rounded education in a diversity of fields and therefore present them with more career possibilities. The requirements of at least two courses in each of the categories of Natural Sciences /mathematics, social and behavioral sciences , humanities / Fine Arts , and foreign studies (including languages) took effect for

9954-415: The 19th century. Boston and New York City eclipsed Salem and its silting harbor. Consequently, the city turned to manufacturing. Industries included tanneries , shoe factories, and the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company. The Great Salem Fire of 1914 destroyed over 400 homes and left 3,500 families homeless but spared the historic concentration of Federal architecture on Chestnut Street. A memorial plaque on

10112-482: The American cause, including Francis Cabot, William Pynchon, Thomas Barnard, E. A. Holyoke, and William Pickman. During the American Revolutionary War , the town became a center for privateering. The documentation is incomplete, but about 1,700 Letters of Marque were granted during that time, issued on a per-voyage basis. Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers and are credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships. Privateering resumed during

10270-454: The Berkshires , then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment as consul took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England , and many works feature moral metaphors with an anti- Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of

10428-424: The City of Salem as a historic house museum. Hamilton Hall is located on Chestnut Street, where many grand mansions can be traced to the roots of the Old China Trade . Hamilton Hall was built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire and is considered one of his best pieces. It was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1970. In recent years, tourism has been an occasional source of debate in

10586-401: The City of Salem completed plans for the 30-acre (12 ha) Winter Island Park and squared off against residents who are against bringing two power-generating windmills to the tip of Winter Island. The Renewable Energy Task Force, along with the Energy and Sustainability Manager, Paul Marquis, have recommended the construction of a 1.5-megawatt power turbine at the tip of Winter Island, which

10744-400: The Custom House and makes several allusions to local politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment. It was one of the first mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days and earning Hawthorne $ 1,500 over 14 years. The book became a best-seller in the United States and initiated his most lucrative period as a writer. Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected to

10902-408: The Global21 organization of college magazines, has been publishing since 2012. The Bowdoin Globalist transitioned to a digital-only platform in 2015 and changed its name to The Bowdoin Review . The college's radio station, WBOR , has been operating since the early 1940s. In 1999, The Bowdoin Cable Network was formed, producing a weekly newscast and several student-created shows per semester. Six

11060-414: The Institute of International Education. Other notable Bowdoin faculty include (or have included): Edville Gerhardt Abbott , Charles Beitz , John Bisbee , Paul Chadbourne , Thomas Cornell , Kristen R. Ghodsee , Eddie Glaude , Joseph E. Johnson , Richard Morgan , Elliott Schwartz , Kenneth Chenault , and Scott Sehon . In the 2022 edition of the U.S. News & World Report rankings, Bowdoin

11218-419: The Massachusetts Bay Charter was issued creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony with Matthew Craddock as its governor in London and Endecott as its governor in the colony. John Winthrop was elected Governor in late 1629, and arrived with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, one of the many events that began the Puritan Great Migration . In 1639, Endecott, among others, signed the building contract for enlarging

11376-515: The Naumkeag. Many Naumkeag died in a war with the Tarrantine and as a result of a smallpox epidemic in 1617–1619, including their powerful sachem Nanepashemet . The disease had probably been contracted by members who came into contact with European fishermen or explorers. Their strength was reduced just prior to the arrival of English settlers in 1626 to what became modern-day Salem. In 1633,

11534-517: The Northern Ireland peace process. In 1970, the college became one of a very limited number of liberal arts colleges to make the SAT optional in the admissions process, and in 1971, after nearly 180 years as a small men's college, Bowdoin admitted its first class of women. On February 28, 1997 Bowdoin's Board of Trustees approved a plan to phase out fraternities on campus, replacing them with

11692-717: The Polar Bears. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III level, primarily competing in the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), of which they were a founding member in 1971. The mascot for all Bowdoin College athletic teams is the Polar bear , generally referred to in the plural, i.e., "The Polar Bears." The uniform color

11850-561: The Procrustean details of academic life, rather choosing to nurse my own fancies than to dig into Greek roots and be numbered among the learned Thebans. Hawthorne's first published work, Fanshawe: A Tale , based on his experiences at Bowdoin College, appeared anonymously in October 1828, printed at the author's own expense of $ 100. Although it received generally positive reviews, it did not sell well. He published several minor pieces in

12008-783: The Rock Park estate in Rock Ferry in one of the houses directly adjacent to Tranmere Beach on the Wirral shore of the River Mersey. Thus to attend his place of employment at the United States consulate in Liverpool, Hawthorne would have been a regular passenger on the steamboat operated Rock Ferry to Liverpool ferry service departing from the Rock Ferry Slipway at the end of Bedford Road. His appointment ended in 1857 at

12166-522: The Second Corps of Cadets gather in front of St. Peter's Episcopal Church, where the body of their founder, Stephen Abbott, is buried. They lay a wreath, play " Taps " and fire a 21-gun salute . In another annual commemoration, soldiers gather at Old Salem Armory to honor soldiers who were killed in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . On April 14, 2012, Salem celebrated the 375th anniversary of

12324-794: The Surveyor for the District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Salem at an annual salary of $ 1,200. He had difficulty writing during this period, as he admitted to Longfellow: I am trying to resume my pen ... Whenever I sit alone, or walk alone, I find myself dreaming about stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House undo all that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should be happier if I could write. This employment, like his earlier appointment to

12482-898: The Sustainable Endowments Institute. In 2003, Bowdoin committed to achieving LEED -certification for all new campus buildings. The college has since completed construction on Osher and West residency halls, the Peter Buck Center for Health & Fitness, the Sidney J. Watson Arena , 216 Maine Street, and 52 Harpswell all of which have attained LEED, Silver LEED or Gold LEED certification. The new dorms partially use collected rainwater as part of an advanced flushing system. Bowdoin College's main campus in Brunswick ranges over an area of 215 acres (87 ha) and includes 120 buildings, some of which date back to

12640-535: The Treasury during the Lincoln Administration . With strained slave-relations between political parties, President Franklin Pierce appointed Jefferson Davis as his Secretary of War , and the college awarded the soon-to-be President of the Confederacy an honorary degree. The Jefferson Davis Award was given to a student who excelled in legal studies after a donation was given to the college by

12798-693: The United States was tested during the Napoleonic Wars . After the Chesapeake–Leopard affair , Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807 . President Thomas Jefferson closed all ports, an economic blow to the seaport town of Salem. The embargo was the starting point on the path to the War of 1812 . Both the United Kingdom and France imposed trade restrictions to weaken each other's economies. This disrupted American trade and tested

12956-544: The United States' neutrality. Royal Navy ships frequently interdicted U.S. merchant ships trading with France and seized their goods, and at times would impress American sailors. The Federal period (1788–1845) marks the beginning of U.S. international relations. Salem had established trade relations with merchants in distant lands, which were a source of livelihood and prosperity for many. Charles Endicott, master of Salem merchantman Friendship , returned in 1831 to report Sumatran natives had plundered his ship, murdering

13114-466: The Witch Memorial and Burying Point Cemetery, the second oldest burying ground in the United States. The Gedney House is a historic house museum built c.  1665 and is the 2nd oldest house in Salem. One of the most popular houses in Salem is The Witch House , the only structure in Salem with direct ties to the Salem witch trials of 1692. The Witch House is owned and operated by

13272-503: The admissions process. The middle 50% ACT range is 30–33. The April 17, 2008, edition of The Economist noted Bowdoin in an article on university admissions: "So-called 'almost-Ivies' such as Bowdoin and Middlebury also saw record low admission rates this year (18% each). It is now as hard to get into Bowdoin, says the college's admissions director, as it was to get into Princeton in the 1970s." Many students apply for financial aid, and around 85% of those who apply to receive aid. Bowdoin

13430-457: The bottom 60%. Although Bowdoin once had a reputation for homogeneity (both ethnically and socioeconomically), a diversity campaign has increased the percentage of students of color in recent classes to more than 31%. In fact, admission of minorities goes back at least as far as John Brown Russwurm 1826, Bowdoin's first Black college graduate and the third Black graduate of any American college. Course distribution requirements were abolished in

13588-613: The campaign biography of his friend, which depicted him as "a man of peaceful pursuits". Horace Mann said, "If he makes out Pierce to be a great man or a brave man, it will be the greatest work of fiction he ever wrote." In the biography, Hawthorne depicts Pierce as a statesman and soldier who had accomplished no great feats because of his need to make "little noise" and so "withdrew into the background". He also left out Pierce's drinking habits, despite rumors of his alcoholism, and emphasized Pierce's belief that slavery could not "be remedied by human contrivances" but would, over time, "vanish like

13746-502: The campus set heating point from 72 to 68 degrees, and by adhering to its own Green Design Standards in renovations. In addition, Bowdoin runs a single stream recycling program, and its dining services department has begun composting food waste and unbleached paper napkins. Bowdoin received an overall "B−" grade for its sustainability efforts on the College Sustainability Report Card 2009 published by

13904-435: The city, with some residents arguing the city should downplay witch tourism and market itself as a more upscale cultural center. In 2005, the conflict came to a head over plans by the cable television network TV Land to erect a bronze statue of Elizabeth Montgomery , who played the comic witch "Samantha" in the 1960s series Bewitched . A few special episodes of the series were actually filmed in Salem, and TV Land said that

14062-424: The class of 1987 and have been gradually amended since then. Current requirements require one course each in natural sciences, quantitative reasoning, visual and performing arts, international perspectives, and difference, power, and inequity. A small writing-intensive course, called a first-year seminar, is also required. The most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were: In 1990, the Bowdoin faculty voted to change

14220-541: The close of the Pierce administration . The Hawthorne family toured France and Italy until 1860. During his time in Italy, the previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a bushy mustache. The family returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun , his first new book in seven years. Hawthorne admitted that he had aged considerably, referring to himself as "wrinkled with time and trouble". At

14378-783: The co-founders of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota . In 1877, the college would go on to graduate Charles Morse , the American banker who established a near-monopoly of the ice business in New York, which directly led to the financial Panic of 1907 . The college went on to educate and eventually graduate Arctic explorers Robert E. Peary , class of 1877, and Donald B. MacMillan , class of 1898. Robert Peary named Bowdoin Fjord and Bowdoin Glacier after his alma mater. Peary led

14536-443: The college offers a far broader array of recreational opportunities: "If we could have looked forward in time to Bowdoin's standard of living today, we would have been astounded." Since abolishing Greek fraternities in the late 1990s, Bowdoin has switched to a system in which entering students are assigned a "college house" affiliation correlating with their first-year dormitory. While six houses were originally established following

14694-465: The college was on track to meet the 28% own source reduction target, and efforts have continued in the areas of energy conservation, efficiency upgrades and transitioning to lower carbon fuel sources. Bowdoin's facilities are heated by an on-campus heating plant that burns natural gas. Between 2002 and 2008, Bowdoin College decreased its CO 2 emissions by 40%. It achieved that reduction by switching from No. 6 to No. 2 oil in its heating plant, reducing

14852-531: The construction of two new dorms, two were added effective in the fall of 2007, and one added in the fall of 2019, bringing the current total to eight: Baxter, Quinby, MacMillan, Howell, Helmreich, Reed, Burnett, and Boody-Johnson. The college houses are physical buildings around campus that host parties and other events throughout the year. Those students who choose not to live in their affiliated house retain their affiliation and are considered members throughout their Bowdoin career. The largest student group on campus

15010-661: The custom house in Boston, was vulnerable to the politics of the spoils system . Hawthorne was a Democrat and lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848. He wrote a letter of protest to the Boston Daily Advertiser , which was attacked by the Whigs and supported by the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked about event in New England. He

15168-550: The drawbridge at the North River on North Street, preventing British Colonel Alexander Leslie and his 300 troops of the 64th Regiment of Foot from seizing stores and ammunition hidden in North Salem. Both parties came to an agreement and no blood was shed that day, but war broke out at Lexington and Concord soon after. A group of prominent merchants with ties to Salem published a statement retracting what some interpreted as Loyalist leanings and professing their dedication to

15326-492: The end of March 1850. He became friends with Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse , and his unsigned review of the collection was printed in The Literary World on August 17 and August 24 titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses". Melville wrote that these stories revealed

15484-546: The extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent. The Empress of China , formerly a privateer, was refitted as the first American ship to sail from New York to China . By 1790, Salem had become the sixth-largest city in the country, and a world-famous seaport —particularly in the China Trade . It had a large cod fishing industry, conducted off the Newfoundland Banks. It exported codfish to Europe and

15642-418: The few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth. John Neal 's magazine The Yankee published the first substantial public praise of Hawthorne, saying in 1828 that the author of Fanshawe has a "fair prospect of future success." Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer is a very pleasing fact, because his writing is not good for anything, and this

15800-478: The first muster on Salem Common, with more than 1,000 troops taking part in ceremonies and a parade. Samuel McIntire was one of the first architects in the United States, and his work is a prime example of early Federal-style architecture . The Samuel McIntire Historic District is one of the largest concentrations of 17th and 18th century domestic structures in America. It includes McIntire commissions such as

15958-622: The first officer and two crewmen. Following public outcry, President Andrew Jackson ordered the Potomac on the First Sumatran Expedition , which departed New York City on August 19, 1831. In another direction, diplomat Edmund Roberts negotiated a treaty with Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman on September 21, 1833. In 1837, the sultan moved his main place of residence to Zanzibar and welcomed Richard Waters,

16116-442: The first speaker of the House of Deputies. He was a zealous advocate of the personal rights of freemen against royal emissaries and agents. His son Judge John Hathorne came to prominence in the late 17th century when witchcraft was a serious felony. Judge Hathorne is the best known of the witch trial judges, and he became known as the "Hanging Judge" for sentencing accused witches to death. On February 26, 1775, patriots raised

16274-518: The first successful expedition to the North Pole in 1908, and MacMillan, a member of Peary's crew, explored Greenland , Baffin Island , and Labrador in the schooner Bowdoin between 1908 and 1954. Wallace H. White, Jr. , class of 1899, served as Senate Minority Leader from 1944 to 1947 and Senate Majority Leader from 1947 to 1949; George J. Mitchell , class of 1954, served as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995 before assuming an active role in

16432-458: The first woman ever to assume presidency of the college. The acceptance rate for the class of 2027 was 8.0%. The applicant pool consisted of 10,930 candidates, up 16% from 9,376 for the class of 2026. The college received just over 13,200 applications for the class of 2028 – the highest application numbers in the college's history and a continuation of the rise in applications over the past two years. Applications increased by about 20%, surpassing

16590-425: The four-level grading system to the traditional A, B, C, D, and F system. The previous system, consisting of high honors, honors, pass, and fail, was devised primarily to de-emphasize the importance of grades and to reduce competition. In 2002, the faculty decided to change the grading system to incorporate plus and minus grades. In 2006, Bowdoin was named a "Top Producer of Fulbright Awards for American Students" by

16748-645: The funeral: "I thought there was a tragic element in the event, that might be more fully rendered—in the painful solitude of the man, which, I suppose, could no longer be endured, & he died of it." His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, in June 2006, they were reinterred in plots adjacent to Hawthorne. Hawthorne had a particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields . Hawthorne once told Fields, "I care more for your good opinion than for that of

16906-465: The hot soil of my Southern soul." Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse . Poe's assessment was partly informed by his contempt for allegory and moral tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism, though he admitted: The style of Mr. Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective—wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes ... We look upon him as one of

17064-531: The means of doing it." In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem. In 1846, their son Julian was born. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A small troglodyte made his appearance here at ten minutes to six o'clock this morning, who claimed to be your nephew." Daughter Rose was born in May 1851, and Hawthorne called her his "autumnal flower". In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed

17222-600: The meeting house in Town House Square for the first church in Salem. This document remains part of the town records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life. Samuel Skelton was the first pastor of the First Church of Salem , which is the original Puritan church in America. Endecott already had a close relationship with Skelton, having been converted by him, and Endecott considered him as his spiritual father. Salem's harbor

17380-445: The miraculous wealth of thoughts. Poet Ellery Channing came to the Old Manse for help on the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in the river and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find her body. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle of such perfect horror ... She was the very image of death-agony". The incident later inspired

17538-524: The model women of Hawthorne's other novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe to Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Seven Gables —are more fully realized than his male characters, who merely orbit them. This observation is equally true of his short-stories, in which central females serve as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's beautiful but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of " The Birth-Mark ";

17696-417: The most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England , combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution. His later writings also reflect his negative view of

17854-675: The most original, the one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind." Beginning in the 1950s, critics have focused on symbolism and didacticism. The critic Harold Bloom wrote that only Henry James and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's position as the greatest American novelist, although he admitted that he favored James as the greatest American novelist. Bloom saw Hawthorne's greatest works to be principally The Scarlet Letter , followed by The Marble Faun and certain short stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop". According to Hawthorne scholar Rita K. Gollin ,

18012-708: The next day; coincidentally, he was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity on the same day by being blindfolded and placed in a coffin. Longfellow wrote a tribute poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called " The Bells of Lynn ". Hawthorne was buried on what is now known as "Authors' Ridge" in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord , Massachusetts . Pallbearers included Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. , James T. Fields , and Edwin Percy Whipple . Emerson wrote of

18170-499: The novel Fanshawe ; he later tried to suppress it, feeling that it was not equal to the standard of his later work. He published several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales . The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody . He worked at the Boston Custom House and joined Brook Farm , a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts , later moving to Salem,

18328-426: The novel's "morbid intensity" and its dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them", while 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter . Hawthorne and his family moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts , at

18486-684: The now-defunct Athenian Society, included Nathaniel Hawthorne and Franklin Pierce as members. Bowdoin competes in the Standard Platform League of RoboCup as the Northern Bites, where teams compete with five autonomous Aldebaran Nao robots. Bowdoin won the world championship in RoboCup 2007, beating Carnegie Mellon University , and finished 2nd in the 2015 US Open. Bowdoin's student newspaper, The Bowdoin Orient ,

18644-462: The other county seat of Essex County. Salem is bordered by Beverly to the north, Danvers to the northwest, Peabody to the west, Lynn to the south, Swampscott to the southeast, and Marblehead to the southeast. The town's water rights extend along a channel into Massachusetts Bay between the water rights of Marblehead and Beverly. According to the Köppen climate classification , Salem has either

18802-543: The outset of the American Civil War , Hawthorne traveled with William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham Lincoln and other notable figures. He wrote about his experiences in the essay " Chiefly About War Matters " in 1862. Failing health prevented him from completing several more romance novels. Hawthorne was suffering from pain in his stomach and insisted on a recuperative trip with his friend Franklin Pierce, though his neighbor Bronson Alcott

18960-529: The plan, general improvements to Maine's electricity grid will account for 7% of carbon reductions, commuting improvements will account for 1%, and the purchase of renewable energy credits will account for 41%. The plan includes the construction of a solar thermal system, part of the "Thorne Solar Hot Water Project"; cogeneration in the central heating plant (for which Bowdoin received $ 400,000 in federal grants); lighting upgrades to all campus buildings; and modern monitoring systems of energy usage on campus. In 2017,

19118-505: The population (9.1% Dominican , 2.9% Puerto Rican , 0.5% Mexican , 0.3% Guatemalan ). Non-Hispanic Whites were 75.9% of the population in 2010, compared to 95.9% in 1980. There were 17,492 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. Of all households 34.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who

19276-421: The practice was all but eliminated, with many slaves winning their freedom. In 1768, Samuel Hall established Salem's first print shop and founded The Essex Gazette Salem's first newspaper, and the third to emerge in Massachusetts. One of the most widely known aspects of Salem is its history of witchcraft allegations, which started with Abigail Williams , Betty Parris , and their friends playing "with

19434-463: The risk of collecting these stories in the spring of 1837 into the volume Twice-Told Tales , which made Hawthorne known locally. While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne wagered a bottle of Madeira wine with his friend Jonathan Cilley that Cilley would get married before Hawthorne did. By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did not remain a bachelor for life. He had public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody , then he began pursuing Peabody's sister,

19592-724: The scenery of the Berkshires, although Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. They left on November 21, 1851. Hawthorne noted, "I am sick to death of Berkshire ... I have felt languid and dispirited, during almost my whole residence." In May 1852, the Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853. In February, they bought The Hillside, a home previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Alcott and his family, and renamed it The Wayside . Their neighbors in Concord included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau . That year, Hawthorne wrote The Life of Franklin Pierce ,

19750-491: The settlers to survive the first two years, but John Endecott replaced him by order of the Massachusetts Bay Company . Conant stepped aside and was granted 200 acres (0.81 km ) of land in compensation. These "New Planters" and the "Old Planters" agreed to cooperate because of the diplomacy of Conant and Endecott. To recognize this peaceful transition to the new government, the name of the settlement

19908-449: The sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, linchpin of Young Goodman Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims in despair upon seeing his wife at the Witches' Sabbath. Perhaps the most sweeping statement of Hawthorne's impetus comes from Mark Van Doren : "Somewhere, if not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed the image of

20066-492: The stage stop in Portland, and the two became fast friends. Once at the school, he also met future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , future congressman Jonathan Cilley , and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge . He graduated with the class of 1825, and later described his college experience to Richard Henry Stoddard : I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was an idle student, negligent of college rules and

20224-560: The station's primary areas of responsibility. During its first year of operation, Salem crews performed 26 medical evacuations. They flew in all kinds of weather, and the radio direction capabilities of the aircraft were of significant value in locating vessels in distress. During World War II (1939–1945), air crews from Salem flew neutrality patrols along the coast, and the Air Station roster grew to 37 aircraft. Anti-submarine patrols flew regularly. In October 1944, Air Station Salem

20382-408: The statue commemorated the 35th anniversary of those episodes. The statue was sculpted by StudioEIS under the direction of brothers Elliott and Ivan Schwartz. Many felt the statue was good fun and appropriate to a city that promotes itself as "The Witch City", and contains a street named "Witch Way". Others objected to the use of public property for what was transparently commercial promotion. There

20540-565: The time of contact in the early 1600s. Naumkeag was a major settlement for the indigenous group that controlled territory from the Merrimack to the Mystic rivers. The English and other Europeans referred to them as the Naumkeag people . There are probable indigenous settlement sites near the mouths of the North, South, and Forest rivers in Salem. The contact period was a disastrous time for

20698-510: The title in 2007 (defeating Middlebury College ), 2008 (defeating Tufts University ), 2010 (defeating Messiah College ), and 2013 (defeating Salisbury University ). The men's tennis team won the 2016 NCAA Division III Championship after defeating Emory University in Kalamazoo, Michigan . Principal athletic facilities include Whittier Field (capacity: 9,000), Morrell Gymnasium (1,500), Sidney J. Watson Arena (2,300), Pickard Fields, and

20856-569: The top 100 until the 20th century. As of the census of 2010, there were 41,340 people, 19,130 households, and 9,708 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,986.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,925.1/km ). There were 18,175 housing units at an average density of 2,242.7 per square mile (865.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White , 4.9% African American , 0.2% Native American , 2.6% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 6.7% from other races , and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.6% of

21014-472: The trip between Salem and Boston in just under an hour. Bowdoin College The college was a founding member of its athletic conference , the New England Small College Athletic Conference , and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium , an athletic conference and inter-library exchange with Bates College and Colby College . Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams, and the school mascot was selected as

21172-485: The two land causeways to Winter Island), and Juniper Cove. The city is further divided by Collins Cove and the inlet to the North River. The Forest River flows through the southern end of town, along with Strong Water Brook, which feeds Spring Pond at the town's southwestern corner. The town has several parks, as well as conservation land along the Forest River and Camp Lion, which lies east of Spring Pond . The city

21330-583: The world over a dozen times and returned to Salem after each voyage with goods from all over the world. The original was taken by the British during the War of 1812, then stripped and sold in pieces. In 2006, with the assistance of a 1.6 million dollar grant and additional funds provided by the City of Salem, Mayor Driscoll launched The Nathaniel Bowditch , a 92-foot catamaran with a top speed of 30 knots which makes

21488-416: The young author's adolescent humor. Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted that the boy attend college, despite Hawthorne's protests. With the financial support of his uncle, Hawthorne was sent to Bowdoin College in 1821, partly because of family connections in the area, and also because of its relatively inexpensive tuition rate. Hawthorne met future president Franklin Pierce on the way to Bowdoin, at

21646-408: Was $ 1.5 million. But in the short term, there are multiple lower-cost items, like a proposed $ 15,000 kayak dock or $ 50,000 to relocate and improve the bathhouse. This is a very important project since Fort Pickering guarded Salem Harbor as far back as the 17th century. In 1637, the first muster was held on Salem Common , where for the first time a regiment of militia drilled for the common defense of

21804-450: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.95. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males. The median income for

21962-428: Was a reclusive person. Throughout her early life, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments. She was mostly bedridden until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long and happy marriage. He referred to her as his "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, my sole companion; and I need no other—there

22120-650: Was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Dutch Suriname ; he had been a member of the East India Marine Society . After his death, his widow moved with young Nathaniel, his older sister Elizabeth , and their younger sister Louisa to live with relatives named the Mannings in Salem, where they lived for 10 years. Young Hawthorne was hit on the leg while playing "bat and ball" on November 10, 1813, and he became lame and bedridden for

22278-635: Was among the wealthiest and most celebrated of post-Revolutionary merchants in Salem. Derby was also the owner of the Grand Turk, the first New England vessel to trade with China and the second, after the Empress of China, to sail from the United States. Thomas H. Perkins was his supercargo and established strong ties with the Chinese and garnered the Forbes fortune through his illegal opium sales. Salem

22436-499: Was better than The Scarlet Letter and called "the most valuable contribution to New England history that has been made." He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work written in the first person. He also published A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys in 1851, a collection of short stories retelling myths that he had been thinking about writing since 1846. Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing reported that Hawthorne "has suffered much living in this place". The family enjoyed

22594-539: Was changed to Salem, the hellenized name of Shalem (שָׁלֵם), the royal city of Melchizedek , which is identified with Jerusalem . In 1628, Endecott ordered that the Great House be moved from Cape Ann, reassembling it on Washington Street north of Church Street. Francis Higginson wrote that "we found a faire house newly built for the Governor" which was remarkable for being two stories high. A year later,

22752-540: Was concerned that Hawthorne was too ill. While on a tour of the White Mountains , he died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire . Pierce sent a telegram to Elizabeth Peabody asking her to inform Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Mrs. Hawthorne was too saddened by the news to handle the funeral arrangements herself. Hawthorne's son Julian, a freshman at Harvard College , learned of his father's death

22910-543: Was deep enough to host a seadrome with three sea lanes, offering a variety of take-off headings irrespective of wind direction unless there was a strong steady wind from the east. This produced enormous waves that swept into the mouth of the harbor and hampered water operations. When the seadrome was too rough, returning amphibian aircraft used the Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Beverly . Salem Air Station moved to Cape Cod in 1970. In 2011,

23068-491: Was deeply affected by the death of his mother in late July, calling it "the darkest hour I ever lived". He was appointed the corresponding secretary of the Salem Lyceum in 1848. Guests who came to speak that season included Emerson, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz , and Theodore Parker . Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850, including a preface that refers to his three-year tenure in

23226-519: Was defended by Fort Miller in Marblehead from 1632 to 1865, and by Fort Pickering on Winter Island from 1643 to 1865. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Salem was involved in the Atlantic slave trade , surpassing Boston in terms of the town's engagement with the triangular trade . Beginning in 1701 there was a steady political and social effort in Massachusetts to end slavery and by 1770

23384-560: Was designated as the first Air-Sea Rescue station on the eastern seaboard. The Martin PBM Mariner , a hold-over from the war, became the primary rescue aircraft. In the mid-1950s, helicopters came, as did Grumman HU-16 Albatross amphibious flying boats (UFs). The air station's missions included search and rescue, law enforcement, counting migratory waterfowl for the U.S. Biological Survey, and assisting icebound islands by delivering provisions. The station's surviving facilities are part of Salem's Winter Island Marine Park. Salem Harbor

23542-446: Was established at Juniper Point, a peninsula jutting into the harbor. Prosperity left the city with a wealth of fine architecture, including Federal-style mansions designed by one of America's first architects , Samuel McIntire, for whom the city's largest historic district is named. These homes and mansions now make up the greatest concentrations of notable pre-1900 domestic structures in the United States. Shipping declined throughout

23700-406: Was in command of the 20th Maine in defense of Little Round Top . Major General Oliver Otis Howard , class of 1850, led the Freedmen's Bureau after the war and later founded Howard University ; Massachusetts Governor John Andrew , class of 1837, was responsible for the formation of the 54th Massachusetts ; and William P. Fessenden (1823) and Hugh McCulloch (1827) both served as Secretary of

23858-442: Was incorporated as a city on March 23, 1836, and adopted a city seal in 1839 with the motto " Divitis Indiae usque ad ultimum sinum ", Latin for "To the rich East Indies until the last lap." Nathaniel Hawthorne was overseer of Salem's port from 1846 until 1849. He worked in the U.S. Custom House across the street from the port near Pickering Wharf, his setting for the beginning of The Scarlet Letter . In 1858, an amusement park

24016-522: Was known to educate the sons of the political elite and "catered very largely to the wealthy conservative from the state of Maine." During the first half of the 19th century, Bowdoin required of its students a certificate of "good moral character" as well as knowledge of Latin and Ancient Greek , geography, algebra, and the major works of Cicero , Xenophon , Virgil and Homer . Harriet Beecher Stowe started writing her influential anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin , in Brunswick while her husband

24174-411: Was not until 1686, when the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter was recalled by King James II in the creation of the Dominion of New England that Wenepoykin's heirs pressed their claim to the land of Salem, for which they were paid twenty pounds. Colonists settled Naumkeag in 1626 when a company of fishermen arrived from Cape Ann led by Roger Conant . Conant's leadership provided the stability for

24332-403: Was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation." Critics have applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of women. Feminist scholars are interested particularly in Hester Prynne : they recognize that while she herself could not be the "destined prophetess" of the future, the "angel and apostle of the coming revelation" must nevertheless "be

24490-433: Was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience. In the preface to The House of the Seven Gables , Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture". The picture, Daniel Hoffman found,

24648-419: Was ranked tied for 6th best overall among liberal arts colleges in the United States, tied at 3rd for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 7th in "Best Value Schools", and tied at 23rd for "Most Innovative Schools". In the 2022 Forbes college rankings, Bowdoin was ranked 48th overall among 498 universities, liberal arts colleges, and service academies and 7th among private liberal arts colleges. Bowdoin College

24806-408: Was teaching at the college, and Brigadier General (and Brevet Major General ) Joshua Chamberlain , a Bowdoin alumnus and professor, was present at the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House in 1865. Chamberlain, a Medal of Honor recipient who later served as governor of Maine , adjutant-general of Maine, and president of Bowdoin, fought at Gettysburg , where he

24964-402: Was wild then, with only scattered clearings, and nine tenths of it primeval woods." In 1819, he was sent back to Salem for school and soon complained of homesickness and being too far from his mother and sisters. He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in August and September 1820 for fun. The homemade newspaper was written by hand and included essays, poems, and news featuring

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