68-661: Newport News ( / ˌ n uː p ɔːr t -, - p ər t -/ ) is an independent city in southeastern Virginia , United States. At the 2020 census , the population was 186,247. Located in the Hampton Roads region, it is the fifth-most populous city in Virginia and 140th-most populous city in the United States. The city is at the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula , on the northern shore of
136-597: A Great White Fleet , the company entered the warship business by building seven of the first sixteen warships. In addition to Collis, other members of the Huntington family played major roles in Newport News. From 1912 to 1914, his nephew, Henry E. Huntington , assumed leadership of the shipyard. Huntington Park , developed after World War I near the northern terminus of the James River Bridge ,
204-440: A blessed land/Gifted with a special view/Forever home for ev'ry man/With a spirit proud and true (repeat chorus to fade) Despite city efforts at large-scale revitalization, by the beginning of the 21st century, the downtown area consisted largely of the coal export facilities, the shipyard, and municipal offices. It is bordered by some harbor-related smaller businesses and lower income housing. Newport News grew in population from
272-399: A county, even though geographically they may be completely surrounded by one. An independent city in Virginia may serve as the county seat of an adjacent county, even though the city by definition is not part of that county. Some other Virginia municipalities, even though they may be more populous than some existing independent cities, are incorporated towns . These towns always form part of
340-572: A county. Incorporated towns have limited powers, varying by each charter. They typically share many aspects such as courts and public school divisions with the county they are within. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, there are two classes of city. The primary difference relates to the court system. A first-class city (e.g., Richmond) has its own District Court and also its own Circuit Court . A second-class city (e.g. Norton or Emporia) has its own District Courts, but not its own Circuit Court. As
408-567: A new seaport. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier and originally settled in Ireland. There he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork . He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres (1,012 ha) of land. He died two days later. His brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given "600 acres at Kequatan , now called Elizabeth Cittie ." A partner Daniel Gookin completed founding
476-535: A play on Spartak Moscow ) derives from the local townland 'Mossgrove' just outside the village. Their home colours are blue and white. Just outside the main village is an 18 hole pitch and putt course. Edward Galvin was born in Newcestown on 23 November 1882. He was ordained as a priest in St Patrick's College, Maynooth , County Kildare , in 1909. Later becoming a bishop, Galvin is credited with being
544-417: A second-class city, City of Fairfax shares a Circuit Court with Fairfax County , while Falls Church shares a Circuit Court with adjacent Arlington County. In Virginia, a District Court is not a court of record , so all cases are heard by a judge; all jury trials are heard in a Circuit Court. Three older Virginia counties, whose origins go back to the original eight shires of Virginia formed in 1634 in
612-542: A song was written by a city native and formally adopted by Newport News City Council in July 1989. The lyrics appear with permission from the author: (First verse): Harbor of a thousand ships/Forger of a nation's fleet/Gateway to the New World/Where ocean and river meet (Chorus): Strength wrought from steel/And a people's fortitude/Such is the timeless legacy/Of a place called Newport News (Second verse): Nestled in
680-524: A unified jurisdiction in which the county at least nominally exists to this day, whereas an independent city was legally separated from any county or merged with a county that simultaneously ceased to exist even in name. Of the 41 independent U.S. cities, 38 are in Virginia , whose state constitution makes them a special case. The three independent cities outside Virginia are Baltimore, Maryland ; St. Louis, Missouri ; and Carson City, Nevada . Baltimore
748-652: A village with a church, a school, a pub and GAA club. Newcestown is part of the Dáil constituency of Cork North-West . The local Roman Catholic church is the Church of St. John the Baptist. It was built in 1872 in a Gothic revival style. The nearby Church of Ireland church is dedicated to St. Patrick and was built c. 1810 . The local national (primary) school is Bishop Galvin Central School, which
SECTION 10
#1732766111379816-524: Is Port Warwick , named after the fictional city in William Styron 's novel, Lie Down in Darkness . Port Warwick includes housing for a broad variety of citizens, from retired persons to off-campus housing for Christopher Newport University students. Also included are several high-end restaurants and upscale shopping. City Center at Oyster Point , located near Port Warwick, has been touted as
884-416: Is located in the humid subtropical climate zone, with cool to mild winters, and hot, humid summers. Due to the inland location, throughout the year, highs are 2 to 3 °F (1.1 to 1.7 °C) warmer and lows 1 to 2 °F (0.6 to 1.1 °C) cooler than areas to the southeast. Snowfall averages 5.8 inches (15 cm) per season, and the summer months tend to be slightly wetter. The geographic location of
952-611: Is named for Bishop Edward J. Galvin , the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Hanyang in China. Newcestown GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club. It was founded in 1959 and competes in both Senior hurling and Senior football competitions in Cork. The club won the Cork Premier Intermediate Football Championship in 1971, in 2001 and in 2010. In hurling, Newcestown were promoted to
1020-533: Is named for him. Collis Huntington's son, Archer M. Huntington and his wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington , developed the Mariners' Museum beginning in 1932. They created a natural park and the community's Mariners' Lake in the process. A major feature of Newport News, the Mariners' Museum has grown to become one of the largest and finest maritime museums in the world. The city grew in territory through
1088-488: Is not in the territory of any county or counties and is considered a primary administrative division of its state. Independent cities are classified by the United States Census Bureau as " county equivalents " and may also have similar governmental powers to a consolidated city-county or a unitary authority . However, in the case of a consolidated city-county, a city and a county were merged into
1156-490: Is the 37th largest in the nation with a 2014 population estimate of 1,716,624. The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson , Portsmouth, Suffolk, Williamsburg , and the counties of Gloucester , Isle of Wight , James City , Mathews , Surry , and York , as well as the North Carolina counties of Currituck and Gates . Newport News serves as one of
1224-528: Is the most populous independent city in the United States. In the Commonwealth of Virginia , all municipalities incorporated as "cities" have been "independent cities", also called "free cities", since 1871, when a revised state constitution took effect following the American Civil War and the creation of West Virginia . Virginia's thirty-eight independent cities are not politically part of
1292-740: Is the subject of popular speculation locally. Probably the best-known explanation holds that when an early group of Jamestown colonists left to return to England after the Starving Time during the winter of 1609–1610 aboard a ship of Captain Christopher Newport , they encountered another fleet of supply ships under the new Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr , in the James River off Mulberry Island with reinforcements of men and supplies. The new governor ordered them to turn around and return to Jamestown. Under this theory,
1360-577: The Colony of Virginia , have or had the word city in their names; politically, however, they are counties. The independent cities were formed to centralize trading and legal matters as the older system of merchant ships cruising from plantation to plantation was inefficient. The colonial capital of Williamsburg was created for this reason, being a port on the James River. Two of these counties are Charles City County and James City County , whose names originated with earlier "incorporations" created in 1619 by
1428-576: The James River to the river's mouth on the harbor of Hampton Roads. Most of the area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County , one of the eight original shires of Virginia formed in the British Colony of Virginia by order of Charles I of England in 1634. Newport News was a rural area of plantations and a small fishing village until after the American Civil War . In 1881, fifteen years of rapid development began under
SECTION 20
#17327661113791496-714: The North End . Developed primarily between 1900 and 1935, North End features a wealth of architectural styles and eclectic vernacular building designs. Extending along west to the James River Bridge approaches, it includes scenic views of the river. A well-preserved community, the North End is an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register . The 1958 merger by mutual agreement with
1564-718: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 120 square miles (310 km), of which 69 square miles (180 km) is land and 51 square miles (130 km) (42.4%) is water. The city is located at the Peninsula side of Hampton Roads in the Tidewater region of Virginia , bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area (officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA)
1632-519: The Virginia Company as Charles Cittie and James Cittie . Additionally, Elizabeth City County , which was originally part of the older Elizabeth Cittie , became extinct in 1952 when it was consolidated politically by mutual consent with the small City of Hampton, its county seat, and the Town of Phoebus . These merged entities became the current independent city of Hampton, Virginia , one of
1700-788: The 'Cornwallis Surrender Centennial Celebration", a commemoration of the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown . Huntington knew the railroad could transport coal eastbound from West Virginia's untapped natural resources. His agents began acquiring land in Warwick County in 1865. In the 1880s, he oversaw extension of the C&;O's new Peninsula Subdivision , which extended from the Church Hill Tunnel in Richmond southeast down
1768-481: The 1960s through the 1990s. The city began to explore New Urbanism as a way to develop areas midtown. City Center at Oyster Point was developed out of a small portion of the Oyster Point Business Park. It opened in phases from 2003 through 2005. The city invested $ 82 million of public funding in the project. Closely following Oyster Point, Port Warwick opened as an urban residential community in
1836-516: The City of Newport News today are essentially the boundaries of the original Warwick River Shire and the traditional one of Warwick County, with the exception of minor border adjustments with neighbors. The city's original downtown area, on the James River waterfront, changed rapidly from a farm trading town to a new city in the last quarter of the 19th century. Development of the railroad terminal, with its coal piers, other harbor-related facilities, and
1904-575: The City of Warwick removed the political boundary, which was adjacent to Mercury Boulevard . This major north–south roadway carries U.S. Route 258 between the James River Bridge and the Coliseum-Central area of adjacent Hampton. At the time, the county was mostly rural, although along Warwick Boulevard north of the Mercury Boulevard, Hilton Village was developed during World War I as a planned community . Beyond this point to
1972-495: The English colony of Virginia consisted of a population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. It was divided into eight shires of Virginia , which were renamed as counties shortly thereafter. The area of Newport News became part of Warwick River Shire , which became Warwick County in 1637. By 1810, the county seat was at Denbigh . For a short time in the mid-19th century, the county seat was moved to Newport News. Newport News
2040-494: The James River (the eastern most section of which was called Hampton Roads ) for plantations, including the present area of Newport News. In 1619, the area of Newport News was included in one of four huge corporations of the Virginia Company of London . It became known as Elizabeth Cittie and extended west all the way to Skiffe's Creek (currently the border between Newport News and James City County ). Elizabeth Cittie included all of present-day South Hampton Roads . By 1634,
2108-516: The James River), Jefferson Avenue Park, Kiln Creek , Lee Hall , Menchville , Maxwell Gardens, Morrison (also known as Gum Grove), Newmarket Village, Newsome Park, Oyster Point , Parkview, old North Newport News (Center Ave. area), Port Warwick , Richneck, Riverside , Shore Park, Summerlake, Village Green , Windsor Great Park and Warwick . Some of these neighborhoods are located in the former City of Warwick and Warwick County. Newport News
Newport News, Virginia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-580: The Post Office Department sanctioned "New Port News" (written as three words) as the name of the first post office. In 1866 it approved the name as "Newport News", the current form. During the 17th century, shortly after founding of Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. In 1610, Sir Thomas Gates seized a nearby Native American village, which became known as Kecoughtan . At that time, settlers began clearing land along
2244-647: The United States Navy commissioned the third naval vessel named after the city with the entry of the Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine USS Newport News , built at Newport News Shipbuilding, into active service. The ship was initially commanded by CDR. Mark B. Keef; the city held a public celebration of the event, which was attended by Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle. In conjunction with this milestone,
2312-673: The United States average is 320.9. According to the Congressional Quarterly Press' "2008 City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan America," Newport News ranked as the 119th most dangerous city larger than 75,000 inhabitants. The neighborhood with the highest crime rates in Newport News is the East End . Among the city's major industries are shipbuilding, military, and aerospace. Newport News Shipbuilding , owned by Huntington Ingalls Industries , and
2380-532: The age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.04. The age distribution is: 27.5% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
2448-422: The annexation of parts of Warwick County and also of the town of Kecoughtan in adjoining Elizabeth City County . In 1958, the citizenry of the cities of Warwick and Newport News voted by referendum to consolidate the two cities, choosing to assume the better-known name of Newport News. The merger created the third largest city by population in Virginia, with a 65 square miles (168 km) area. The boundaries of
2516-611: The arch was cast by Womack Foundry, Inc. in the 1960s. It was hand crafted by the Foundry's founder and president, Ernest D. Womack. The downtown area has a number of landmarks and architecturally interesting buildings, which for some time were mostly abandoned in favor of building new areas in the northwest areas of the city (a strategy aided by tax incentives in the postwar years). City leaders are working to bring new life into this area, by renovating and building new homes and attracting businesses. The completion of Interstate 664 restored
2584-627: The area to access and through traffic which had been largely rerouted with the completion of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel connecting neighboring Hampton with the Southside in 1958 and discontinuance of the Newport News-Norfolk ferry service at that time. The larger capacity Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel and the rebuilt James River Bridge each restored some accessibility and through traffic to
2652-474: The business centers on the Peninsula. The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district, while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism. Newport News shares land borders with James City County on the northwest, York County on the north and northeast, and Hampton on the east. Newport News shares water borders with Portsmouth on
2720-419: The city was 49.0% White , 40.7% African American , 0.5% Native American , 2.7% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 2.7% from other races , and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.5% of the population (2.5% Puerto Rican, 2.5% Mexican, 0.4% Cuban, 0.3% Panamanian, 0.2% Dominican, 0.2% Guatemalan, 0.2% Honduran). There were 69,686 households, out of which 35.7% had children under
2788-672: The city's first mayor. The area that formed the present-day southern end of Newport News had long been established as an unincorporated town. After Reconstruction (the period after the American Civil War) the new City of Newport News was essentially founded by California merchant Collis P. Huntington . Huntington, one of the Big Four associated with the Central Pacific Railroad , in California, formed
Newport News, Virginia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-558: The city, with respect to the principal storm tracks, favours fair weather, as it is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes, and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms. As of the census of 2010, there were 180,719 people, 69,686 households, and 46,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,637.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,018.5/km). There were 74,117 housing units at an average density of 1,085.3 units per square mile (419.0 units/km). The racial makeup of
2924-401: The community was named for Newport's "good news". Another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word "news" meaning "new town". At least one source claims that the "New" arose from the original settlement's being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the original name as New Port Newce , named for a person with the name Newce and the town's place as
2992-543: The downtown area. Much of the newer commercial development has been along the Warwick Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue corridors, with newer planned industrial, commercial, and mixed development such as Oyster Point, Kiln Creek and the City Center. While the downtown area had long been the area of the city that offered the traditional urban layout, the city has supported a number of New Urbanism projects. One
3060-541: The former Chesapeake and Ohio Railway station which served tens of thousands of soldiers based at what became nearby Fort Eustis during World War I and World War II . The larger-than-normal rural two-story frame depot is highly valued by rail fans and rail preservationists. In downtown Newport News, the Victory Arch , built to commemorate the Great War , sits on the downtown waterfront. The "Eternal Flame" under
3128-575: The harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its many miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east–west Interstate Highway 64 , it is linked to other cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway , which crosses
3196-566: The harbor on two bridge-tunnels . Part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621. The source of the name "Newport News" is not known with certainty, though it is the oldest English city name in the Americas. Several versions are recorded, and it
3264-676: The large coal piers supplied by railroad giant CSX Transportation , the modern Fortune 500 successor to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O). Miles of the waterfront can be seen by automobiles crossing the James River Bridge and Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel , which is a portion of the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway , linking the city with each of the other major cities of Hampton Roads via Interstate 664 and Interstate 64 . Many U.S. defensive industry suppliers are based in Newport News, and these and nearby military bases employ many residents, in addition to those working at
3332-400: The largest cities of Virginia. Former independent cities, now extinct, that were long extant in Virginia include: Two other independent cities existed only for a short time: An independent city is not the same as: Newcestown Newcestown ( Irish : Baile Níos ) is a small village located 35 km from the city of Cork in the western part of County Cork , Ireland . It is
3400-438: The leadership of Collis P. Huntington , whose new Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway opened up means of transportation for the railroad to bring West Virginia bituminous coal to port for coastal shipping. Within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard . Newport News was incorporated in 1896, the new incorporated town . In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News
3468-601: The new "downtown" because of its new geographic centrality on the Virginia Peninsula, its proximity to the retail/business nucleus of the city, etc. Locally, it is often called simply "City Center". Nearby, the Virginia Living Museum recently completed a $ 22.6 million expansion plan. Newport News is also home to a small Korean ethnic enclave on Warwick Boulevard near the Denbigh neighborhood on
SECTION 50
#17327661113793536-527: The new midtown business district. Fifteen hundred people now reside in the Port Warwick area. It includes a 3-acre (1.2 ha) city square where festivals and events take place. In January 2023, a six-year-old shot his teacher Abby Zwerner in an elementary school in Newport News. Newport News is located at 37°4′15″N 76°29′4″W / 37.07083°N 76.48444°W / 37.07083; -76.48444 (37.071046, −76.484557). According to
3604-680: The northern end of the city. Although it lacks the density and character of larger, more established enclaves, it has been referred to as "Little Seoul"—being the commercial center for the Hampton Roads Korean community. Newport News has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries, including Brandon Heights, Brentwood, City Center , Colony Pines, Christopher Shores-Stuart Gardens, Denbigh , Glendale , East End , Hidenwood, Hilton Village , Hunter's Glenn, Beaconsdale, Ivy Farms, North End Huntington Heights (Historic District – roughly from 50th to 75th street, along
3672-748: The northwestern end include the reservoirs of the Newport News Water System (which include much of the Warwick River ), the expansive Newport News Park , a number of public schools, and the military installations of Fort Eustis and a small portion of the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown . At the extreme northwestern edge adjacent to Skiffe's Creek and the border with James City County is the Lee Hall community, which retains historical features including
3740-463: The peninsula through Williamsburg to Newport News, where the company developed coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads. His next project was to develop Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company , which became the world's largest shipyard. Opened as Chesapeake Dry Dock & Construction Company, the shipbuilding was intended to build boats to transition goods from the rails to the seas. With President Theodore Roosevelt 's declaration to create
3808-403: The poverty line, including 20.6% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. Newport News experienced 20 murders giving the city a murder rate of 10.8 per 100,000 people in 2005. In 2006, there were 19 murders giving the city a rate of 10.5 per 100,000 people. In 2007 the city had 28 murders with a rate of 15.8 per 100,000 people. The total crime index rate for Newport News is 434.7;
3876-487: The senior grade in 2015, after winning the 2015 Cork Premier Intermediate Hurling Championship final. In 2023, the club won the senior A championship in both hurling and football. Soccer is another sport associated with the village. A local team, Spartak Mossgrove, was founded in 2015 and have been competing in the West Cork Soccer League since their foundation. The name of the team (as well as being
3944-430: The settlement. In his 1897 two-volume work Old Virginia and her Neighbors, American historian John Fiske writes: ... several old maps where the name is given as Newport Ness, being the mariner's way of saying Newport Point. The fact that the name formerly appeared as "Newport's News" is verified by numerous early documents and maps, and by local tradition. The change to Newport News came about through usage; by 1851
4012-538: The shipyard and in other harbor-related vocations. Newport News plays a role in the maritime industry. At the end of CSX railroad tracks lies the Newport News Marine Terminal. Covering 140 acres (0.57 km), the Terminal has heavy-lift cranes, warehouse capabilities, and container cranes. Independent city (United States) In the United States, an independent city is a city that
4080-432: The shipyard, brought new jobs and workers to the area. Although fashionable housing and businesses developed in downtown, the increase in industry and the development of new suburbs pushed and pulled retail and residential development to the west and north after World War II . Such suburban development was aided by national subsidization of highway construction and was part of a national trend to newer housing. In July 1989,
4148-476: The southeast and Suffolk on the south across the Hampton Roads Area, and Isle of Wight County on the southwest and west and Surry County on the northwest across the James River . The city's downtown area was part of the earliest developed area which was initially incorporated as an independent city in 1896. The earlier city portions also included the " East End " or "Southeast" community, which
SECTION 60
#17327661113794216-630: The west, much of the city takes on a suburban nature. Many neighborhoods have been developed, some around a number of former small towns. Miles of waterfront along the James River, and tributaries such as Deep Creek and Lucas Creek, are occupied by higher-end single family homes. In many sections, wooded land and farms gave way to subdivisions. Even at the northwestern reaches, furthest from the traditional downtown area, some residential development has occurred. Much land has been set aside for natural protection, with recreational and historical considerations. Along with some newer residential areas, major features of
4284-495: The western part of the country's First transcontinental railroad . He was recruited by former Confederate General Williams Carter Wickham to become a major investor and guiding light for a southern railroad. He helped complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway to the Ohio River in 1873. On October 19, 1881, the first train to ever depart from Newport News left Lee Hall Depot on temporary tracks and arrived at Yorktown for
4352-406: Was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 36,597, and the median income for a family was $ 42,520. Males had a median income of $ 31,275 versus $ 22,310 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,843. About 11.3% of families and 13.8% of the population were below
4420-434: Was a rural area of plantations and a small fishing village until after the American Civil War . Construction of the railroad and establishment of the great shipyard brought thousands of workers and associated development. It was one of only a few cities in Virginia to be newly established without earlier incorporation as a town. (Virginia has had an independent city political subdivision since 1871.) Walter A. Post served as
4488-406: Was available and highways were built. While the shipyard and coal facilities, and other smaller harbor-oriented businesses have remained vibrant, the downtown area went into substantial decline. Crime problems have plagued the nearby lower-income residential areas. West of the traditional downtown area, another early portion of the city was developed as Huntington Heights. In modern times been called
4556-425: Was consolidated with Warwick , rejoining the two localities to approximately their pre-1896 geographic size under the more widely-known name of Newport News. With many residents employed at the expansive Newport News Shipbuilding , the joint U.S. Air Force – Army installation at Joint Base Langley–Eustis , and other military bases and suppliers, the city's economy is very connected to the military. The location on
4624-535: Was predominantly black American, the "North End" and the shipyard and coal piers. The town of Kecoughtan in Elizabeth City County was annexed by Newport News in 1927, extending the city along Hampton Roads from Salter's Creek to Pear Avenue. After World War II, public housing projects and lower income housing were built to improve housing in what came to be known as the East End or "The Bottom" by locals. The city expanded primarily westward where land
#378621