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62-584: Most historians identify the Tambralinga kingdom (existing c. 10th to 13th century) as a precursor of Nakhon Si Thammarat. During the late 1st and early 2nd millennium CE, Tai peoples expanded in mainland Southeast Asia. By the 13th century, they made Nakhon Si Thammarat one of their mueang (city-states). The exact circumstances of the Tai taking over the earlier Buddhist and Indianised kingdom at this location remain unclear, but it must have taken place before

124-734: A conundrum for the British East India Company in Malaya, which incorrectly assumed the European model of exclusive sovereignty (or suzerainty) over territories. With the Thesaphiban reform of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab at the end of the 19th century the kingdom was finally fully absorbed into Siam. A new administrative entity named monthon (circle) was created, each supervising several provinces. Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat , established in 1896, covered those areas on

186-532: A particular animal. M.C. Chand Chirayu Rajani identified 11 of the 12 cities and their associated zodiac emblems with the following locations on the Malay Peninsula: Narathiwat ( Rat ), Pattani ( Ox ), Kelantan ( Tiger ), Kedah ( Dragon ), Phattalung ( Snake ), Trang ( Horse ), Chumphon ( Goat ), Krabi ( Monkey ), Tha Chana ( Rooster ), Phuket ( Dog ), Kraburi ( Pig ). The exact location of Mueang Pahang , identified with

248-491: A secondary role to that of places like Java , Sumatra , the Malacca Strait region (Srivijaya in the seventh~eighth century, Melaka in the 15th century), Cambodia , Champa , Vietnam , and Burma . Tambralinga's sudden appearance on centre-stage in the 13th century was thus highly unusual. Information regards Tambralinga's king during this era is scattered and largely based on local legends. Except for Sujita who

310-645: A victory for the Chola and heavy losses for Tambralinga and Srivijaya with the capture of Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman in the Chola raid in 1025. After the fall of Srivijava, the Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests against parts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula for the next 20 years. The expedition of Rajendra Chola I had such a lasting impression on the Malay people of the period that his name

372-496: Is a list of rulers of Nakhon Si Thammarat. The english terms "governor" and "province" are translations used by Stuart Munro-Hay in his book. However, there is strong evidence that both the rulers themselves and European powers regarded these rulers as kings in their own right. The Siamese term for Nakhon Si Thammarat changes over time. In the Palatine Law of 1458, it is a prathetsarat (often translated as tributary state) and

434-613: Is even mentioned (as Raja Chulan ) in the Malay Annals . However, the Chola Empire did not establish its direct rule over South-East Asia though they might have levied a periodic tribute. According to the inscription No. 24 found at Hua-wieng temple in Chaiya near Nakhon Si Thammarat , the ruler of Tambralinga named Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the king of Padmavamsa (Lotus dynasty). He began to reign in 1230, he had

496-568: The Khorat Plateau and Chao Phraya basin , which included Lavo Kingdom of Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja. Suryavarman I's invading of Lavo is probably a cause of the 1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars . After Suryavarman I overthrew Jayavirahvarman from the Angkor throne in 1010. He was enthroned as the Angkor's Suryavarman I . Three year later, he devastated

558-732: The Lavo before it was taken by the Mon 's Haripuñjaya . However, Dupont's theory is rebutted by an expert in Srivijaya Studies, Pratum Chumphengphan, who defines that the wars happened before the Angkorians exercised political power to the Menam Valley . Therefore, the conflict between “ Lavo – Haripuñjaya ” at that time was not yet a fight between the “Angkorian and Mon,” but rather a struggle for power between “Mon of Dvaravati ” in

620-589: The Lavo which was ruled by Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja. He then requested aid from Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty against Tambralinga. After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman . This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with Srivijaya. The conflict ended with

682-684: The Majapahit kingdom also recognised Nakhon Si Thammarat as belonging to Siam . In the Palatinate Law of King Trailok dated 1468, Nakhon Si Thammarat was listed as one of eight great cities ( Phraya maha nakhon ) belonging to the Ayutthaya Kingdom . During the reign of King Naresuan (r. 1590–1605) it became a first class province ( Mueang Ek) . Restorations were recorded at the time of King Ramesuan (1388–1395), as well as King Narai (1656–1688) of Ayutthaya. The latter one

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744-612: The Malay Peninsula (in modern-day Southern Thailand ), existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE. It possibly was under the influence of Srivijaya for some time, but later became independent from it or were generally allies rather than conqueror and vassal. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nakhon Si Thammarat (Nagara Sri Dharmaraja). In Sanskrit and Prakrit , tām(b)ra means " copper ", "copper-coloured" or "red" and linga means "symbol" or "creation", typically representing

806-532: The Mon 's Hanthawaddy , together with his younger brother named Dharanont ( ธรนนท์ ), brought their relatives and 30,000 soldiers, along with two Monks Phra Phutthakhamphien ( พระพุทธคัมเภียร ) and Phra Phutthasakon ( พระพุทธสาคร ), moved south to settle in Khao Chawa Prab ( เขาชวาปราบ ) in present-day Krabi Province and later relocated to establish Nakhon Si Thammarat . During the 10th–11th centuries, after gaining independence from Srivijaya by

868-577: The Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom was abolished and incorporated into Siam. It originally contained the provinces Songkhla , Nakhon Si Thammarat , and Phatthalung . In 1896-1897 the administration was in Songkhla in the present-day Songkhla National Museum. 1925 Monthon Surat was incorporated into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1932 as was Monthon Pattani . All monthons were dismantled in 1933. This Thailand location article

930-638: The Pagan Kyanzittha 's grandson and Ceylon 's Parakramabahu I to have concerned rights of passage over the Isthmus of Kra was recorded in 1164. This quarrel would continue and be the cause of the invasion of Sri Lanka in 1247 by Chandrabhanu , whose lineage was believed to have moved from the north. The relationships between Tambralinga and the Tai leaders in the north of the Kra Isthmus

992-666: The Phra Borommathat ( chedi in Nakhon Si Thammarat, from Sanskrit dhatu - element, component, or relic + garbha - storehouse or repository) reparation and celebration in the same year. Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja brought Tambralinga to the pinnacle of its power in the mid-13th century. From the Sri Lankan and Tamil materials, records, and sources, Chandrabhanu was a Savakan king from Tambralinga who had invaded Sri Lanka in 1247. His navy launched an assault on

1054-518: The Rabbit , is unknown. However, there is no historic evidence that Nakhon Si Thammarat actually controlled these cities. Other reports from that period rarely describe Ligor as having any special role on the Malay Peninsula. The account in the chronicles seems to reflect the Siamese (Thai) claims to suzerainty over the Malay regions of the south during the mid- Ayutthaya period . The following table

1116-797: The Tembeling region of Pahang . In contrast, the Sung shih gives an account of Tambralinga under the name of Tan-mei-liu , and says Tambralinga seems to have been a dependency of the Khmer Empire during all the reigns of Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218). An indigenous source of Tambralinga history is an inscription dating to 1183, written in Old Khmer , engraved on the base of a bronze Buddha statue found at Wat Hua Wiang in Chaiya District , Surat Thani Province . It gives an impression of

1178-460: The central region and the northern region , who were relatives. After the Sujita dynasty's losses in the war against the Chola empire in 1026, Tambralinga was revived by Padmavamsa ( ปัทมวงศ์ ), a noble clan from the north (the exact location is still disputed, either from Lavo or Inthapat Nakhon (possibly Yaśodharapura ) or Hanthawaddy ). The influx of people and monks from Sri Lanka

1240-490: The fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, Nakhon Si Thammarat again enjoyed a short period of independence, including its subordinate provinces on the Malay Peninsula, but was subdued by Taksin in 1769 on his mission to reunite Siam . Under Rama I , the rank of the Lord of Nakhon Si Thammarat was demoted from a vassal ruler to a mere governor of a first-class province and his control over the northern Malay sultanates (including Patani )

1302-479: The 13th century, that is, by the following century Danmaling, or Tambralinga, the former member state of Sanfoshih – Javaka , had become a part of Siam ( Ayutthaya Kingdom ). In the early 10th century, battles between two Mon 's mandalas, Lavo Kingdom and Haripuñjaya , happened several times. According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka ( Thai : อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ ) of Haripuñjaya moved south to attack

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1364-492: The Angkor. However, the most recent studies found that Suryavarman I was actually from the easternmost regions with the strongholds in Sambor and Kratié , but later span influence westward to Kampong Thom . Meanwhile, Jayavirahvarman controlled the western part but after losing the throne to Suryavarman I , he evacuated to Battambang and then to his homeland, Phimai . This led to Suryavarman I 's attacking campaign of

1426-536: The Ayutthaya kingdom. Nevertheless, it maintained its own dynasty and had vassal states of its own, which it mediated to Ayutthaya (again a typical feature of the Mandala model with its tiered levels of power). Under king Naresuan (r. 1590–1605) it became instead a "first class province" ( mueang ek ). However, the post of provincial governor was still quasi-hereditary and usually handed down from father to son within

1488-545: The Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Tambralinga), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo. Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy Haripuñjaya , but King Rathasatkara eventually lost

1550-595: The Padmavamsa clan ended due to the plague. After Chandrabhanu II (Sri Thammasokaraj III) died in the battle in Sri Lanka, his son became the successor and was crowned as Sri Thammasokaraj IV ( ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 4 ). During his reign, the kingdom faced several circumstances, including the invasion of Singhasari 's king Kertanagara from 1268–69 and the plague in 1270, which led to the decline of Tambralinga. Sri Thammasokaraj IV died with no heirs in 1272, marking

1612-480: The area around the Bay of Bandon in present-day Thailand's Surat Thani province . The region was under the domination first of Funan and then of Chenla from the beginning of the 3rd century until it was conquered by Srivijaya in the latter part of the 8th. The Chinese Songhuiyaogao chronicle mentions a country named Danliumei (Tan-liu-mei) , stating many details during the period from 970 to 1070. It gives

1674-482: The center of modern Nakhon Si Thammarat, engraved with Pallava scripts in Sanskrit language dated to the 5th century CE. However, based on Chinese chronicles and ignored local inscriptions, some academics are inclined to believe that the beginning of Tambralinga as an autonomous polity dates to the 10th or 11th century instead, and before that date, it was overshadowed by the northern neighbor Pan Pan centered at

1736-470: The cities acted as an outer shield , surrounding the capital Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor), and were connected by land so that help could be sent from one city to another in the event of surprise attacks. The Thai term naksat (from Sanskrit nakshatra ) refers to the lunar calendar system with a duodenary cycle of years ( Pi Naksat ) , based on the Chinese zodiac , with each year being associated with

1798-584: The city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district ). The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa . After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapür (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch or Kambojaraja (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned

1860-531: The divine energy of Shiva . Tambralinga first sent an embassy to China under the Song dynasty in 1001. In the 12th century it may or may not have been under the suzerainty of the Burmese Pagan Kingdom and a kingdom of Sri Lanka. At its height in the mid-13th century, under King Chandrabhanu , Tambralinga was independent, regrouping and consolidating its power and even invading Sri Lanka. By

1922-583: The east coast of the peninsula, i.e. the provinces Songkhla , Nakhon Si Thammarat and Phatthalung . According to the 16th-century Southern Thai Chronicles of Nakhon Si Thammarat and the Chronicles of Phra That Nakhon , Nakhon Si Thammarat was surrounded by a chain of 12 inter-linked cities, or Mueang , on the Malay Peninsula , called the Naksat cities ( Thai : เมือง ๑๒ นักษัตร RTGS :  Mueang Sip-Song Naksat ). According to these accounts,

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1984-525: The end of the 13th century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as Nakhon Si Thammarat , under the suzerainty of the Tai Sukhothai Kingdom . In his 13th-century work Zhu Fan Zhi , Chinese historian Zhao Rugua mentions the state Danmaling ( Tan-ma-ling , 單馬令 ), describing it as a vassal of Srivijaya. Whether Danmaling can be identified with Tambralinga is dubious; sinologist Roderich Ptak proposes instead to locate it in

2046-547: The end of the Padmavamsa clan. After that, Phanomwang ( พระพนมวัง ), a prince in Phetchaburi –Ayodhya clan, with his wife Sadieng Thong ( สะเดียงทอง ) and son Sri Racha ( เจ้าศรีราชา ), were assigned by the Phetchaburi  [ th ] 's king to revived Nakhon Si Thammarat . This led to the formation of the Sri Thammasokaraj clan  [ th ] and the expansion of the Tai 's influence to

2108-507: The ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked Haripuñjaya but lost. He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath. Later in 960, Lavapür

2170-604: The gateway between the South China Sea and the India Ocean since the protohistoric period (c. 500 BCE–500 CE). Hermann Kulke (1990) suggests that complex pre-Indianized political entities in present-day peninsular Thailand existed before the first millennium CE and developed to the centralized polities around the mid-first millennium CE through the Indianization , by adopting Indic ideologies to extent

2232-616: The impression that the kingdom was an independent state at that time, sending embassies to the court of China under the Song dynasty in 1001, 1016 and 1070. Danliumei is assumed to be a Chinese rendering of Tambralinga , the location of that state however is not precisely described. The chronicle of Ma Duanlin and the Songshi , mention similarly named states, Zhoumeiliu (Chou-mei-liu) and Danmeiliu (Tan-liu-mei) respectively, that are also reported to have sent their first mission to China in 1001, which makes it likely that they refer to

2294-474: The king’s lineage as a native Javanese-Malay descended from the Srivijaya dynasty centered on Java . Meanwhile, Pierre Dupont argues that Jivakas was likely of Angkorian descent, or at least his wife must have been an Angkor princess. Dupont additionally comments that to avoid the loss of Angkorian influences over Lavo in the 925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars , Sujita moved the troops north to occupy

2356-538: The liberation of King Sujita, Tambralinga was very strong politically and economically since it sent several missions to the Chinese court and even supported the troops to conquer the Lavo Kingdom as well as seizing the throne of the Angkor , two of the great mandalas in that period. The origin of Sujita (Jivakas) remains unclear. Cœdès interprets the term “Jivakas” to mean Javanese (Javaka), indicating

2418-475: The mid-13th century. The Ramkhamhaeng stele of 1283 (or 1292) lists Nakhon Si Thammarat as the southernmost tributary kingdom of Sukhothai, probably ruled by Sri Thammasokaraj , a relative of King Ram Khamhaeng . Nakhon Si Thammarat's Buddhist Theravada tradition was a model for the whole Sukhothai kingdom. Exemplary for the Southeast Asian Mandala model , the dependency towards Sukhothai

2480-477: The new king Prasat Thong . The usurper sent the influential Japanese adventurer Yamada Nagamasa with his mercenary force to quell the rebellion and made him governor and lord of Nakhon Si Thammarat for a short time. Another insurrection of Nakhon Si Thammarat against the capital took place after the Siamese revolution of 1688 when the local ruler refused to accept the accession of usurper king Phetracha . After

2542-466: The northern kingdom. His regime too had disappeared following Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I 's ascension to the Pandyan empire's throne and another invasion of the island by the army of the Pandyan dynasty in the late 1270s. Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I installed his minister in charge of the invasion, Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan , an Aryachakravarti as the new king of Jaffna. In at least two senses,

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2604-509: The old Nakhon Si Thammarat dynasty. It was the most important among Ayutthaya's southern provinces and enjoyed a primacy vis-à-vis the other provinces on the Malay Peninsula. Its role in overseas trade (involving Dutch and Portuguese merchants) resulted in the province's substantial wealth and contributed to a high level of confidence and claim of autonomy. During the Ayutthayan succession conflict of 1629, Nakhon Si Thammarat rebelled against

2666-506: The political situation of Tambralinga in the late-twelfth century. Another important source is a Sanskrit inscription ascribed to King Chandrabhanu of Tambralinga, dated 1230. It gives the king the epithet "Śrī Dharmarāja", which is an evidence for the identification of Tambralinga with Nakhon Si Thammarat ( Nagara Śrī Dharmarāja in Sanskrit). Present-peninsular Thailand has long been considered an important area in social interaction as

2728-518: The power as well as institutionalizing god-king statuses and dynamic traditions. Tambralinga was one of the significant centralized polities in the area that was mentioned in the India literature in the 2nd century CE. Previous scholars assume that Tambralingawas situated near modern Nakhon Si Thammarat or Ligor, based on text given in the inscription No. 28 found in Phra Maha That temple at

2790-473: The rapid expansion of Tambralinga is exceptional in the history of Southeast Asia . In the first place, Candrabhanu's invasion of Sri Lanka and occupation of the Jaffna kingdom marks the only time that a Southeast Asian power has launched an overseas military expedition beyond the immediate Southeast Asian region. In the second place, in the historiography of Southeast Asia, southern Thailand has generally played

2852-456: The ruler entitled a chao phraya (one of the highest non-royal titles). During the reign of Naresuan, the title prathetsarat was abandoned and Nakhon became a first-class "city". Again, the translation "city" is misleading and comes from the Thai mueang , which is also used for the capital of Siam, Ayutthaya. Official titles for cities and rulers in pre-modern Siam is complex. We know Nakhon

2914-555: The same state. In this era, Tambralinga consisted of five main mandalas located on the bank of Khlong Tha Khwai, Khlong Tha Chieo – Tha Thon, Khlong Tha Lat, Maying River, and the largest one on the Haad Sai Keao dune, which was speculated to be the center of Tambralinga. Each of these mandalas formed by several communities in the surrounding area with the shrine of the most sacred site be the center and were connected with other mandalas by waterways and land paths. Vaishnavism

2976-638: The south of the Kra Isthmus . Even the enthronement was patrilineal succession but an appointment from the Ayodhya was needed. According to the Ramkhamhaeng stele of 1283 (or 1292), Tambralinga which was recognized as Nakhon Si Thammarat became the southernmost tributary of Sukhothai . In 1365 Majapahit Kingdom of Java recognized Nakorn Sri Dharmaraja as Dharmanagari written in Nagarakretagama . Despite its rapid rise to prominence in

3038-508: The south of the island, his army strengthened this time by the addition of Tamil and Sinhalese forces, only to be defeated when Pandya sided with the Sri Lankan side; this time Jatarvarman Sundara Pandyan's brother Jatavarman Veera Pandyan intervened and Chandrabhanu himself was killed in the fighting. Chandrabhanu's son Savakanmaindan inherited the throne and submitted to Veera Pandyan's rule, received rewards and retained control over

3100-583: The southern part of the island but was defeated by the Sri Lankan king. However Chandrabhanu was able to establish an independent regime in the north of the island over the Jaffna kingdom, but in 1258 he was attacked and subjugated by the Tamil Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan . He was compelled to pay a tribute to the Pandyan dynasty of precious jewels and elephants. In 1262 Chandrabhanu launched another attack on

3162-402: The west were five gates. Today only the northern gate still exists, together with a short stretch of the northern city wall. Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat The Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat ( Thai : มณฑลนครศรีธรรมราช ) was an administrative subdivision of Thailand in the early 20th century. It included the eastern part of southern Thailand . The monthon was established in 1896, when

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3224-479: Was annexed by Siamese from Ayodhya , who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom. Cœdès suggests that Sujita, who was the king of Tambralinga, won over Udayadityavarman I of the Angkor in 1003 and enthroned as Jayavirahvarman . This led to a nine-year Angkorian civil war in which Suryavarman I of Lavo won the battle and became the successor of Jayavirahvarman in 1010. However, Achille Dauphin-Meunier proposes that Jayavirahvarman

3286-399: Was closely allied with Siam and that Ayutthaya became involved in succession politics, sometimes appointing outsiders to the position. However, most of the rulers were chosen from among the ruling elite of Nakhon. Alaungphaya of Burma (1760–1767) took Ligor 1894-1901, Pu wah ratchakarn (governor) Source: Tambralinga Tambralinga was an Indianised Malay kingdom located on

3348-553: Was enthroned as the new ruler. Gordon Luce speculates that the region was possibly controlled by the Pagan Kingdom from 1060 to 1200, as recorded in the Dhammarajaka inscription (Pl. I 19, 1198 C.E.), which gives the southern limits of the kingdom to Takwā ( Takua Pa ), Salankre (Junk Ceylon?, Phuket ) and two other places hardly legible, ending with a city with the suffix nakuiw' (nagara). The conflict between

3410-480: Was mentioned in some chronicles. This era ended with heavy losses for Tambralinga in the 1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars . The city chronicle mentions a fortification when the town was refounded in 1278. The Ram Khamhaeng inscription of 1283 lists Nakhon Si Thammarat as one of the tributary kingdoms of Sukhothai . In the Old Javanese Desawarnana document of 1365,

3472-464: Was only personal, not institutional. Therefore, after Ram Khaemhaeng's death, Nakhon Si Thammarat regained its independence and became the dominant Thai mueang on the Malay Peninsula. In the Old Javanese Desawarnana document of 1365, the Majapahit kingdom recognised Nakhon Si Thammarat as belonging to Siam . The Palatine law of King Trailok dated 1468, listed Nakhon Si Thammarat as one of eight "great cities" ( phraya maha nakhon ) belonging to

3534-494: Was recorded, which made Buddhism the dominant belief in the kingdom. Thai academic Chanchirayuwat Ratchanee  [ th ] proposes that after losing the war to the Chola Empire in 1026, the center of power in the eastern Siam peninsular was shifted from Chaiya to Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) in 1077, according to the information given to the Chinese court by the diplomat sent in 1168. The previous king's son

3596-419: Was speculated to have begun during the reign of Chandrabhanu I, which was expected to be one of the reasons that Srivijaya lost influence over Tambralinga. In 1244, King Chandrabhanu invaded Sri Lanka , adopting the regnal name 'Srīdḥarmarāja' and installing himself as the king of Jaffna. This era ended with the losses of Tambralinga in the 1247–1270 Tambralinga–Sri Lanka Wars . Several local legends said

3658-461: Was supported by the French engineer M. de la Mare. The walls of the town spread 456 meters from east to west, and 2,238 meters north to south, thus enclosing an area of about one square kilometre. The northern wall had only one gate, called Pratu Chai Nuea or Pratu Chai Sak , while the southern wall also had only one gate. To the east there were three gates, which connected the town with the sea. To

3720-543: Was taken away, instead awarding them to the governor of Songkhla . Nakhon Si Thammarat was supervised by the Kalahom (Minister of the Southern provinces). In 1821 and 1831 however, kings Rama II and Rama III again tasked the governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat to quell rebellions in the Malay sultanate of Kedah . The tiered relationships between Bangkok, Nakhon Si Thammarat and the Malay sultanates of Kedah and Perak posed

3782-509: Was the prominent belief system unlike Dvaravati in central Thailand and Korat plateau where Hinayana Buddhism was dominant. The kings of Tambralinga were institutionalized as Siva-king but the king's power was probably shared by administrative subordinates and his kinship groups. The region began receiving the immigrants of the Mon people around the 7th century. According to the legend of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phraya Sri Thammasokaraj or Norabadi ( พญาธรรมาโศกราช ; พญานรบดี ) from

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3844-399: Was the rightful successor and brother of Udayadityavarman I. Suryavarman I was believed to be Kambojaraja, a son of Sujita and an Angkorian princess. He was appointed the new ruler of Lavo Kingdom after it was taken over by his father in the 925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars . Some academics cite Suryavarman I was instead a Khmer opponent who evicted Jayavirahvarman out of

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