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66-532: The municipality is known for its natural environment, and is dubbed as the tourism capital of the province of Quirino. The town's name was derived from the native word nagtipunan meaning “convergence point,” in reference to several major tributaries of the Cagayan River in Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya and Qurino meeting at points within this area. The Municipality of Nagtipunan was formerly a part of Maddela. It

132-587: A four-day convention. The resolution called for the erection of a monument in honor of the country's National Hero José Rizal in Ilagan public plaza located in barangay Bagumbayan. The fortunes of Isabela as a province and Ilagan as a town followed a similar path to the rest of the country's history as a commonwealth nation and as a free republic in 1942, the Japanese occupation , liberation, political and military independence to this day. On June 19, 1945, Ilagan

198-521: A groundwater reserve of 47,895 million cubic meters. The Cagayan River and its tributaries are subject to extensive flooding during the monsoon season in Southeast Asia from May to October. The average annual rainfall in 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the northern part and 3,000 millimetres (120 in) in the southern mountains where the river's headwaters lie. Water from the mountains flow down very slowly because of surface retention over

264-628: A hundred years after the Spanish acquired them. In its desire to serve its parishioners, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan hosted a Social Action Center which would help the farmers. In the Social Action Center's newsletter, the "Courier," researcher Sabino Padilla Jr. documented and exposed the ways by which Cojuangco, Carag, the provincial government, and the military harassed the farmers who were supposed to get

330-502: A provincial wide payout in the three cities and 34 municipalities of the province of Isabela . AICS assisted more than 42,000 individuals amounting to a total of P140 million in payout which included assistance for Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs), Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), Indigenous Peoples (IPs), teachers, the transport sector, and fishermen; and collaborate with partner agencies. The BPSF also included other province-wide activities such as scholarship programs from

396-557: Is 83 kilometres (52 mi) south of Tuguegarao and 398 kilometres (247 mi) north of Metro Manila (linked by a national highway via Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya ). Ilagan City is politically subdivided into 91 barangays , the highest number of barangays in the province.   Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Currently, 13 barangays in the city are considered urban (highlighted in bold ). Barangays are grouped into four clusters, namely Poblacion, Eastern, Western, and San Antonio. As of December 31, 2022,

462-660: Is an attached agency of the Department of Agriculture (DA) that serves as the primary plant breeding institution in Cagayan Valley . It is one of the Bureau of Agricultural Research ’s active partners in research and development in the region. It is located in Barangay San Felipe along Maharlika Highway . Ilagan has rich forest resources. Hectares of forest land are strictly protected by authorities like

528-534: Is now a tourist destination in the city. The tunnels are believed to have served as headquarters of the Japanese soldiers. By the turn of the 1950s, the new Poblacion was located uphill from the old Saint Ferdinand Parish Church, formerly known as Saint Ferdinand Cathedral in barangay Bagumbayan to barangay San Vicente, which is the site of the current City Hall. When Ferdinand Marcos' September 1972 declaration of Martial law began 14 years of authoritarian rule,

594-656: Is now transferred to the Cathedral of Saint Michael the Archangel in Gamu, Isabela. The Saint Ferdinand Parish was built in a baroque style in 1612and is located in barangay Bagumbayan. There are also Protestants , Baptist , Church of Christ , Adventists , Born Again groups, Victory Christian Fellowship , Latter Day Saints , Jehovah's Witnesses , Islam , and Philippine-based groups like Iglesia ni Cristo , and Members Church of God International (MCGI) that account to

660-445: Is politically subdivided into 16 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Poverty incidence of Nagtipunan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Natural attractions include: Nagtipunan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Quirino , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with

726-407: Is used primarily in communication for government publications, local newsprints, road signs, and commercial signs, and in doing official business transactions in the city. As of the 2020 census, Imelda Bliss Village is the most populous barangay with 7,951 people while Carikkikan Sur is the least populous barangay with just 208 people. The rapid increase of the population in Ilagan is attributed to

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792-539: The City of Ilagan ( Ibanag : Siudad nat Ilagan ; Ilocano : Siudad ti Ilagan ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Ilagan ), is a 1st class component city and capital of the province of Isabela , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 158,218 people making it the most populous city in the province and the second most-populous in Cagayan Valley after Tuguegarao . As of 2022, it also had

858-597: The Cordillera Mountains in the west, Sierra Madre in the east and the Caraballo Mountains in the south. The river has a drainage area of about 27,300 square kilometres (10,500 sq mi). in the provinces of Apayao , Aurora , Cagayan, Ifugao , Isabela, Kalinga , Mountain Province , Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino. The estimated annual discharge is 53,943 million cubic meters with

924-493: The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), several NGOs , and the Local Government Unit . In 2018, the Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office No. 02 has pledged to intensify the promotion of mushroom production in Cagayan Valley through the establishment of the region’s research and development center for the mushroom industry. The DA’s Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) funded

990-655: The English language , due to the relocation of the site of the capital from Naguilian Baculod to its present site in barangay San Vicente. The move was due to the economy and security of the town. Another etymology, according to Fr. Julian Malumbres, Ilagan derived its name from the word laga , an Ibanag word for smallpox during the town's founding in 1686 when the disease was widespread. [REDACTED]   Spain 1587–1898 [REDACTED]   United States of America 1898–1942 [REDACTED]   Japan 1942–1945 [REDACTED]   Philippines 1946–present The town

1056-628: The Provincial Government Act 210 that re-established Isabela and other provinces in the Philippines. Rafael Maramag, a former municipal president (mayor) of Ilagan was appointed as the first governor. The act then re-established Ilagan as the provincial capital. On November 13, 1925, Gaffud approved a resolution filed by all Municipal Presidents of the Isabela (the counterpart of the present-day Mayor's League ) following

1122-553: The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). Other activities included livelihood assistance for various sectors in pre-identified eligible recipients across Isabela. The Department of Health (DOH) shared their Lab for All program, or the giving of free medical services closer to the people. While the Department of Agriculture (DA), spearheaded

1188-441: The plebiscite held on March 14, 1999, turned down its bid for cityhood. The majority of the people voted no in that event under the mayoralty of Mercedes P. Uy. On March 2, 2005, House bill no. 3847 was filed and approved by the house and transmitted for the cityhood of Ilagan but remained pending concurrence in the senate. The bill did not go through when mayor Delfinito C. Albano was gunned down by three unidentified men in

1254-586: The provinces of Nueva Vizcaya , Quirino , Isabela and Cagayan . The river's headwaters are at the Caraballo Mountains of the Central Luzon at an elevation of approximately 1,524 metres (5,000 ft). The river flows north for some 505 kilometres (314 mi) to its mouth at the Babuyan Channel near the town of Aparri , Cagayan . The river drops rapidly to 91 metres (299 ft) above sea level some 227 kilometres (141 mi) from

1320-556: The river mouth . Both Magat and Chico Rivers have extensive drainage areas which comprise about 1/3 of the whole basin. The Ilagan River originates from the western slopes of the Sierra Madre and drains the eastern central portion of the Cagayan River basin with an estimated yearly discharge of 9,455 million cubic meters. It flows westward and joins the Cagayan River at Ilagan, Isabela , 200 kilometres (120 mi) from

1386-462: The 19th century owing to the accessibility of the land and vast opportunities in the area straddling the present-day provinces of Cagayan and Nueva Vizcaya . It was proclaimed a province by a Royal Decree and named Isabela de Luzon on the first day of May in 1856. There are three native languages in Ilagan: Ibanag , Ilocano , and Tagalog , which make it a multilingual city. English

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1452-510: The BPSF program went to Cagayan Valley , marking its eighth installment nationwide. With the aim of the national government delivering quality services closer to clients. Among the lined-up activities are Rise Up Financing, Online Business Name Registration, Barangay Micro Business Name Registration, One Town, One Product (OTOP) Mini Fair, Diskwento Caravan, Product Standard Showcase, and Negosyo Center Business Counseling Services. Under

1518-545: The Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years. The Schools Division of Quirino governs the town's public education system. The division office is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout

1584-657: The Spanish authorities propelled the natives to dissent in the Mallig and the Ilagan- Tumauini territories in what was known as the Gaddang Revolution . The natives abandoned their settlement after burning their church and houses until 1622 when the Spanish government pardoned and exempted them from paying tribute within three years. After the Gaddang revolt, the natives re-established their settlement upon

1650-472: The Spanish missionaries who penetrated deeply into the region was Pedro Jimenez, who founded Ilagan. The town of Bolo was founded by the Dominicans in 1619 in honor of Saint Ferdinand of Castile . The old Bolo was situated on the western side of Cagayan River in what is known today as barangay Naguilian-Baculod . The cultural shock brought by the dominating social and economic regulations introduced by

1716-628: The city government created the Ilagan Development Authority (ILAGANDA) which is aimed to transform Ilagan into a liveable city in the year 2030. On November 25–26, 2023, the City of Ilagan hosted the biggest and largest serbisyo caravan in the country, the Bagong Pilipinas Serbisyo Fair held at the City of Ilagan Sports Complex and Isabela National High School . The event saw the first time that

1782-427: The city's population. These religious organizations have their own temples and churches sparsely located in the city. Poverty incidence of Ilagan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority At present, Ilagan has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the province of Isabela as well as in the whole Cagayan Valley over the past years. The city is the primary growth center and investment hub of

1848-582: The construction of the Cagayan Valley Mushroom Research and Development Center which aims to support the agency’s activities on processing of agricultural waste into sustainable and competitive mushroom production towards food security and safety in the region. The Department of Agriculture, through its research centers and experiment stations, had already initiated trainings on production and processing to interested farmers, cooperatives and local government units. The modern facility

1914-500: The current growth of economic activities especially in the sectors of Commerce, Industry, Agriculture, and Housing. Ilagan is one of the 145 emerging cities in the Philippines with more than 100,000 residents. Statistics from the Philippine Statistics Authority show that Ilagan had a population 131,24311 in 2007, which increased to 135,174 people in the 2010 census making Ilagan as the most populous city in

1980-493: The distribution and sale of seafood. Agencies like the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA), National Food Authority (NFA), and the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) also provided livelihood, legal, and other relevant social services to

2046-512: The distribution of financial assistance for farmers, seeds and fertilizers, and farm equipments and machineries. Products of farmers and fishermen were also on sale through the KADIWA ng Pangulo as a way to promote locally produced products. All of the products displayed were made affordable, fresh, and pesticide-safe for the consumers. The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) also turned over fish cages, fish feeds, and fingerlings for

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2112-411: The efforts of Fr. Pedro Jimenez in 1678 on the east side of the river thereby giving the legendary name for Ilagan which is the reverse of the word nagali meaning move or transfer . The Dominicans accepted the settlement as an ecclesiastical mission given the name San Fernando de Ilagan in honor of its patron, Saint Ferdinand of Castile. On May 4, 1686, Ilagan was founded and missionaries converted

2178-510: The end of the Marcos regime. In 1983, soldiers went as far as to raid the residence of the Bishop of Ilagan, Miguel Purugganan , in search of alleged rebels and firearms. They found none but continued to keep Bishop Puruggananan and the church workers under him under military surveillance. On February 2, 1998, congress passed Republic Act 8474 which sought to convert Ilagan into a city. But

2244-487: The entry of eight banks and financial institutions in just several months. The Local Government of Ilagan responded positively to these developments by the enactment of legislative measures including the provision of the Investment Incentive Code which provided for tax incentives to investments. These measures eventually opened the floodgates for big investments to enter the local market that included

2310-593: The establishments of malls like the Xentro Mall ( formerly called Northstar Mall ) and Talavera Square Mall. There are also thousands of commercial establishments composed of distributors, retail and wholesale. Pawnshops, lending companies, insurance agencies, cooperatives, and other financial institutions are spread all over the city. Agriculture and fishery remain the main backbone of Ilagan's economy. There are almost 23,803 hectares that are cultivated land and 314 hectares are utilized for fish culture. However,

2376-400: The extensive flood plain , the gorges in the gently-sloping mountains and the meandering course of the river. Inundations of the Cagayan River and its tributaries have caused great loss of life and property and substantial losses to the local and national economies. The Philippine government has established several flood warning stations along the river. Experts are specifically monitoring

2442-656: The fish travel down the river to release their eggs at the river mouth near Aparri. In February, ludong fry by the millions are again caught in fine nets as these travel upstream. Due to the dwindling number of ludong caught yearly, local governments have imposed a ban on catching the fish and its fry, but the ban has failed. The river traverses four provinces: Nueva Vizcaya , Quirino , Isabela and Cagayan . These provinces have an approximate population of two million people, mostly farmers and indigenous tribesmen. The Ibanag people derive their tribe's name from Cagayan River's ancient name, Bannag . The Gaddang tribe lived in

2508-656: The floods along the river when its floodgates opened due to a potential overflow. The Cagayan River passes through one of the few remaining primary forests in the Philippines. It supports the lives of numerous endemic and endangered species, like the Luzon bleeding-heart pigeon ( Gallicolumba luzonica ), Philippine eagle ( Pithecophaga jefferyi ) and a rare riverine fish, locally called ludong ( Cestreaus plicatilis ). The ludong spawns in Cagayan River's upper reaches in Jones, Isabela . In late October until mid-November,

2574-411: The following barangays are considered urban: Alibagu, Baculud, Bagumbayan, Baligatan, Calamagui 1st, Calamagui 2nd, Centro Poblacion, Guinatan, Imelda Bliss Village, Osmeña, San Vicente, Santa Barbara, and Santa Isabel Sur. Ilagan has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) with consistently hot temperatures year-round, a dry season from January to April, and a wet season from May to December. Of

2640-528: The habitation of the Philippines believed to have started 26,000 years ago with various strains of Aetas , then Indonesians coming 5,000 years ago and the Malays in droves starting 200 years B.C. up to 1500 A.D. Trade and cultural relations with Chinese preceded the 16th-century incursion of the Spaniards . Ilocanos who already developed their own distinct traits were recorded to have migrated massively in

2706-525: The initiative, Isabela residents received P152 million worth of cash, while a total of P500 million went to programs and services. The program benefited at least 100,000 recipients, with a total of 26 government agencies participating in the event, providing over 195 services. Among the services included is the Department of Social Welfare and Development ’s (DSWD) Assistance to Individuals in Crisis Situations (AICS) program, which provided

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2772-540: The land. This all led to a protest march in joined by 12,000 protesters from all over Isabela , and eventually, for 4,000 farmers to finally get the titles to their land. But it also earned the ire of the administration. In 1982, Padilla and 12 others were arrested by the regime and jailed under poor conditions at the Bayombong , Nueva Vizcaya Stockade of the Philippine Constabulary until almost

2838-400: The lower reaches from Tuguegarao to Aparri and the alluvial plain from Ilagan to Tumauini, Isabela . In November 2020, after the onslaught of Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses), the river reached its peak level and caused floods along its vicinity due to the rainfall accumulated from the typhoon. This flooding was one of the worst floods in the river's history. The Magat Dam also contributed to

2904-542: The mineral-rich Cordillera Mountains near the headwaters of the two tributary rivers. The provincial governments along the river have also developed tourism programs that offer activities on the river, particularly whitewater rafting . From mouth to source: The Pan-Philippine Highway generally follows the course of the river from Echague until the Magapit Suspension Bridge where it continues west. Ilagan, Isabela Ilagan , officially

2970-461: The most number of voters in the province with 101,050 electorates. With a total land area of 116,626 hectares (288,190 acres), it is the largest city on the island of Luzon and the fourth largest city in land area in the Philippines, after Davao City , Puerto Princesa , and Zamboanga City . From an inversion of the Ibanag word nagali reversed to ilagan which means move or transfer in

3036-530: The mouth. The Siffu-Mallig system lies on the slope of the Central Cordillera ranges flowing almost parallel to the Magat River. Marshes and swamps are found in some parts of its lower reaches. Cagayan River and its tributaries have deposited sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary origin, mostly limestone sands and clays, throughout the relatively flat Cagayan Valley which is surrounded by

3102-575: The municipality. Cagayan River The Cagayan River , also known as the Río Grande de Cagayán , is the longest river and the largest river by discharge volume of water in the Philippines . It has a total length of approximately 505 kilometres (314 mi) and a drainage basin covering 27,753 square kilometres (10,715 sq mi). It is located in the Cagayan Valley region in northeastern part of Luzon Island and traverses

3168-492: The natives to Catholicism . Ilagan was made the capital town of Cagayan Valley when Brig. Manuel Sanchez Mira was then the governor of the whole territory. In 1763, Ilagan was the scene of the revolt led by Dabo and Juan Marayag against the collection of tribute, the enforcement of tobacco monopoly committed by the friars during the Spanish colonization . On May 1, 1856, Ilagan became the capital town when Isabela de Luzon

3234-477: The night of June 27, 2006, in Quezon City . The campaign used the term C-U-DAD Ilagan for the cityhood status of Ilagan. On February 27, 2012, Ilagan renewed its bid for cityhood as sponsored by House bill no. 5917 . Local officials of the town expressed support for the town's conversion into a city. On May 22, 2012, the congress approved the cityhood bill of Ilagan on its House resolution no. 144 and

3300-462: The province of Isabela , including the municipality of Ilagan became a center of both conflict and protest when Marcos cronies Danding Cojuangco and Antonio Carag managed to block a Spanish-era grant which was supposed to see the return of Hacienda San Antonio and Hacienda Santa Isabel in Ilagan to local farmers. Cojuangco and Carag purchased the two haciendas themselves, displacing tens of thousands of farmers who were supposed to get those lands back

3366-504: The province of Isabela and the second in Cagayan Valley after Tuguegarao . In the 2020 census, the population of Ilagan, was 158,218 people, with a density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile. Ilagan's population is predominantly Roman Catholic . The Diocese of Ilagan has 39 catholic churches all over the province of Isabela. Its former seat was in Saint Ferdinand Parish, then it

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3432-550: The recipients. Other regulatory functions of the Philippine National Police (PNP), Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Land Transportation Office (LTO), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), Social Security System (SSS), PhilHealth , Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), and the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) also extended their programs and services during

3498-557: The region due to the rapid commercialization and stabilization of the different sectors involved in its economy. The transformation of Ilagan into a fast-growing city in Cagayan Valley became evident upon the assumption into office of then Mayor Josemarie L. Diaz, the re-structuring of the economic landscape of the city and the eventual transformation of its business climate into a business-friendly environment successfully lured multi-national companies in investing their capitals into its market. The economic boom began to engulf Ilagan with

3564-501: The river mouth. Its principal tributaries are the Pinacanauan , Chico , Siffu , Mallig , Magat and Ilagan Rivers . Magat River , is the largest tributary with an estimated annual discharge of 9,808 million cubic meters. It lies in the southwestern portion of the basin , stretching approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Nueva Vizcaya down to its confluence with Cagayan River about 55 kilometres (34 mi) from

3630-507: The river's fish stocks. With worsening weather patterns and regular severe storms, even traditional agricultural means are insufficient to feed families although they were bountiful in the past century, leading to the more aggressive use of destructive techniques. This has been part of a vicious cycle of environmental degradation . Families still go to the banks of the river and its tributaries to wash clothes or have picnics. Until recently, boatmen would provide ferry service. For example,

3696-444: The storage needs of farmers during the harvest season. Of all cities in the country, Ilagan ranks as the top producer of corn . As an agriculture-based city, it produces ample supply of corn , rice , vegetables , and legumes . Fruits like bananas are year-round products, especially in the mountainous areas of the city. Ilagan also produces seasonal fruits such as mangoes and pomelo . The Cagayan Valley Research Center (CVRC)

3762-636: The suitable farm area of Ilagan is 32,153.19 hectares with potential for crops, livestock, and fish production. This figure shows that a significant percentage (24.99%) is not being fully utilized for agricultural production leaving them idle and underutilized. Most of the industries in the city are agri-based. For the last ten years, there has been a great number of local investment in poultry and hog raising. There are seven poultry contract growers and 33 small and medium-scale hog raisers in Ilagan. Other support facilities, warehouses, and small rice mills, strategically located in different barangays of Ilagan address

3828-486: The total 1,166.26 km land area of Ilagan; 31% are agricultural , 36% are forest areas, and the remaining 33% are built-up areas and open grassland areas that are available for industrial, commercial and residential uses. Ilagueños today reflect a combination of indigenous, Chinese , and Hispanic descent. The core community was composed of tribes notably the Agta, Ibanag , Gaddang , Yogad, and Kalinga which mirrors

3894-589: The towns of Lasam and Gattaran are directly across the river from each other. A crossing by boat was the most convenient, but emergencies could be dangerous, such as having to fetch the doctor in Gattaran during a storm at night. Now the best way is by vehicle over the Magapit bridge . There are dams in two of the river's tributaries, the Magat and Chico Rivers , and there are also several mining concessions in

3960-573: The two-day caravan. The city is located in the central portion of the province of Isabela. It is bounded by nine municipalities: on the north by the municipalities of Divilacan , Tumauini , and Delfin Albano ; on the west by the municipality of Quirino ; on the east by the municipalities of Divilacan and Palanan , and the Pacific Ocean ; and on the south by the municipalities of Gamu , Naguilian , Benito Soliven and San Mariano . Ilagan

4026-412: The upper reaches of the Cagayan River and its tributaries. The river drains a fertile valley that produces a variety of crops, including rice, corn, bananas, coconut, mangoes, citrus and tobacco. Fish were a plentiful source of nutrition for centuries, but in recent decades issues such as fertilizer runoff , destructive fishing methods and a burgeoning human population have led to a great decline in

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4092-399: Was created on February 25, 1983, by virtue of Batas Pambansa No. 345 and approved in a plebiscite held on September 24, 1983. As the second largest municipality in the Philippines , it occupies a land area of 1,607.40 square kilometers, nearly half of the province itself. Nagtipunan is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Cabarroguis and 326 kilometres (203 mi) from Manila . Nagtipunan

4158-597: Was founded. Present-day Ilagan is an area that was detached from the old province of Nueva Vizcaya . The first municipal president of the town, Rafael Maramag, added luster to the history of his hometown by becoming the first governor of the province of Isabela after its reorganization by the Americans in 1901. On August 4, 1901, the American occupation under the United States - Philippine Commission enacted

4224-482: Was liberated from the Japanese Army as part of the liberation campaign with the combined forces of 14th Infantry, United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL), under the command of Lt Col. Romulo A. Manriquez, and the 37th Division of the U.S. Sixth Army against the Japanese. During this era, a man-made tunnel was constructed from the sweat and blood of detained Ilagueños and it

4290-431: Was signed by then President Benigno Aquino III on June 21, 2012. Plebiscite was held on August 11, 2012, with a majority of votes voting yes under the leadership of Josemarie L. Diaz. By virtue of Republic Act 10169 , Ilagan was then proclaimed as a new component city, the third in the province of Isabela and the fourth in Cagayan Valley on the same day by COMELEC Commissioner Armando Velasco. On August 28, 2019,

4356-441: Was then called by its native Gaddang settlers as Bolo during the pre-Spanish conquest era. It was one of the populous settlements during that period and the site of the vast tobacco plantation in the region making it one of the most important economic areas in northern Luzon. In 1581, Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa sent Capt. Juan Pablo Carreon to explore Cagayan Valley as well as to establish missions. Among

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