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63-470: There are 6 towns and 3 townships under the county's administration. Towns: Townships: Nanpi in the history has been pretty famous due to its mention in the epic novel "Heroes in the marsh" 水滸傳 in Ming Dynasty. At that time the town was named Da Ming Fu and featured in the novel Water Margin 大名府. It is also the home town of an important figure in late Qing Dynasty: Zhang ZhiDong 張之洞, who has been

126-596: A nanxi ( southern opera ) playwright who lived between the late Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty . Xu Fuzuo (徐復祚) of the Ming dynasty mentioned in Sanjia Cunlao Weitan (三家村老委談) that Junmei (君美; Shi Hui's courtesy name )'s intention in writing Water Margin was to entertain people, and not to convey any message. During the Qing dynasty , Shi Hui and Shi Nai'an were linked, suggesting that they are actually

189-508: A Grand Marshal by oppressing Wang Jin; Wang's father taught Gao a painful lesson when the latter was still a street-roaming ruffian. Wang Jin flees from the capital with his mother and by chance he meets Shi Jin , who becomes his apprentice. The next few chapters tell the story of Shi Jin's friend Lu Zhishen , followed by the story of Lu's sworn brother Lin Chong . Lin Chong is framed by Gao Qiu for attempting to assassinate him, and almost dies in

252-678: A Japanese translation of the Water Margin illustrated by Hokusai . The book, called the New Illustrated Edition of the Suikoden ( Shinpen Suikogaden ), was a success during the Edo period and spurred a Japanese "Suikoden" craze. In 1827, publisher Kagaya Kichibei commissioned Utagawa Kuniyoshi to produce a series of woodblock prints illustrating the 108 heroes in Water Margin . The 1827–1830 series, called 108 Heroes of

315-564: A fire at a supply depot set by Gao's henchmen. He slays his foes and abandons the depot, eventually making his way to Liangshan Marsh, where he becomes an outlaw. Meanwhile, the "Original Seven", led by Chao Gai , rob a convoy of birthday gifts for the Imperial Tutor Cai Jing , another primary antagonist in the novel. They flee to Liangshan Marsh after defeating a group of soldiers sent by the authorities to arrest them, and settle there as outlaws with Chao Gai as their chief. As

378-700: A governor to Hunan , Hubei , etc. This Cangzhou location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Water Margin Water Margin , also called Outlaws of the Marsh or All Men Are Brothers , is a Chinese novel from the Ming dynasty that is one of the preeminent Classic Chinese Novels . Attributed to Shi Nai'an , Water Margin was one of the earliest Chinese novels written in vernacular Mandarin Chinese . The story, which

441-597: A significant influence on the development of fiction elsewhere in East Asia, such as on Japanese literature. Water Margin is based on the exploits of the outlaw Song Jiang and his 108 companions (The 36 "Heavenly Spirits" (三十六天罡) and the 72 "Earthly Demons" (七十二地煞)). The group was active in the Huainan region and surrendered to the Song government in 1121. They were recorded in the historical text History of Song in

504-426: A tool as big as a donkey's. Third, you must be as rich as Deng Tong. Fourth, you must be as forbearing as a needle plying through cotton wool. Fifth, you've got to spend time. It can be done only if you meet these five requirements." "Frankly, I think I do. First, while I'm far from a Pan An, I still can get by. Second, I've had a big cock since childhood." Susan L. Mann writes that the "desire for male camaraderie"

567-558: A weapon. The word "病" is viewed by the Chinese literature community as a prefix in Hangzhou dialect, which means "better than" at the time, rather than meaning that it is sick. A native of Qiongzhou (瓊州; present-day Hainan ), Sun Li lives in Dengzhou (登州; in present-day eastern Shandong ), where he serves as a garrison officer and his younger brother Sun Xin , nicknamed "Little Yuchi" runs a tavern with his spouse Gu Dasao . Gu Dasao

630-561: A work of Shi Hui, bore some resemblance to Water Margin , hence the theory that Water Margin was authored by Shi Hui. Early scholars attributed the authorship to Guo Xun (郭勛), a politician who lived in the Ming dynasty. Shen Defu (沈德符), a late Ming dynasty scholar, mentioned in Wanli Yehuo Bian (萬曆野獲編) that Guo wrote Water Margin . Shen Guoyuan (沈國元) added in Huangming Congxin Lu (皇明從信錄) that Guo mimicked

693-680: Is "far from a mere plotline," for it is a basic theme of this and other classic novels. She places the novel's male characters in a tradition of men's culture of mutual trust and reciprocal obligation, such as figures known as the Chinese knight-errant . Sima Qian, the Han dynasty historian, devoted a section to biographies: "Their words were always sincere and trustworthy, and their actions always quick and decisive. They were always true to what they promised, and without regard to their own persons, they would rush into dangers threatening others." She finds such figures in this and other novels, such as Romance of

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756-498: Is attributed to Luo Guanzhong . Known simplified editions of Water Margin include: The complex editions are more descriptive and circulated more widely than their simplified counterparts. The three main versions of the complex editions are a 100-chapter, a 120-chapter and a 70-chapter edition. The most commonly modified parts of the complex editions are the stories on what happened after the outlaws are granted amnesty. Water Margin has been translated into many languages. The book

819-467: Is contemptible." Critics offer various explanations for Water Margin' s prejudice against women. Most common among modern Chinese critics is the patriarchal society of the Imperial China . Professor Sun Shuyu of The Chinese University of Hong Kong argues that the author(s) of Water Margin intentionally vilified women in order to discipline their would-be-outlaw audiences. In addition,

882-409: Is informed by the jailer Yue He of the Dengzhou prison that the hunter brothers Xie Zhen and Xie Bao , who are Gu's cousins, have been jailed and might be sentenced to death. The Xies have smashed up the house of one Squire Mao after failing to find a tiger they shot that had fallen into the old man's garden. In fact, the squire had sent the tiger to the prefecture office for reward. His sister being

945-497: Is no way of knowing whether a simplified edition came before or was derived from another by adding or cutting text. The simplified editions include stories on the outlaws being granted amnesty, followed by their campaigns against the Liao dynasty , Tian Hu , Wang Qing and Fang La , all the way until Song Jiang 's death. At one point, the later chapters were compiled into a separate novel, titled Sequel to Water Margin (續水滸傳), which

1008-481: Is set in the Northern Song dynasty (around 1120), tells of how a group of 108 outlaws gathers at Mount Liang (or Liangshan Marsh) to rebel against the government. Later they are granted amnesty and enlisted by the government to resist the nomadic conquest of the Liao dynasty and other rebels. While the book's authorship is traditionally attributed to Shi Nai'an (1296–1372), the first external reference to

1071-593: Is still disagreement. The earliest components of the Water Margin (in manuscript copies) were from the late 14th century. A printed copy dating from the Jiaqing reign (1507–1567) titled Jingben Zhongyi Zhuan (京本忠義傳), is preserved in the Shanghai Library . The earliest extant complete printed edition of Water Margin is a 100-chapter version published in 1589. An edition, with 120 chapters and an introduction by Yang Dingjian (楊定見), has been preserved from

1134-507: The 108 Stars of Destiny and third among the 72 Earthly Fiends. An eight chi tall skilled warrior, Sun Li has a broad face studded with whiskers and jet black eyes. Expert in the use of a variety of weapons , he usually fights with a steel club in one hand and a spear in the other. He is nicknamed "Superior to Yuchi" as he resembles the Tang Dynasty general Yuchi Gong not only in looks but also his specialisation in steel club as

1197-528: The 108 Stars of Destiny came together in what is called the Grand Assembly. He participates in the campaigns against the Liao invaders and rebel forces in Song territory following amnesty by Emperor Huizong for Liangshan. Sun Li is among the few heroes who survives all the campaigns. Reinstated as garrison officer in Dengzhou, he goes back to his previous place of service while his brother Sun Xin and sister-in-law Gu Dasao also return there to resume

1260-541: The Mongol rulers. The ambivalence persisted into later times, and the Chongzhen Emperor of the Ming dynasty , acting on the advice of his ministers, banned the book. The opening episode in the novel is the release of the 108 Spirits , imprisoned under an ancient stele-bearing tortoise . The next chapter describes the rise of Gao Qiu , one of the primary antagonists of the story. Gao abuses his status as

1323-489: The 36 are Lu Junyi , Guan Sheng , Ruan Xiao'er , Ruan Xiaowu , Ruan Xiaoqi , Liu Tang , Hua Rong and Wu Yong . Some of the characters who later became associated with Song Jiang also appeared around this time. They include Sun Li , Yang Zhi , Lin Chong , Lu Zhishen and Wu Song . A palace memorial by Hou Meng, included in the History of Song , states: "Song Jiang and 36 others cross Qi and Wei (the central belt of

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1386-658: The Great Song Dynasty (大宋宣和遺事), which appeared around the mid-13th century. The text is a written version of storytellers' tales based on supposed historical events. It is divided into ten chapters, roughly covering the history of the Song dynasty from the early 11th century to the establishment of the Southern Song regime in 1127. The fourth chapter covers the adventures of Song Jiang and his 36 companions, and their eventual defeat by Zhang Shuye. Versions of some of

1449-640: The Liangshan heroes' expeditions against the rebel leaders Tian Hu and Wang Qing prior to the campaign against Fang La. Other stories are told such as the heroes fighting the Jurchen -ruled Jin dynasty or moving to Siam . Water Margin , praised as an early "masterpiece" of vernacular fiction , is renowned for the "mastery and control" of its mood and tone. The novel is also known for its use of vivid, humorous and especially racy language. However, it has been denounced as "obscene" by various critics since

1512-540: The Liangshan outlaws first appeared in Old incidents in the Xuanhe period of the great Song dynasty (大宋宣和遺事) and had been circulating since the Southern Song dynasty, while folk tales and opera related to Water Margin have already existed long before the novel itself came into existence. This theory suggests that Shi Nai'an gathered and compiled these pieces of information to write Water Margin . Some believe that Water Margin

1575-479: The Ming dynasty. 王婆道：「大官人，你聽我說：但凡捱光的，兩個字最難，要五件事俱全，方才 行得。第一件，潘安的貌；第二件，驢兒大的行貨；第三件，要似鄧通有錢；第四件 ，小就要棉裏針忍耐；第五件，要閒工夫：——這五件，喚作『潘、驢、鄧、小、閑 』。五件俱全，此事便獲著。」西門慶道：「實不瞞你說，這五件事我都有些：第一 ，我的面兒雖比不得潘安，也充得過；第二，我小時也曾養得好大龜；第三，我家裏 也頗有貫百錢財，雖不及鄧通，也得過；第四，我最耐得，他便打我四百頓，休想我 回他一下；第五，我最有閒工夫，不然，如何來的恁頻？乾娘，你只作成我！完備了 時，我自重重的謝你。」 "These seduction cases are the hardest of all. There are five conditions that have to be met before you can succeed. First, you have to be as handsome as Pan An . Second, you need

1638-540: The North China Plain) at will. Government troops number tens of thousands but no one dares oppose him. His abilities must be extraordinary. Since we also face plunders by Fang La and his outlaws from Qingxi, why not grant Song Jiang and his men amnesty and request them to lead a campaign against Fang La to redeem themselves?" A direct precursor of Water Margin is Old Incidents in the Xuanhe Period of

1701-566: The Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West , all of which dramatized the "empathic emotional attraction between men who appreciate and play off against one another's complementary qualities." Licentious and treacherous women are another recurring theme. Modern critics have debated whether Water Margin is misogynistic . Most beautiful women in the novel are depicted as immoral and cruel, and they are often involved in schemes against

1764-559: The Water Margin or Tsuzoku Suikoden goketsu hyakuhachinin no hitori , catapulted Kuniyoshi to fame. It also brought about a craze for multicoloured pictorial tattoos that covered the entire body from the neck to the mid-thigh. Following the great commercial success of the Kuniyoshi series, other ukiyo-e artists were commissioned to produce prints of the Water Margin heroes, which began to be shown as Japanese heroes rather than

1827-622: The Xie brothers, Gu Dasao is let into the prison by Yue He. Yue then unshackles and frees the Xies while Gu causes havoc inside the jail compound. Meanwhile Sun Li launches an attack from the outside with the rest. The group pulls off the rescue and flee to join the outlaws of Liangshan Marsh . Before going up Liangshan, the group learn that Song Jiang is stuck in a battle with the Zhu Family Village. As Sun Li has been taught combat skills by

1890-483: The annals of Emperor Huizong of Song , which states: (When) the outlaw Song Jiang of Huainan and others attacked the army at Huaiyang , (the Emperor) sent generals to attack and arrest them. (The outlaws) infringed on the east of the capital ( Kaifeng ), Henan , and entered the boundaries of Chu (referring to present-day Hubei and Hunan ) and Haizhou (covering parts of present-day Jiangsu ). The general Zhang Shuye

1953-490: The author had witnessed that inspired him to write the book, which forms a wider debate on when the book was written. The first external reference of this book, which dated to 1524 during a discussion among Ming dynasty officials, is a reliable evidence because it presents strong falsifiability . Other scholars put the date to the mid-14th century, sometime between the fall of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty and

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2016-427: The author of the novel The textual history of the novel is extraordinarily complex for there are early editions of varying lengths, different parts, and variations. The scholar Scott Gregory comments that the text could be freely altered by later editors and publishers who also could add prefaces or commentaries. Not until the early 20th-century were there studies which began to set these questions in order, and there

2079-471: The cause of justice. They are divided into the 36 Heavenly Spirits and 72 Earthly Fiends. This outline of chapters is based on a 100 chapters edition. Yang Dingjian's 120 chapters edition includes other campaigns of the outlaws on behalf of Song dynasty, while Jin Shengtan 's 70 chapters edition omits the chapters on the outlaws' acceptance of amnesty and subsequent campaigns. The extended version includes

2142-470: The core of the plot of Water Margin . Based on the Taoist concept that each person's destiny is tied to a "Star of Destiny" (宿星), the 108 Stars of Destiny are stars representing 108 demonic overlords who were banished by the deity Shangdi. Having repented since their expulsion, the 108 Stars are accidentally released from their place of confinement, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for

2205-554: The early Ming dynasty. Both the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty (1521–1568) and the closing years of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty (1360s) were marked by a chain of rebellions, which confused scholars a lot as to which of the two inspired the author, and hence when was the book written. The proponents of the Yuan dynasty argued that Water Margin became popular during the Yuan as the common people (predominantly Han Chinese ) resented

2268-469: The final 30 chapters is often questioned, with some speculating that it was instead written by Luo Guanzhong, who may have been a student of Shi. Another theory, which first appeared in Gao Ru 's Baichuan Shuzhi (百川書志) during the Ming dynasty, suggests that the whole novel was written and compiled by Shi, and then edited by Luo. Shi drew from oral and written texts that had accumulated over time. Stories of

2331-461: The full trust of the Zhus. Only after he pretends to capture Liangshan's Shi Xiu in a feigned one-on-one combat that the Zhus let down their guard. The group embedded among the Zhus goes on a bloody rampage when Sun Li sees the opportunity to strike and gives the signal. The manor is thus taken, with the Zhus massacred. Sun Li is appointed as one of the scouting generals of the Liangshan cavalry after

2394-400: The late Southern Song dynasty and early Yuan era. Huang Lin'gen (黃霖根) pointed out that the name of one of the compilers of Anecdotes of Jingkang (靖康稗史) was Nai'an, and suggested that this "Nai'an", who lived during the Southern Song dynasty, was Shi Nai'an. He also felt that Shi wrote a simplified version of Water Margin , which is not the current edition. Another candidate is Shi Hui (施惠),

2457-486: The leader of the band after the latter is killed in a battle against the Zeng Family Fortress. The plot further develops by illustrating the conflicts between the outlaws and the Song government after the Grand Assembly of the 108 outlaws. Song Jiang strongly advocates making peace with the government and seeking redress for the outlaws. After defeating the imperial army in a great battle at Liangshan Marsh,

2520-482: The novel is mentioned in a "causal tone", with human flesh being eaten not just "in acts of revenge", but also "as a way of living". Noting that the outlaws celebrated in the novel were nevertheless widely regarded as "heroes and heroines" over centuries, educator William Sin states that one cannot divide "the meanings of [their] actions" from "the cultural background under which they [were] performed" and that it would be "hasty" to project concepts and values of today "onto

2583-447: The novel is notable for its gruesome and often gory and over-the-top depictions of violence. Some of the protagonists of the novel engage in "wanton killing, excessive retribution, and various forms of cannibalism ". When celebrating a victory, it is suggested they sometimes "share their enemies' flesh piece by piece, an action combining cannibalism with lingchi ", the slow slicing of somebody to death. This type of violent imagery in

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2646-596: The novel only appeared in 1524 during the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty , sparking a long-lasting academic debate on when it was actually written and which historical events the author had witnessed that inspired him to write the book. The novel is considered one of the masterpieces of early vernacular fiction and Chinese literature . It has introduced readers to some of the best-known characters in Chinese literature, such as Wu Song , Lin Chong , Pan Jinlian , Song Jiang and Lu Zhishen . Water Margin also exerted

2709-594: The original Chinese personages. Among these later series was Yoshitoshi 's 1866–1867 series of 50 designs in Chuban size, which are darker than Kuniyoshi's and feature strange ghosts and monsters. A recent Japanese translation is 水滸伝 (Suikokuden) . Translated by Yoshikawa Kojiro; Shimizu Shigeru. Iwanami Shoten. 16 October 1998. The book was first translated into Thai in 1867, originally in Samud Thai (Thai paper book) format, consisting of 82 volumes in total. It

2772-404: The outlaws eventually receive amnesty from Emperor Huizong . The emperor recruits them to form a military contingent and sends them on campaigns against invaders from the Liao dynasty and rebel forces led by Tian Hu , Wang Qing and Fang La within the Song dynasty's domain. Although the former outlaws eventually emerge victorious against the rebels and Liao invaders, the campaigns also lead to

2835-460: The protagonists. Among them is Pan Jinlian , the sister-in-law of Wu Song , who has later become an archetypal femme fatale and one of the most notorious villainesses of Chinese culture. On the other hand, the few "good" women in the story, like Sun Erniang and Gu Dasao , are not particularly noted for their beauty, or are even described as being plain or ugly. The leader of the outlaws, Song Jiang admonishes: "Any outlaw that meddles with women

2898-488: The reign of the Wanli Emperor (1573–1620) in the Ming dynasty. Yet other editions were published in the early Qing dynasty . The most widely read version is a truncated recension published by Jin Shengtan in 1643, reprinted many times, which became the standard text for later editions and most translations. Jin provided three introductions that praised the novel as a work of genius and inserted commentaries into

2961-479: The same person. Hu Shih felt that the draft of Water Margin was done by Luo Guanzhong, and could have contained the chapters on the outlaws' campaigns against Tian Hu , Wang Qing and Fang La , but not invaders from the Liao dynasty . Another theory states that Luo Guanzhong was from the Southern Song period vice the Ming dynasty. Cheng Muheng (程穆衡) suggested in Notes on Water Margin (水滸傳注略) that Luo lived in

3024-626: The same person. An unnamed writer wrote in Chuanqi Huikao Biaomu (傳奇會考標目) that Shi Nai'an's given name was actually "Hui", courtesy name "Juncheng" (君承), and he was a native of Hangzhou . Sun Kaidi (孫楷第) also wrote in Bibliography of Chinese Popular Fiction that "Nai'an" was Shi Hui's pseudonym. Later studies revealed that Water Margin contained lines in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang variety of Chinese , and that You Gui Ji (幽闺记),

3087-449: The same teacher of Luan Tingyu, the village's martial arts instructor, he suggests he can use that link to win the confidence of the Zhus and then topple them from within their ranks. Sun Li, taking along Sun Xin, Gu Dasao, Xie Zhen, Xie Bao, Yue He, Zou Yuan and Zou Run, visits the Zhus, telling them he has passed by and feels obliged to help them in their defence against Liangshan. Although allowed to stay, Sun Li initially does not have

3150-407: The situation of a distant culture" where they may not have applied. Since fiction was not at first a prestigious genre in the Chinese literary world, authorship of early novels was often not carefully attributed and may be unknowable. The authorship of Water Margin is still in some sense uncertain, and the text in any case derived from many sources and involved many editorial hands. While the novel

3213-535: The stories and characters in Water Margin are clearly visible, including "Yang Zhi Sells His Precious Sabre", "Robbing the Convoy of Birthday Gifts", "Song Jiang Kills Yan Poxi", and "Fighting Fang La ". Song Jiang and his outlaws are said to operate in the Taihang Mountains . Stories about the outlaws became a popular subject for Yuan dynasty drama. During this time, the material on which Water Margin

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3276-443: The story progresses, more people come to join the outlaw band, including military personnel and civil officials who grew tired of serving the corrupt government, as well as men with special skills and talents. Stories of the outlaws are told in separate sections in the following chapters. Connections between characters are vague, but the individual stories are eventually pieced together by chapter 60 when Song Jiang succeeds Chao Gai as

3339-411: The text that explained how to read the novel. He cut matter that he thought irrelevant, reduced the number of chapters to 70 by turning chapter 1 into a prologue, and added an ending in which all 108 heroes are executed. The various editions can be classified into simplified and complex. The simplified editions, edited for less sophisticated audiences, can contain all the events but in less detail. There

3402-466: The tragic dissolution of the 108 heroes. At least two-thirds of them die in battle while the surviving ones either return to the imperial capital to receive honours from the emperor and continue serving the Song government, or leave and spend the rest of their lives as commoners elsewhere. Song Jiang himself is eventually poisoned to death by the "Four Treacherous Ministers" – Gao Qiu , Yang Jian , Tong Guan and Cai Jing . The 108 Heroes (一百单八将) are at

3465-448: The wife of Sun Li, Yue He is obligated to protect the Xies. Gu Dasao consults with her husband, who invites the outlaws Zou Yuan and Zou Run to help in the rescue. Gu is worried that her brother-in-law Sun Li would stand in their way. So she pretends to be ill and gets Sun Li to visit her. When Sun appears, she threatens him to decide either to join them or fight them. Sun reluctantly signs on to their plan. Pretending to take food to

3528-530: The writing styles of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin to write Guochao Yinglie Ji (國朝英烈記). Qian Xiyan (錢希言) also stated in Xi Gu (戲嘏) that Guo edited Water Margin before. Hu Shih countered in his Research on Water Margin (水滸傳新考) that Guo Xun's name was used as a disguise for the real author of Water Margin . Dai Bufan (戴不凡) had a differing view, as he suspected that Guo wrote Water Margin , and then used "Shi Nai'an" to conceal his identity as

3591-422: Was based evolved into its current form. The number of outlaws increased to 108. Even though they come from different backgrounds, and include scholars, fishermen, imperial drill instructors, officers, and others, all of them eventually come to occupy Mount Liang (or Liangshan Marsh). While the book's authorship is attributed to Shi Nai'an (1296–1372), there is an extensive academic debate on what historical events

3654-527: Was ordered to pacify them. Zhang Shuye's biography further describes the activities of Song Jiang and the other outlaws, and tells they were eventually defeated by Zhang. Folk stories about Song Jiang circulated during the Southern Song . The first known source to name Song Jiang's 36 companions was Miscellaneous Observations from the Year of Guixin (癸辛雜識) by Zhou Mi, written in the 13th century. Among

3717-497: Was printed in western style in 1879 and distributed commercially by Dan Beach Bradley, an American Protestant missionary to Siam. Jacques Dars translated the 70 chapter version into French in 1978, reprinted several times. Sun Li (Water Margin) Sun Li is a fictional character in Water Margin , one of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature . Nicknamed "Superior to Yuchi", he ranks 39th among

3780-526: Was the author of Water Margin . During the early Republican era , Lu Xun and Yu Pingbo suggested that the simplified edition of Water Margin was written by Luo, while the traditional version was by Shi Nai'an. However, Huikang Yesou (惠康野叟) in Shi Yu (識餘) disagree with Wang Daokun's view on the grounds that there were significant differences between Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms , therefore these two novels could not have been written by

3843-415: Was traditionally attributed to Shi Nai'an , of whose life nothing is reliably known, recent scholars think that the novel, or portions of it, may have been written or revised by Luo Guanzhong (the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms ). Other contenders include Shi Hui (施惠) and Guo Xun (郭勛). Many scholars believe that the first 70 chapters were indeed written by Shi Nai'an; however the authorship of

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3906-537: Was translated into Manchu as Möllendorff : Sui hū bithe. Japanese translations date back to at least 1757, when the first volume of an early Suikoden ( Water Margin rendered in Japanese) was printed. Other early adaptations include Takebe Ayakari 's 1773 Japanese Water Margin ( Honcho suikoden ), the 1783 Women's Water Margin ( Onna suikoden ), and Santō Kyōden 's 1801 Chushingura Water Margin ( Chushingura suikoden ). In 1805, Kyokutei Bakin released

3969-584: Was written entirely by Luo Guanzhong. Wang Daokun (汪道昆), who lived during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor in the Ming dynasty , first mentioned in Classification of Water Margin (水滸傳敘) that: "someone with the family name Luo, who was a native of Wuyue (Yue (a reference to the southern China region covering Zhejiang ), wrote the 100-chapter novel." Several scholars from the Ming and Qing dynasties, after Wang Daokun's time, also said that Luo

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