137-545: Cagayan Valley ( Ilocano : Tanap ti Cagayan ; Filipino : Lambak ng Cagayan ), designated as Region II , is an administrative region in the Philippines . Located in the northeastern section of Luzon , it is composed of five Philippine provinces : Batanes , Cagayan , Isabela , Nueva Vizcaya , and Quirino . The region hosts four chartered cities: Cauayan , Ilagan , Santiago , and Tuguegarao (the regional center and largest city). Most of its land area lies in
274-496: A gene bank , and value chain analysis. It targets a 233% increase in yield — from 4.5 tons per hectare ha (t/ha) to 15 t/ha — and a 60% reduction in post-harvest losses from 25% to 10% by 2019. The targets are part of the Citrus Industry Strategic S&;T Program (ISP) of DoST-PCAARRD. By the end of 2017, the program team is expected to produce value chain maps for calamansi , orange , and pomelo in
411-666: A command outpost or Commandancia in the Upper Pampanga River area was established. Then Governor-General Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (July 25, 1690, to December 8, 1701) had most likely spent much of his time in the northern outpost in Carranglan and Pantabangan and, baking in the fiercely hot climate, probably waxed nostalgic about his hometown in Écija , Andalusia in Spain, which was also known as "la sarten" (the frying pan) because of its intensely hot summers. Thus
548-525: A hundred years after the Spanish accosted them. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan led efforts to support the farmers in their cause, succeeding in forcing the Marcos administration to finally concede land titles to 4,000 farmers, but earning the ire of the dicatatorship against leading church figures such as Ilagan Bishop Miguel Purugganan , Diocesan Social Action Center researcher Sabino "Abe" Padilla, and
685-555: A land-based trade system. Their idea for establishing this depended on something they were masters at: building railways. The American colonial government thought a railway could help boost Nueva Ecija's economic growth, in the same way that the US railway system helped unite and develop the economy of the North American continent. What made the railway project attractive was that it was less expensive than building roads. At first run by
822-487: A melting pot of cultures and influences, the results of which are still evident in present-day Novo Ecijano culture. As the tobacco monopoly fuelled further unrest, Spain finally abolished the monopoly on December 3, 1882. It was only then that they could all once again grow rice for food. One distinct feature of the 1896 revolution against Spain in Nueva Ecija was that it was led by the elite, ruling class instead of
959-544: A migration policy for Ilokanos into those provinces; the natives of Apayao called Isnag become minority there. After the People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement against Marcos decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in her new cabinet, which included individuals who had aligned themselves with
1096-771: A million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines . Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that
1233-520: A new beginning for Nueva Ecija and its people. Commercial, interprovincial trade was carried out using the Rio Grande de Pampanga as main waterway, with trade outposts in San Isidro and Talipapa. Traders from Bulacan , Tondo and Manila regularly came to Nueva Ecija to carry back rice, palay, tobacco, sugar, corn and livestock. Americans, however, wanted to shift from water-borne trade to
1370-601: A pivotal role in preserving and publishing Ilocano literary works, including the earliest known text of Biag ni Lam-ang . While there is no official dialectology for Ilocano, the usually agreed dialects of Ilocano are two, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six. Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop: The letter in bold
1507-742: A population of 9,165 in 1845, the annexation of new territories three years later pegged the population at 69,135. In 1818, Nueva Ecija annexed the towns of Palanan from Isabela , as well as Baler, Casiguran, Infanta (formerly called Binangonan de Lampon) and Polillo Islands from Tayabas, and Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and part of Rizal. Other changes occurred in the following years until, in 1901, Nueva Ecija's northern municipalities of Balungao , Rosales , San Quintin and Umingan were annexed to Pangasinan . Nueva Ecija's shifting political boundaries in fact necessitated transferring its provincial capital four times. Still, these changes proved ultimately beneficial to Nueva Ecija, as they resulted in
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#17327655596301644-821: A private company, the US colonial government took over the ownership and management of the railway system by 1917. The Americans were soon proven right: trade conducted through the railways boosted Nueva Ecija's income by 25% while transport costs went down by 25% to as much as 75%. With the train able to transport more goods and more people at a cheaper rate, the railway helped spark a rice boom in Gapan , San Isidro , Cabanatuan , Santa Rosa and Penaranda . Farmers could devote more land to growing rice and even secondary crops like onions and watermelons. More rice mills, farmers and farmer settlers came to Nueva Ecija. By 1936, there were 42 rice mills in Nueva Ecija, owned mostly by Chinese. The agriculture-based economic boom brought about by
1781-600: A substrate of Agtas , Negritos who are food-gatherers with no fixed abodes , overlaid by Ilongots and others in a number of tribes, some of whom were fierce head-hunters (they have given up the practice), with the latest but largest element of the population being the Ilocanos , closely followed by the Ibanags . Cagayan Valley comprises five provinces , one independent city , three component cities , 89 municipalities , and 2,311 barangays. • Figures for Isabela include
1918-467: A syllable onset or coda . The phoneme /h/ is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant haan ) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as [re.loh] , the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/ . However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/ , with
2055-534: A system that is termed as an abugida , or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before
2192-593: A territory with rich land resources nourished by an excellent river system composed of the Pampanga , Talavera and Penaranda rivers. This would help lay the foundation for Nueva Ecija's abundant agricultural economy starting with the American Occupation in the early 20th century. Maintaining the Philippines as a colony became a challenge for the Spanish Empire . Expenses incurred in running
2329-489: A translation of St. Vincent Ferrer’s sermons by Fr. Antonio Mejia. The 19th century witnessed the rise of Leona Florentino , who has been recognized as the " National Poetess of the Philippines ," although her sentimental poetry received criticism from modern readers for lacking depth and structure. The early 20th century brought forth notable Ilocano writers such as Manuel Arguilla , whose prose effectively captured
2466-401: A unique variety of white uvi . Sugarcane is raised to produce palek , a kind of native wine, and vinegar. Tourism also contributes to the province's thriving economy. Cagayan Valley being the country's second largest region in terms of land area. As of 2022, Cagayan Valley region remains to be the top producer of corn in the whole country and second in rice production. Isabela is now dubbed as
2603-572: A vibrant reflection of the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ilocano people, tracing its origins to their animistic past. It encompasses a profound backdrop of mythology, folklore, and superstition, all rooted in a tradition of oral history shaped by cultural evolution. Key narratives include creation myths featuring figures such as Aran, Angalo, and Namarsua, the Creator, alongside tales of benevolent and malevolent spirits that are integral to
2740-413: A year. Cagayan's coastline is one of the longest in the country having almost 73% of Cagayan Valley Region's coastal seaboards. This is aside from the large rivers and their tributaries, lakes, creeks and streams which are also rich fishing and aquaculture grounds. Untapped coastal fishing grounds stretch from the towns of Santa Praxedes in the west to Santa Ana on the east, on its northern coast facing
2877-715: Is laud /la.ʔud/ ('west'). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ.ˈnom] for danum ('water'). The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic . Example: uso 'use'; oso 'bear' Unlike u and o , i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ] , like ubíng [ʊ.ˈbɛŋ] ('child'). The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and
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#17327655596303014-580: Is 5th out of the seventeen regions of the Philippines . During the Spanish era, Cagayan Valley had a larger territory than today, then named Provincia de Cagayan. Then it included the territories of the above-mentioned provinces and the eastern parts of the Cordillera provinces of Apayao , Kalinga , Mountain Province , Ifugao and Benguet , and the north part of Aurora . Historian and missionary Jose Burgues said, "The old Cagayan Valley comprises
3151-551: Is a component city and the capital of the province of Isabela. The city is the Corn Capital of the Philippines and has been considered as the Primary Growth Center of Region 2 . Most of the industries in the city are agri-based. Over the past decades, there has been a great number of local investments in poultry and hog raising. There are several poultry contract growers and small and medium scale hog raisers in
3288-539: Is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Palayan , while Cabanatuan , its former capital, is the largest local government unit (LGU). Nueva Ecija borders, from the south clockwise, Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Pangasinan , Nueva Vizcaya and Aurora . The province is nationally known as the Rice Granary of the Philippines , producing
3425-812: Is also spoken as a second language by over two million people, including native speakers of Ibanag , Ivatan , Pangasinan , Sambal , and other regional languages. The Ilocano language is primarily spoken in the Ilocos Region, the Babuyan Islands , the Cordillera Administrative Region , Cagayan Valley , and the northern and western parts of Central Luzon . It is also spoken in Batanes , parts of Mindoro and Palawan , and scattered areas in Mindanao , particularly in
3562-522: Is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken in the Philippines by the Ilocano people. It ranks as the third most widely spoken native language in the country and serves as a lingua franca in Northern Luzon, particularly among the Igorot people and the indigenous settlers of Cagayan Valley . As an Austronesian language, Ilocano shares linguistic roots with other Philippine languages and
3699-425: Is an allophone of /u/ in final syllables. Thus, apúy ('fire') may be pronounced /ɐ.ˈpoi/ and baboy ('pig') may be pronounced /ˈba.bui/ . As for the diphthong /au/ , the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words autoridad, autonomia, automatiko. The same rule goes to the diphthong /ai/ . All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be
3836-401: Is further celebrated through life rituals, festivities, and oral traditions , expressed in songs ( kankanta ), dances ( salsala ), poems ( dandaniw ), proverbs ( pagsasao ), and literary duels ( bucanegan ). These rich literary forms not only preserve Ilocano identity but also demonstrate its adaptability within the evolving Filipino cultural landscape. During the Spanish regime, Iloco poetry
3973-406: Is on downtrend level because of the various threats to the industry. Several problems have affected the sector in the recent years including the weather disturbances, use of illegal fishing gears and methods and the increasing demand of a fast-growing population. The provinces of Batanes and Cagayan have passed the 100 percent sufficiency level at 138 percent while Cagayan recorded 96 percent. However,
4110-592: Is predominantly spoken. Iloco (Ilocano) like all Philippine languages, belongs to the Austronesian language family, which is believed to have originated in Taiwan . It constitutes its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran subfamily and is spoken as a first language by approximately seven million people. As a lingua franca of Northern Luzon and several areas of Central Luzon, Ilocano
4247-722: Is related to Malay (both Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum , Chamorro , Fijian , Māori , Hawaiian , Samoan , Tahitian , Paiwan , and Malagasy . It exhibits close ties with several Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc . The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as kur-itan . There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur , where Ilocano
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4384-595: Is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. In Isabela, protests erupted when Marcos crony Danding Cojuangco managed to block a Spanish-era grant which was supposed to see the return of Hacienda San Antonio and Hacienda Santa Isabel in Ilagan to local farmers, displacing tens of thousands of farmers who were supposed to get those lands back
4521-601: Is situated in Santa Ana, Cagayan . Quirino is the youngest province in the region. With its agricultural based nature, the vast vegetative agricultural covers reveal the major source of living of the people. Farming has been the main industry in the province, with rice and corn as major crops as with other provinces in the region. Virgin forest and wealthy bodies of water have been great contributors in its development. Small scale industries like furniture making, basketry, rattan craft, and dried/fossilized flower production, where
4658-456: Is the 1896 revolutionary battle led by General Mariano Llanera , manned and assisted by General Manuel Tinio and Pantaleon Valmonte of Gapan , Nueva Ecija and Colonel Alipio Tecson of Cabiao , Nueva Ecija who later on became Brigadaire General. The battle was fought in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. Alipio Tecson would eventually become Gobernadorcillo of Cabiao , Nueva Ecija. History records how
4795-581: Is the center of excellence in education, commerce, trade and culture and as the economic center of the region, the city continuously aims for outstanding performance and competence in administration, citizen participation, community and economic development, cultural arts, education, fiscal management, infrastructure, intergovernmental cooperation, planning, public safety, recreation and leisure services, social services, and technology. Its economy gradually shifted from agriculture to secondary/tertiary economic activities such as trading, commerce and services. The shift
4932-481: Is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel. e /ɯ/ For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart . Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] ('cannot be') but ngiwat ('mouth') is pronounced [ˈŋiwat] . Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced [ɐ] across word boundaries. Although
5069-614: Is the weekly magazine Bannawag . The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. aldao aldaw day Notes With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least
5206-772: The Babuyan Channel ; and from Santa Ana down to Peñablanca on its eastern coast facing the Philippine Sea . Despite this endowment, the province's fish production is not even enough to supply and sustain its own fish requirements. Deep sea fishing is not a common occurrence in the province – thus, foreign poachers are the ones reaping the bounties of its seas. Cagayan's deep seas are known for species like tuna, tuna-like fishes, hairtail, snapper, scad, slipmouth, mullet, grouper, shrimp, squid, and lobsters. The inland waters are used primarily by subsistence fishermen. Few privately-operated fishponds and fish cages contribute to
5343-507: The Citrus Capital of the Philippines . Batanes is the northernmost and smallest province in the region as well as in the whole Philippines. It is the only province located outside the mainland Cagayan Valley. Due to its geographical location, fishing is considered as a major industry and source of livelihood for the people. Garlic and cattle are major export crops. Ivatans also plant camote (sweet potato), cassava, gabi or tuber and
5480-455: The Doctrina , is celebrated as the " Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature ," credited for composing the epic Biag ni Lam-ang ("Life of Lam-ang"). This poem, which narrates the extraordinary adventures of the Ilocano hero Lam-ang, encapsulates core values of the Ilocano people, such as courage, loyalty, and respect for familial and ancestral ties. A study of Iloco poetry can also be found in
5617-526: The Franciscans constructed churches, convents, parochial schools and tribunals. They also constructed roads and bridges to connect other settlements. In 1781, a simple irrigation system was constructed in Pantabangan . This new farming technology contributed to the promotion of agriculture in the province. To make possible the establishments of settlements, military force became necessary to protect
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5754-506: The Gramatica Ilokana , published in 1895, which is based on Lopez's earlier work, Arte de la Lengua Iloca , published in 1627 but likely written before 1606. In the 18th century, missionaries played a crucial role in promoting literacy and religious education among the Ilocano population through the publication of both religious and secular texts, including Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa by Fr. Jacinto Rivera and
5891-570: The Ilocanos , Pangasinenses , Kapampangans and Tagalogs , as well as Visayans , Moros , Ivatans , and even foreigners like the Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Spaniards and others were further infused to the native Cagayanes to become the modern Cagayano that we know today. In 1818, Nueva Ecija annexed the towns of Palanan from Isabela, as well as Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Baler, Casiguran, Infanta (formerly called Binangonan de Lampon) and Polillo Islands from Tayabas , and part of Rizal. In
6028-719: The Philippine–American War began after American troops killed a Filipino soldier who was crossing the San Juan bridge on February 4, 1899. One could also say, however, that hostilities and mistrust really began as early as August 13 the previous year. On that day, the Spanish colonial government in Intramuros surrendered to American forces instead of the Filipino soldiers that surrounded the Walled City. Thus began
6165-590: The Reform the Armed Forces Movement , made the peace process difficult. Negotiations eventually collapsed, and unrest in Cagayan valley persisted. When the Cordillera Administrative Region was formed in 1987 under Corazon Aquino , the indigenous provinces of Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (later divided into the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao ) were transferred into the newly formed region. During
6302-683: The close front unrounded vowel /i/ , [j] . Example: kuarta /kwaɾ.ta/ 'money'; paria /paɾ.ja/ 'bitter melon' In addition, dental / alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/ . (See Consonants below). Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás ('beauty') [pɪn.ˈtas] and buténg ('fear') [bʊ.ˈtɛŋ, bʊ.ˈtɯŋ] but bangir ('other side') and parabur ('grace/blessing') are pronounced [ˈba.ŋiɾ] and [pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ] . Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] across word boundaries. The letter ⟨e⟩ represents two vowels in
6439-452: The dallot , an improvised long poem delivered in a melodic manner. A significant work within this literary tradition is the epic Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), which stands as one of the few indigenous narratives to have survived colonial influence. While it has assimilated foreign elements over time, it continues to embody essential values such as courage, loyalty, and the importance of familial and ancestral bonds. Ilocano culture
6576-581: The independent component city of Santiago . Santiago City is administratively and legally independent from the province of Isabela as stated in Section 25 of the LGC. Ilocano is the main lingua franca (orally) of the region. Other languages include Ibanag and Ivatan , the main language of Batanes . The use of Tagalog and English also serve as the region's language in education, governance, tourism, popular culture, and commerce inside and outside
6713-554: The j pronounced as in French , resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. As a result, both /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur. Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecija , officially the Province of Nueva Ecija ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Nueva Ecija [ˌnwɛː.bɐ ʔɛˈsiː.ha] , also [ˌnwɛː.vɐ-] ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Nueva Ecija ; Pangasinan : Luyag/Probinsia na Nueva Ecija ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Nueva Ecija ),
6850-533: The orthography , vowels in sequence such as uo and ai , do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok 'hair' /bʊ.ʔok/ and dait 'sew' /da.ʔit/ . The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/ in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna /ˈɾei.na/ (from Spanish reina , 'queen') and treyner /ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/ ('trainer'). The diphthongs /oi/ and /ui/ may be interchanged since /o/
6987-542: The American and Filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called Dalton Pass in honor of General Dalton, USA, who was killed in the fighting. Loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign caused the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn in the form of the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to social unrest throughout
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#17327655596307124-474: The American colonial government introduced homesteading, there were few takers among Filipinos. Homesteading could be done through a legal process of acquiring a land title, or even without a title at all. In the latter case however, the lack of a title makes the informal homesteader vulnerable to any legal action attempting to take the land away from him. When the Philippine Bill of 1902 was passed by
7261-516: The American regime ultimately failed in succeeding decades due to two major factors. First, the new farmer-settlers did not have enough capital to sustain farming costs. Without any financial assistance available from the government that granted them the land, farmer-settlers accumulated huge debts at very high interest rates from usurious moneylenders. Most of these homesteaders were later forced to sell their land and become tenant farmers instead. The civil governments established in various provinces in
7398-464: The American regime's homesteading system, an individual could get up to 16 hectares of land, while a corporation could get as much as 1,024 hectares. This did not result in a wide settlement of lands throughout the country, however. Nueva Ecija was one exception, as more settlers opted to homestead its lands. A 1928 Statistical Bulletin records nearly 70,000 hectares were given to more than five thousand homestead applicants. The homesteading efforts under
7535-457: The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) stated that tilapia ( species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine cichlid tribe ) production grew and Cagayan Valley is now the Philippines ' tilapia capital ( Saint Peter 's fish). Production supply grew 37.25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons (MT) in 2007. The recent aquaculture congress found that the growth of tilapia production
7672-469: The Department of Science and Technology (DoST-PCAARRD). The country's domestic supply of citrus is currently insufficient to meet local demand, according to DoST-PCAARRD, due to "high incidence of pest and diseases, poor orchard management, and low adoption of improved management practices, among many other factors." The NVSU's citrus research and development program includes yield improvement, setting up
7809-587: The Filipinos, Novo Ecijanos were among the most feared guerillas. By the time the war ended on April 1, 1901, with Aguinaldo's surrender to the Americans, Novo Ecijano guerillas who had fought so fiercely and bravely against two sets of foreign invaders reluctantly gave up. Still that was not the end of the association between them and the Americans. The end of the Philippine–American War also signaled
7946-594: The Governor-General hit upon the notion to name the outpost Nueva Ecija. Both the New and Old Ecija were washed by navigable rivers- the former, by Pampanga River and the latter, by the river Genil. Consistent with the history of Hispanization in the rest of Philippine archipelago, Nueva Ecija was established by Augustinian missionaries. The first mission was established in Gapan in 1595. The Augustinians abandoned their missionary work in 1636, maintaining only
8083-494: The Ilocano language, although other languages, such as Pangasinan , Kankanaey , and Ibaloi , are also spoken in La Union. The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 29 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz Pre-colonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in a syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used
8220-450: The Ilocano worldview. Shaped by centuries of interaction with diverse influences, Ilocano literature encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including epic poetry, folk tales, proverbs, riddles, religious documents, and songs. Central themes include resilience, familial loyalty, honor, and a deep connection to both the natural and spiritual realms. Ancient Ilocano poets articulated their expressions through folk and war songs, as well as
8357-803: The Katipunan. The Spaniards burned their house and sugar mills in Jaen . Mamerto Jr. was later jailed for shooting a Spanish judge who had slapped his younger brother. As the Revolution gained ground, Mamerto Jr. was released and he was able to join the revolutionary army of General Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite . By August 30, 1896, a state of war was declared by the Spanish colonial government in several Luzon provinces including Nueva Ecija, Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Batangas , Laguna , Cavite and Manila . Novo Ecijanos immediately proved themselves worthy of
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#17327655596308494-695: The Pacific Ocean and their organization into a corregimiento (political-military administrative unit). Royal directives were implemented on April 25, 1801, and the corregimiento was named Nueva Ecija after the Spanish hometown of that period's Governor General Rafael Maria de Aguilar , with Baler as its capital. Since then, the province had undergone numerous changes in territorial composition. The progressive towns of Gapan , San Isidro , San Antonio , Cabiao and Aliaga were all annexed to Nueva Ecija from Pampanga, resulting in an economic as well as population boom for inhabitants. While Nueva Ecija only had
8631-652: The Philippines (IBPAP), and Leechiu Property Consultants (LPC). Cauayan is a component city in the province of Isabela. It is dubbed as the Ideal City of the North and the host city for the proposed Isabela Special Economic Zone and the Regional Agro-Industrial Growth Center . It is the home of Cosmos Bottling Corporation, now acquired by the giant multinational business conglomerate San Miguel Corporation manufactures soft drinks in
8768-522: The Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses ) crossed the island of Luzon , causing dam operators from all around the island to release large amounts of water into their impounds as they neared their spilling points. All seven of Magat Dam 's gates were opened to prevent dam failure , but the overflow into the Cagayan River and caused widespread floods in Cagayan and Isabela . This event was worsened by
8905-463: The Philippines under the American Occupation were supposed to teach Filipinos the basic principles of democracy, following US military rule. In general, each provincial government presided over local governments in each town or municipality. In turn, each municipality would have a president, vice-president and municipal councillors. These were elected by a select group of qualified electors for two-year terms. The second Philippine Commission went to what
9042-783: The Soccsksargen region. Internationally, it is spoken in the United States, with the largest concentrations in Hawaii and California , as well as in Canada . In Hawaii, 17% of those who speak a non-English language at home speak Ilocano, making it the most spoken non-English language in the state. In September 2012, the province of La Union became the first in the Philippines to pass an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English. This ordinance aims to protect and revitalize
9179-416: The Spanish subsidy. This royal fiscal was Francisco Leandro de Vianna, who first proposed creating a tobacco monopoly. De Vianna reasoned, tobacco was a product widely consumed throughout the islands, with a market of roughly one million. He projected earnings of as much as P400,000 from the venture. The first time the proposal was made, however, both King Carlos III of Spain and colonial officials didn't give
9316-454: The Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the alphabet system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of
9453-441: The Tagalog, which made Nueva Ecija dominantly Tagalog, many of the Tagalog settlers arrived in Nueva Ecija directly from Bulacan. In 2016, researchers of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) and the provincial government found documents showing that in 1799, Carlos IV ordered the separation of towns and parishes of Upper Pampanga, near the Sierra Madre range, as well as coastal towns of Tayabas , along
9590-465: The US Congress, the US colonial government was formally established in the Philippine islands. This meant the colonial government now had the authority to dispose of public lands on its own, without having to seek the approval of the President of the United States. Based on an earlier survey of public lands by the Philippine Commission, the new American colonial government offered public lands to settlers through homesteading, sale, purchase or lease. Under
9727-487: The United States own effort to have her own colonies, with the Philippines served, as it were, on a silver platter by the dying Spanish Empire thanks to the Treaty of Paris . When the war between Filipinos and Americans finally began, the fate of the infant Republic of the Philippines again lay in the hands of General Aguinaldo and his most trusted men who included Novo Ecijanos like General Llanera and General Tinio. And, as guerilla warfare became an effective tactic for
9864-469: The addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between e or i , and o or u . Due to this, the vowels e and i are interchangeable, and letters o and u , for instance, tendera and tindira ('shop-assistant'). In recent times, there have been two systems in use:
10001-495: The area and the Mega Asia Bottling Corporation with its newly built plant for RC Cola brand. It is also here where the regional sales offices of several multi-national companies are located. As a young city, it has enormous potential for small to large enterprises and its real estate industry is just beginning. Medium size commercial centers or subdivisions are the appropriate ventures to put up. Ilagan
10138-431: The city. Other support facilities, warehouses and small and big rice mills, strategically located in the different barangays of the city to address the storage needs of farmers during the harvest season. Of all cities in the country, Ilagan ranks as the top producer of corn. As an agriculture-based city, it produces ample supply of corn, rice, vegetables and legumes. Fruits like the banana are year-round products especially in
10275-538: The colony were usually paid for by a yearly subsidy (called real situado) sent from the Philippines' sister colony in Mexico. This financial support from the Spanish royal court was often insufficient, especially with expenditures in the Philippine colony growing each year. This prompted the royal fiscal assigned in Manila to devise a plan to allow the colony itself to raise revenues on its own and thus be able to supplement
10412-510: The country. Cagayan Valley became one of the flashpoints of conflict, with many previously-moderate young people joining the armed resistance against Marcos after being radicalized by various crackdowns. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history
10549-525: The different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan Valley. The Spaniards rightly judged that these various villagers came from a single racial stock and decided to make the Ibanag language the lingua franca , both civilly and ecclesiastically for the entire people of Cagayan which they called collectively as the Cagayanes which later was transliterated to become Cagayanos . Various other peoples, mainly
10686-459: The drama of war, revolution and the fight for freedom. They would fight when the revolt against Spain continued after the peace treaty broke down and the United States, after declaring war on Spain, promised to help Filipinos fight for freedom. Then, Novo Ecijanos again joined General Emilio Aguinaldo in the Philippine–American War (after it became evident the United States wanted to make the Philippines their own colony). The "Cry of Nueva Ecija"
10823-457: The ears of the Spanish king about Basco's plan to make the Philippine colony financially self-sufficient, thus removing a huge financial burden from the Spanish crown. The King of Spain issued a royal decree on February 9, 1780, setting in motion Basco's plan. Almost two years to the date of that royal decree, Basco ordered local officials and military commanders to prevent unnecessary losses of tobacco revenues. By March 2, 1782, tobacco production
10960-544: The fight for freedom. On September 2, 1896, Novo Ecijanos led by Gen. Mariano Llanera , capital municipal of Cabiao and Gen. Pantaleon Valmonte , capitan municipal of Gapan attacked San Isidro , the provincial capital. Their 3,000-strong army attacked San Isidro in distinct Novo Ecijano fashion: accompanied by music played by the Banda de Cabiao or Cabiao band. Novo Ecijanos like Llanera, Valmonte, Mamerto Natividad Jr. and Manuel Tinio conducted themselves heroically during
11097-455: The friars and whatever basic settlement structures were beginning to emerge. Thus military outposts were of utmost importance, especially with the friars trying to convert fierce head-hunting tribes with spears and bladed weapons. It was around this time, during the term of Governor General Fausto Cruzat y Gongora (July 25, 1690, to December 8, 1702), that he established the military outpost he named Nueva Ecija. At this time, however, Nueva Ecija
11234-533: The hills in the face of the Tagalogs' superior technology. Barter trade flourished among communities that settled along the great river. The constant riverside trading resulted in both a commercial and cultural exchange between the settlements in vast plains upstream of the Pampanga River . Settlements in Carranglan , Pantabangan , and Bongabon and prospered and grew into more stable communities. At
11371-432: The idea much importance. All that would change during the term of Governor-General Jose Basco y Vargas . Basco had plans to develop and promote Philippine agriculture, and de Vianna's proposal seemed attractive to him. After studying the proposal, Basco sent his plan to establish a large-scale tobacco production in the colony under complete ownership and management by the colonial government of Spain. What probably perked up
11508-461: The information gap had developed b as a result of the recent shutdown of the ABS-CBN broadcast network , because those areas had previously gotten weather updates primarily from the network. Cagayan Valley is the large mass of land in the northeastern region of Luzon , comprising the provinces of Cagayan , Isabela , Nueva Vizcaya , Quirino , and the Batanes group of islands. It is bordered to
11645-429: The largest rice yield in the country. These first settlers included tribes of Bugkalots or Italons, Abaca and Buquids. Settlements were built along the banks following the river's undulations. The Ilongots , meaning people of the forest, were the fierce headhunters and animist tribes who occupied Carranglan and the mountainous terrain of Sierra Madre and Caraballo . The head hunting communities were nestled along
11782-431: The latest estimated production at 45,382 metric tons is 4.6 percent lower than the 2018 total fish production of 47,572 metric tons and almost one third lower than the highest production realized in 2011 at 64,876 metric tons. By fishing grounds classification in the region, there is an inland municipal fisheries production and marine municipal fisheries production, the latter, particularly in provinces with coastal areas in
11919-626: The leading producer. The development of the tilapia farming industry in the province came about with the water supply provided by the Magat Reservoir for irrigating rice fields. The high demand for food fish in the region was also a contributing factor. Based on the data from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in 2020, there are about 1,000 hectares of freshwater ponds in Isabela, producing around 16,000 metric tons of tilapia
12056-521: The lingua franca of the settlement being Tagalog as opposed to Ilocano or Ibanag. The Atta or Negritos , the first people in valley, were later moved to the uplands or variably assimilated by the Austronesians, from whom the Ibanags , Itawes , Yogads, Gaddangs , Irayas, Malawegs , and Paranans descended - who actually came from one ethnicity. These are the people found by the Spaniards in
12193-433: The masses. Leaders of the revolt in Nueva Ecija were municipal officials and prominent citizens, who refused to collaborate with the Spanish authorities when armed struggle broke out. Despite being in the ruling class and enjoying positions in the colonial government, these prominent Novo Ecijanos proved their patriotism and love for fellow Filipinos. In fact, one of the founding members of the reform movement La Liga Filipina
12330-643: The mission in Bongabon . At the turn of the 18th century, the missionaries resumed their evangelical work and redirected their efforts to the northeast, towards rough, mountainous terrain inhabited by the Bugkalots . On September 1, 1759, King Carlos III of Spain issued a Royal Decree that ended the founding missions of Augustinians and transferred all Augustinian responsibilities in the settlements of Nueva Ecija to Franciscan friars . Through tribute collections and polo y servicio or rendering of force labor,
12467-584: The modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions. In native morphemes , the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o ; elsewhere, u . Example: Instances such as masapulmonto , ' You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however,
12604-592: The more remote towns—those farther away from both rivers and railroads—to grow crops and participate in trade, ending what was until then a very slow pace of economic development. By 1912 Governor Benito Natividad had appropriated funds to fast-track the building of roads and bridges linking these remote towns and municipalities to then provincial capital Cabanatuan . The American government also constructed three major irrigation facilities: 1) The Talavera Irrigation System in 1924; 2) Penaranda River Irrigation System in 1930 and 3) Pampanga River Irrigation System in 1939. By
12741-536: The most fast food restaurants chains and the most banks among the municipalities in the entire region. According to the 2016 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index conducted by the National Competitiveness Council, Solano took the 25th spot overall and ranked 30th among the first class and second class municipalities in the Philippines. This further solidified the status of Solano as the undisputed premier town of Cagayan Valley being
12878-548: The mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013. Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction. Ilocano literature serves as
13015-501: The mountainous areas of the city. Ilagan also produces seasonal fruits such as mangoes and pomelo. Commerce and trade is considered to be the city's second economic-based income. It is also the hub of the Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. , one of the industrial complexes in the region. Solano is a first class municipality and the main commercial and financial center of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. It also has
13152-410: The movement, and even those who were falsely accused of being members of it, were arrested. Mamerto Natividad was among those arrested for sedition, tortured and killed by guardia civil. He was one of the first Novo Ecijano martyrs for freedom. His death, however, would result in bigger problems for the Spanish authorities. Mamerto Natividad's two sons, Mamerto Jr. and Benito Natividad , later joined
13289-480: The native Igorot tribes rejected labor imposed by the Spaniards. Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy. During World War II , at Balete Pass in Nueva Vizcaya, the retreating Japanese Imperial Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita dug in and held on for three months against
13426-495: The nineteenth and 20th centuries, the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano people to settle here, it was only in this large-scale Ilocano settlement that made Ilocano language replace Ibanag as the lingua franca of the region. Ilocano settlers already migrated to Nueva Vizcaya (including present-day Quirino) earlier in 1700s also to work on the tobacco plantations, and later immigrants with skills construct churches and other structures needed for development, as
13563-525: The non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) [ɛ ~ e] in words of foreign origin and [ɯ] in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, [ɛ ~ e] . Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w , respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In
13700-414: The other districts. Despite this, tobacco policy imposed a lower price on tobacco from areas closer to Manila . That meant that first-class tobacco leaf grown and harvested from Nueva Ecija was priced lower by one dollar, compared to those from Ilocos , La Union and Cagayan Valley . The tobacco monopoly did not spur Novo Ecijanos to revolt, unlike the Ilocanos who staged an uprising over injustices in
13837-535: The overall fish supply of the Province. The coastal waters of Isabela are big sources of marine life that could supply the fish requirements of the region, according to a study commissioned by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The study stated that Isabela waters are rich in untapped fisheries and marine resources and also has extensive sea grass beds and coral reefs that are home to variety of fish species which include sardines and mackerel and have sizable chunks of oceanic tunas, which thrive throughout
13974-427: The performances of Isabela, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya at 17 percent, 11 percent and 10 percent, respectively, have affected the total performance of the region. Data obtained from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources showed that from 2006 to 2015, the sufficiency level has dropped significantly in 2010 until it reached its lowest level at 44 percent in the last five years. However, the overall fisheries production in
14111-810: The position by scoring victories against the Spanish in Tayug , Pangasinan and San Rafael, Bulacan . On November 11, 1897, Natividad was killed in action in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. His death precipitated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato , a peace treaty that sought to end hostilities between Spanish authorities and the Filipino rebels. The treaty provided for a payment of P800,000 to the rebels who would then be exiled to Hong Kong . Five Novo Ecijanos would accompany Aguinaldo's exile. They were General Mariano Llanera , Benito Natividad, General Manuel Tinio , and Joaquin Natividad. Later on, Novo Ecijanos would continue to participate in
14248-464: The premier town in Nueva Vizcaya and the fastest-growing municipality in the region. Cagayan has several attractions which include beaches, swimming, snorkeling, skin-diving, fishing in the river and the sea, hiking in primeval forest, mountain-climbing, archaeological sites, the collection of the provincial museum, the Callao Caves, and many churches. The Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA)
14385-579: The province of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya as well as the military Districts of Apayao, Itaves, Quiangan, Cayapa and Bintangan, plus the area of the Sierra Madre to the Pacific Ocean in the said trajectory." The exception is Palanan , which was established in 1625 by Spanish forces who arrived by ship from the Pacific coastal town of Baler in Tayabas province (now part of Aurora). Thus, Palanan
14522-922: The province was famously known, are prevalent. Banana products also sold in and out the province and also for export purposes. The small scale business and associations also make their own products like banana chips, peanuts, patupats and others. The province also produces a substantial amount of fruits/crops like mango, citrus, pineapple, coffee, coconut, papaya, lanzones , rambutan and vegetables. The province of Nueva Vizcaya has basically an agricultural economy with commerce, trade, and industry contributing to its growth and development. Among other major economic activities are farming and cattle and swine raising. Primary crops are palay and corn. The province produces quality onions and vegetables often sold in Metro Manila. Oranges and mangoes are now major crops being exported fresh to other Asian countries; earning its title as
14659-592: The provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Batanes. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), inland municipal production for 2021 has gone up close to 2,000 metric tons, while marine municipal production reached close to 3,300 metric tons, both as an initial production in the first quarter of 2020. According to the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), since 2010 to 2015, the fish sufficiency level in Cagayan Valley
14796-575: The region grew by one percent in 3rd Quarter of 2020. From the total output of 11,954 metric tons in 2019, it accelerated to 12,075 metric tons in 2020. Cagayan Valley is positioned to become the country's Citrus Capital through a program undertaken by the Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) with funding from the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of
14933-641: The region's capital, Tuguegarao City . In 2022, SM Prime opened SM City Tuguegarao , its third in the region and second in Tuguegarao City. In 2018, Vista Land and Life Scapes, Inc . announced the establishment of its first high-end mall in the region that is Vista Mall Santiago in Santiago City , and they are also putting up Vista Mall in Tuguegarao City it will be second on the region after Vista Mall Santiago. On January 11, 2008,
15070-404: The region. Poverty incidence of Cagayan Valley Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The province of Isabela and the city of Santiago are notably the most progressive province and richest city in the region, respectively. Isabela was the 9th richest province in the Philippines in 2021, being the only province from the region to be included in the list. The city of Tuguegarao
15207-487: The region; characterize fifteen species for the database system of the gene bank study; improve NVSU and Municipal Agriculture Office (MAGRO) citrus nurseries producing 10,000 and 2,000 budded seedlings, respectively; establish new 1-hectare orchard with planting materials from NVSU; and generate data on the description of local citrus pests and diseases. Ilocano language Iloco (also Ilokano ; / iː l oʊ ˈ k ɑː n oʊ / ; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Iloko )
15344-409: The revolution. They were allied with Aguinaldo's Magdalo group. Aguinaldo was in fact so impressed, he appointed Natividad and Llanera to the two highest-ranking posts in the revolutionary army. Natividad became General Mamerto Natividad, commanding general of the revolutionary army, while General Llanera was vice-commander with the rank of Lieutenant-General. General Natividad proved himself worthy of
15481-458: The riverbanks of Rio Grande's tributaries in the north. Abaca and Italon were subgroups of Bugkalot people, meaning river settlers. Ilongots survived mainly by fishing and hunting. Food production was a secondary occupation. The agriculture-based community of Caraclans and Buquids were settled in Bongabon and Pantabangan along the riverbanks of Rio Grande's tributaries in the northeast. When
15618-582: The system. Some tobacco growers in Nueva Ecija resorted to smuggling their own harvests in order to get some profit. But getting caught entailed harsher fines and penalties. Even sympathetic local officials had no choice but to enforce the unjust policies under pain of arrest and hard labor, once laxity on their part resulted in low production. The flourishing tobacco industry coupled with the rich agricultural lands in central and northeastern Nueva Ecija also attracted migrants from neighboring Pampanga , Pangasinan , Ilocos and Tagalog areas. This made Nueva Ecija
15755-480: The time these irrigation systems went in full swing, combined with the railway system and the many rice mills, Nueva Ecija had been established as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines". From 1930 to 1939, rice production in Nueva Ecija was averaging more than 9 million cavans of rice. Unlike the American pioneers of the Old West, Filipinos were not so willing to occupy remote, unsettled and undeveloped areas. So when
15892-726: The time, the Pampango crown has waned and had little resistance from Spanish invasion. When the Pampango Empire fell into the hands of Spanish forces under the command of Martin de Goiti in 1572, the conquistadores began their long upward trek towards Cagayan Valley and Mountain Province . Their forces passed through the settlement areas of the Upper Pampanga River . They also attacked the Caboloan of Pangasinan, effectively capturing more territories from local kingdoms. Because of growing territorial domain and evangelical missions,
16029-614: The top producer of Corn in the Philippines and the Rice Granary of the North. In 2014, retail giants like Robinsons Land and SM Prime opened its pioneer malls in the region, the Robinsons Place Santiago and SM City Cauayan in Santiago City and Cauayan respectively. The two retail companies further strengthened their presence in the region with the opening of SM Center Tuguegarao Downtown in 2017 and Robinsons Place Tuguegarao in 2018, both are located in
16166-407: The train's huge load capacity and greater speed (compared to boats) encouraged waves of migrations to Nueva Ecija from places like Ilocos , Pampanga , Pangasinan , Tarlac and Bulacan . The railway brought other changes to Nueva Ecija. While trade was still being done by waterways, settlements by necessity had to be established close to the rivers, where people's basic necessities came from. When
16303-446: The trains became the main mode of transporting goods and people, and with the influx of migrants, it became not only possible but crucial to build more communities further inland. This meant roads and irrigation systems were needed. As communities expanded inward, first along the rivers and then along the railways, the need for roads and irrigation systems leading to communities in the plains became more urgent. These made it possible for
16440-593: The unique aspects of Ilocano culture during his time as a World War II guerrilla hero. Carlos Bulosan emerged as another prominent figure, with his novel America is in the Heart celebrated as a significant work in the Filipino-American literary canon. Other distinguished writers from this period include F. Sionil Jose, known for his epic sagas set in Pangasinan, and Isabelo de los Reyes , who played
16577-676: The valley between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. The eponymous Cagayan River , the country's largest and longest, runs through the region, flows from the Caraballo Mountains , and ends in Aparri . Cagayan Valley is the second-largest Philippine administrative region by land area. According to a literacy survey in 2019, 93% of Cagayan Valley's citizens (ages 10 to 64) are functionally literate , which
16714-503: The various nuns and lay workers of the Diocese. Also during that time, logging concessions were awarded to Juan Ponce Enrile , Herminio Disini , and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the region, which contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today. Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao were transferred to the Cagayan Valley region in 1972, and afterwards Ferdinand Marcos imposed
16851-406: The waves of Tagalog migrations took place between 300 and 200 B.C., intrepid travelers and traders set up settlements along Luzon's western coast. These early settlements formed the nucleus of the Pampango Empire that was consolidated by Balagtas . The flatlands of the southern portion of Upper Pampanga was a hospitable place for these new Tagalog settlers. The indigenous tribes were forced to take to
16988-515: The west by the Cordillera mountain range, to the east by the Sierra Madre , to the south by the Caraballo Mountains , and to the north by the Luzon Strait . The region contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, which are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the southern province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. They are ethnically and linguistically diverse, with
17125-442: The word. The letters ng constitute a digraph and count as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo ('humility') appears before ngalngal ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system
17262-472: The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic , the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) virus reached Cagayan Valley on March 21, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Tuguegarao . All provinces have confirmed at least one COVID-19 case, with Batanes being the last province to confirm a COVID-19 case on September 28, 2020. In November 2020, Typhoon Vamco (known in
17399-462: The year. The fishing ground has 238 marine fish species. High species diversity could be an indication that the habitat is still good and undisturbed. The fishing industry in Cagayan Valley has been in perturbed condition owing to the declining pattern of production for the past years. Since 2015, average annual reduction in fisheries production in the region was estimated at three thousand metric tons or more than five percent decrease per year. In 2020,
17536-402: Was caused by events related to the Philippine–American War . First, Nueva Ecija had been a hotbed of resistance against the American Occupation, and was therefore in a state of siege. Four of its towns, Balungao , Rosales , San Quintin and Umingan , which were further away from the capital and already considered pacified by US forces, had been annexed to the province of Pangasinan . In 1902,
17673-462: Was due to government interventions: provision of fast-growing species, accreditation of private hatcheries to ensure supply of quality fingerlings, establishment of demonstration farms, providing free fingerlings to newly constructed fishponds, and the dissemination of tilapia to Nueva Vizcaya (in Diadi town). Cagayan Valley is one of the largest tilapia producing regions in the country, with Isabela as
17810-557: Was established in Luzon , with La Union , Ilocos , Abra , Cagayan Valley and Nueva Ecija (still part of Pampanga at the time) as the centers for planting, growing, harvesting and processing tobacco. This made a drastic and extreme change in the lives of all Novo Ecijanos. Where farmland used to bear rice , tobacco was now the only crop allowed to grow. These included the towns of Gapan , San Isidro , Jaen , Cabiao , Cabanatuan , Talavera , Santor and Bongabon . Each farming family
17947-421: Was given a quota of tobacco plant to grow. By 1850 the tobacco monopoly was producing immense financial gain for the colonial government. Some reports at the time pegged the earnings by as much as $ 500,000. One account in 1866 reported a much higher amount, as earnings rose to $ 38,418,939 that year. Novo Ecijanos suffered a lot from the system. Nueva Ecija was more often able to meet production quotas compared to
18084-527: Was heavily influenced by Spanish literary forms, with the earliest written Iloco poems largely based on romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez . In 1621, Lopez published the Doctrina Cristiana , the first book printed in Iloco , marking a significant milestone in the documentation of Ilocano literature. The 17th-century author Pedro Bucaneg , known for his collaboration with Lopez on
18221-478: Was lawyer and Novo Ecijano Mamerto Natividad. By the time the Katipunan , the revolutionary movement against Spain, was formed, Novo Ecijanos were actively yet secretly joining it. Even local officials in Nueva Ecija secretly allied with the illustrados and farmers in forming the underground revolutionary society. Once the Spanish authorities learned of the Katipunan's existence, those perceived as sympathizers of
18358-562: Was originally a part of Pampanga , then to Laguna , Tayabas (now Quezon Province ; Tayabas became independent from Laguna), and Nueva Ecija , before being transferred to Nueva Vizcaya and finally Isabela. Also, unlike the rest of Cagayan Valley, it was served by Franciscan missionaries from Baler rather than the Dominicans. The population of the town was natively Paranan, then subsequently augmented by local Negritos, migrants from Baler who are Tagalogs and outlaws from Cagayan Valley, with
18495-454: Was still part of upper Pampanga . In 1762, British occupation of Manila happened, and many Tagalog refugees from Manila & north areas of Cavite escaped to Bulacan and Nueva Ecija, where the original Kapampangan settlers welcomed them. Nueva Ecija, along with Bulacan, was natively Kapampangan when Spaniards arrived. Majority of Kapampangans sold their lands to the newly arrived Tagalog settlers and others intermarried with and assimilated to
18632-419: Was then Nueva's provincial capital, San Isidro , on June 8, 1901, to begin proceedings for establishing the local and provincial governments. 16 out of Nueva Ecija's 19 towns were represented in the meeting. Elections of various representatives from the different towns were carried out successfully. However, there was still the thorny problem of deciding whether or not to move the provincial capital. The dilemma
18769-692: Was ushered by city's role as the Regional Government Center and Center of Commerce in Northern Luzon . Tuguegarao City was included to be one of the digital cities for 2025 to sustain the rapid growth of the Information Technology and Business Process Management and to promote development in the city. The program (Digital Cities 2025) was created through a partnership between the DICT, the IT and Business Process Association of
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