Misplaced Pages

#597402

55-1224: Niemeyer , Niemeier , or Niemeijer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Anna Maria Niemeyer (1929–2012), Brazilian architect, furniture designer, daughter of Oscar August Hermann Niemeyer (1754–1828), German Protestant theologian and poet Brian Niemeier , American science fiction horror author Carol A. Niemeier (born 1934), American politician Deb Niemeier , American civil engineer Felix von Niemeyer (1820–1871), German physician Frédéric Niemeyer (born 1976), Canadian tennis player Hans-Volker Niemeier , German mathematician Hermann Niemeyer Fernández (1918-1991), Chilean biochemist Isidora Niemeyer (born 2001), Chilean rower Jan Wolter Niemeijer  [ nl ] (1870–1937), Dutch member of parliament Jo Niemeyer (born 1946), German artist and designer Jule Niemeier (born 1999), German tennis player Meindert Niemeijer  [ nl ] (1902–1987), Dutch chess problemist Mitchell Niemeyer (born 1988), Dutch DJ and house music Producer Oscar Niemeyer (1907–2012), Brazilian architect Otto Niemeyer (1883–1971), English financial official and creator of

110-414: A practicum (or internship) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture. Practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction though the formal study of architecture in academic institutions has played a pivotal role in the development of the profession . Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction

165-422: A Registration Examination or a series of exams is required prior to licensure. Professionals who engaged in the design and supervision of construction projects before the late 19th century were not necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an academic setting. Instead, they often trained under established architects. Prior to modern times, there was no distinction between architects and engineers and

220-403: A building or several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building. Throughout the project (planning to occupancy), the architect coordinates a design team. Structural , mechanical , and electrical engineers are hired by the client or architect, who must ensure that the work is coordinated to construct

275-493: A title attached to a person's name was regulated by law in some countries. Architects' fee structure was typically based on a percentage of construction value, as a rate per unit area of the proposed construction, hourly rates, or a fixed lump sum fee. Combination of these structures were also common. Fixed fees were usually based on a project's allocated construction cost and could range between 4 and 12% of new construction cost for commercial and institutional projects, depending on

330-421: A vital part of the current design, and in some jurisdictions, design reports and records are required to include ongoing considerations of materials and contaminants, waste management and recycling, traffic control, and fire safety. Previously, architects employed drawings to illustrate and generate design proposals. While conceptual sketches are still widely used by architects, computer technology has now become

385-564: A warranty which specifies the expected life and other aspects of the material, product, or work. In most jurisdictions prior notification to the relevant authority must be given before commencement of the project, giving the local authority notice to carry out independent inspections. The architect will then review and inspect the progress of the work in coordination with the local authority. The architect will typically review contractor shop drawings and other submittals , prepare and issue site instructions, and provide Certificates for Payment to

440-460: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Anna Maria Niemeyer Anna Maria Baldo Niemeyer (16 December 1929 – 6 June 2012) was a Brazilian architect , furniture designer and gallery owner. The only child of Oscar Niemeyer , she worked with her father to design the civic buildings for Brasília , focusing primarily on interior spaces and decoration. When her father decided to make furniture to harmonize his structures with

495-473: Is often between the client and the contractor. This contract is legally binding and covers a wide range of aspects, including the insurance and commitments of all stakeholders, the status of the design documents, provisions for the architect's access, and procedures for the control of the works as they proceed. Depending on the type of contract used, provisions for further sub-contract tenders may be required. The architect may require that some elements be covered by

550-496: Is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the professional 'gentleman' architect, separate from the hands-on craftsman. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century but became increasingly available after 1500. Pencils were used for drawing by 1600. The availability of both paper and pencils allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals. Concurrently,

605-555: Is the Pritzker Prize , sometimes termed the "Nobel Prize for architecture". The inaugural Pritzker Prize winner was Philip Johnson who was cited as having "50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theatres libraries, houses gardens and corporate structures". The Pritzker Prize has been awarded for forty-two straight editions without interruption, and there are now 22 countries with at least one winning architect. Other prestigious architectural awards are

SECTION 10

#1732772680598

660-661: The Milan Furniture Fair in Milan and the United Nations Building in New York City. The Niemeyers' most important design was the "Rio", a chaise longue designed in 1970 for her father's personal use. Using the curves favored by her father, reminiscent of the coastline of his native Brazil and the figure of a woman, the frame was made of three curved elements to give balance and create

715-656: The Palácio da Alvorada , the Palácio do Planalto , the National Congress and the Supreme Federal Court . The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of Brazil's president, and Niemeyer was responsible for the design of the banquet hall, as well as the interior decoration and design of the chairs. She completed furniture designs for the Palácio do Planalto and designed the tiled sauna for

770-781: The Royal Gold Medal , the AIA Gold Medal (US), AIA Gold Medal (Australia), and the Praemium Imperiale . Architects in the UK who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education or have in some other way advanced the profession might, until 1971, be elected Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects and can write FRIBA after their name if they feel so inclined. Those elected to chartered membership of

825-445: The surname Niemeyer . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niemeyer&oldid=1095478850 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

880-694: The "Niemeyer statement" Paul Niemeyer (doctor) (1832–1890), German physician Paul V. Niemeyer (born 1941), American federal appellate judge Peter Niemeyer (born 1983), German football player Reuven Niemeijer (born 1995), Dutch footballer Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier  [ de ] (born 1947), German archaeologist Wolfgang Niemeier  [ de ] (born 1949), German scholar of geodesy See also [ edit ] Niemeyer (tobacco) , Dutch tobacco company 9246 Niemeyer , main-belt asteroid named after Oscar Niemeyer Niemeyer-Dolan technique , in lithography Neumayer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

935-544: The "Rio" in the permanent collection of the NoHo Modern in the NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles . They have been sold by both Christie's and Sotheby's as works of art. Architect The professional requirements for architects vary from location to location. An architect's decisions affect public safety, and thus the architect must undergo specialised training consisting of advanced education and

990-657: The 1990s, hers was the only art gallery in Rio. She featured works of many of Brazil's iconic artists, including Farnese de Andrade  [ pt ] , Jorge Eduardo Guinle  [ pt ] , Franz Weissmann and others, hosting over 300 exhibits during her lifetime. She was one of the founders of the idea to create the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum ( Portuguese : Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Niterói (MAC-Niterói) ), along with Victor Arruda. Between 1991 and 1996, she worked on designs of

1045-564: The Congressional Clubhouse. Beginning in 1970, Niemeyer, in collaboration with her father, began producing furniture, based on a Swedish technique using plywood and glue to create curved forms. By creating their own furniture, they were able to harmonize the design of the building with furniture that actually fit the spaces, rather than losing the room design to the furnishings. The duo typically used natural materials including leather, straw and wood, though their first design

1100-762: The MAC-Niterói project with her father. All of the furnishings of the museum were her designs. She also collaborated with her father on the Latin-American Parliament Building in São Paulo and the Oscar Niemeyer Museum in Curitiba . In 2003, Niemeyer and Magalhães separated, after their daughter was killed in a car accident. In 2010, Niemeyer was called by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to assist in returning

1155-753: The RIBA after 1971 may use the initials RIBA but cannot use the old ARIBA and FRIBA. An honorary fellow may use the initials Hon. FRIBA, and an international fellow may use the initials Int. FRIBA. Architects in the US who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education or have in some other way advanced the profession are elected Fellows of the American Institute of Architects and can write FAIA after their name. Architects in Canada who have made outstanding contributions to

SECTION 20

#1732772680598

1210-671: The Urbanization Company of New Capital of Brazil ( Portuguese : Companhia Urbanizadora da Nova Capital do Brasil (NOVACAP) ), was established in 1956, Niemeyer's father held the position of architect-in-charge. As such, he had responsibility for all the designs of buildings and monuments in the planned city. In 1960, Niemeyer moved to Brasília as one of the 120 professionals in the Urbanism and Architecture Department of NOVACAP. Her work with her father, focused on designing interior spaces for some of his buildings, including

1265-536: The ability to practice independently of supervision. The term building design professional (or design professional) , by contrast, is a much broader term that includes professionals who practice independently under an alternate profession, such as engineering professionals, or those who assist in the practice of architecture under the supervision of a licensed architect, such as intern architects . In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside of professional restrictions, such as

1320-564: The architect must report back to the client, who may have reservations or recommendations which might introduce further variables into the design. Architects also deal with local and federal jurisdictions regarding regulations and building codes . The architect might need to comply with local planning and zoning laws such as required setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), and land use . Some jurisdictions require adherence to design and historic preservation guidelines. Health and safety risks form

1375-426: The architect's services during each construction stage may be extensive (detailed document preparation and construction review) or less involved (such as allowing a contractor to exercise considerable design-build functions). Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of their clients, advise them on the award of the project to a general contractor , facilitate and administer a contract of agreement, which

1430-494: The building's design, construction, and maintenance. Virtual reality (VR) presentations are becoming more common for visualizing structural designs and interior spaces from the point-of-view perspective. Since modern buildings are known to release carbon into the atmosphere, increasing controls are being placed on buildings and associated technology to reduce emissions, increase energy efficiency, and make use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources may be designed into

1485-411: The construction. In many jurisdictions mandatory certification or assurance of the completed work or part of the work is required. This demand for certification entails a high degree of risk; therefore, regular inspections of the work as it progresses on site is required to ensure that the design is in compliance itself as well as following all relevant statutes and permissions. Recent decades have seen

1540-463: The contractor (see also Design-bid-build ) which is based on the work done as well as any materials and other goods purchased or hired in the future. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor is often part of the team to provide cost consulting. With large, complex projects, an independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in the design and management of

1595-401: The design becomes more advanced and detailed, specifications and detail designs are made of all the elements and components of the building. Techniques in the production of a building are continually advancing which places a demand on the architect to ensure that he or she remains up to date with these advances. Depending on the client's needs and the jurisdiction's requirements, the spectrum of

1650-568: The design elements, she turned her interest to furniture designing. Her two most noted designs were the initial prototype called the "Alta" and the "Rio". In her later career, she ran an art gallery in Rio, which at one time was the only gallery in the city, and assisted in the creation of the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum. Niemeyer was born on 16 December 1929 in Rio de Janeiro to Annita Baldo and Oscar Niemeyer. When

1705-429: The design of houses or other smaller structures. In the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design, and construction management require an understanding of business as well as design. However, design is the driving force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client. The commission might involve preparing feasibility reports , building audits, and designing

Niemeyer - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-494: The design takes place. The extent and nature of these expectations will vary. Foresight is a prerequisite when designing buildings as it is a very complex and demanding undertaking. Any design concept during the early stage of its generation must take into account a great number of issues and variables, including the qualities of the space(s), the end-use and life-cycle of these proposed spaces, connections, relations, and aspects between spaces, including how they are put together, and

1815-468: The design undertaking. The architect may make early proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief. The "program" (or brief) is essential to producing a project that meets all the needs of the owner. This becomes a guide for the architect in creating the design concept. Design proposal(s) are generally expected to be both imaginative and pragmatic. Much depends upon the time, place, finance, culture, and available crafts and technology in which

1870-452: The design, ensuring that aspects such as structural supports and air conditioning elements are coordinated. The control and planning of construction costs are also part of these consultations. Coordination of the different aspects involves a high degree of specialized communication, including advanced computer technology such as building information modeling (BIM), computer-aided design (CAD), and cloud-based technologies. Finally, at all times,

1925-416: The design. The architect, once hired by a client, is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. The architect must meet with and ask questions to the client, to ascertain all the requirements (and nuances) of the planned project. Often, the full brief is not clear in the beginning. It involves a degree of risk in

1980-401: The design. The design must also balance increasing concerns with environmental sustainability . The architect may introduce (intentionally or not), aspects of mathematics and architecture , new or current architectural theory , or references to architectural history . A key part of the design is that the architect often must consult with engineers, surveyors, and other specialists throughout

2035-593: The exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries only those qualified with an appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body (often a government) may legally practice architecture. Such licensure usually requires a university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. Representation of oneself as an architect through the use of terms and titles were restricted to licensed individuals by law, although in general, derivatives such as architectural designer were not legally protected. To practice architecture implies

2090-458: The firm (i.e. staff architect, partner, or shareholder, etc.), and the size and location of the firm. A number of national professional organizations exist to promote career and business development in architecture. A wide variety of prizes is awarded by national professional associations and other bodies, recognizing accomplished architects, their buildings, structures, and professional careers. The most lucrative award an architect can receive

2145-409: The impact of proposals on the immediate and wider locality. The selection of appropriate materials and technology must be considered, tested, and reviewed at an early stage in the design to ensure there are no setbacks (such as higher-than-expected costs) which could occur later in the project. The site and its surrounding environment, as well as the culture and history of the place, will also influence

2200-411: The industry standard. Furthermore, design may include the use of photos, collages, prints, linocuts, 3D scanning technology, and other media in design production. Increasingly, computer software is shaping how architects work. BIM technology allows for the creation of a virtual building that serves as an information database for the sharing of design and building information throughout the life-cycle of

2255-521: The interior of the Alvorada Palace back to its original presentation. Over the years, furnishings had been replaced, put in storage, or the rooms altered to fit the customs and preferences of the various occupants. Lula wanted to restore the original design to preserve the historical integrity of the residence. Searching through archives and government properties, first lady Marisa Lula oversaw the project in which she discovered through Niemeyer that

Niemeyer - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-414: The introduction of linear perspective and innovations such as the use of different projections to describe a three-dimensional building in two dimensions, together with an increased understanding of dimensional accuracy, helped building designers communicate their ideas. However, development was gradual and slow-going. Until the 18th century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen, with

2365-712: The original chairs, thought to have been Mies van der Rohe creations shipped from Barcelona, were in fact copies made by Niemeyer, as there was no money to buy the 1929 originals or have them shipped. Niemeyer died on 6 June 2012 in the Samaritan Hospital of Rio after a lengthy stay with emphysema and cancer. She was buried at the Cemitério de São João Batista in the Botafogo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro. Her furniture designs have become collectors items and are featured in museum and private collections, like

2420-511: The profession through contributions to research, scholarship, public service, or professional standing to the good of architecture in Canada or elsewhere may be recognized as Fellows of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada and can write FRAIC after their name. In Hong Kong, those elected to chartered membership may use the initial HKIA, and those who have made a special contribution after nomination and election by

2475-497: The project's size and complexity. Residential projects ranged from 12 to 20%. Renovation projects typically commanded higher percentages such as 15–20%. Overall billings for architectural firms range widely, depending on their location and economic climate. Billings have traditionally been dependent on local economic conditions, but with rapid globalization, this is becoming less of a factor for large international firms. Salaries could also vary depending on experience, position within

2530-687: The proposed building by local or national renewable energy providers. As a result, the architect is required to remain abreast of current regulations that are continually being updated. Some new developments exhibit extremely low energy use or passive solar building design . However, the architect is also increasingly being required to provide initiatives in a wider environmental sense. Examples of this include making provisions for low-energy transport, natural daylighting instead of artificial lighting, natural ventilation instead of air conditioning, pollution, and waste management, use of recycled materials, and employment of materials which can be easily recycled. As

2585-742: The rise of specialisations within the profession. Many architects and architectural firms focus on certain project types (e.g. healthcare, retail, public housing, and event management), technological expertise, or project delivery methods. Some architects specialise in building code, building envelope , sustainable design , technical writing , historic preservation(US) or conservation (UK), and accessibility . Many architects elect to move into real-estate (property) development , corporate facilities planning, project management , construction management, chief sustainability officers interior design, city planning, user experience design , and design research. Although there are variations in each location, most of

2640-445: The structure of the chair. The main support allowed the chair to rock and provided balance, while the smaller elements braced the head and foot of the seat. The shaped plywood was stained with black lacquer and the cylindrical headrest affixed by two cords was made of black leather. Tensioned wicker of woven natural cane stretched over the frame to form the seat of the rocker. The chair did not go into production until 1978, when it

2695-469: The title used varied depending on geographical location. They often carried the title of master builder or surveyor after serving a number of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren ). The formal study of architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in architectural technology and theory. The use of "Architect" or abbreviations such as "Ar." as

2750-412: The world's architects are required to register with the appropriate jurisdiction. Architects are typically required to meet three common requirements: education, experience, and examination. Basic educational requirement generally consist of a university in architecture. The experience requirement for degree candidates is usually satisfied by a practicum or internship (usually two to three years). Finally,

2805-456: Was carried out by artisans —such as stone masons and carpenters—who rose to the role of master builders. Until modern times, there was no clear distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the titles architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person, often used interchangeably. "Architect" derives from Greek ἀρχιτέκτων ( arkhitéktōn , "master builder," "chief tektōn ). It

SECTION 50

#1732772680598

2860-507: Was easier and less expensive. The furniture she produced included stationary and rocking chairs, couches and longues and tables, of which most were originally designed for her father's architectural projects. Most of the furnishings were produced in Brazil, but the duo also opened a manufacturing studio in Italy where some pieces were made. A Japanese firm, Tendo Brasileira, operating in Brazil,

2915-725: Was initially given exclusive production rights and each piece was issued a unique serial number to prevent forgeries. In the 1980s, the firm of Milly Teperman of São Paulo began production of the designs. Niemeyers works were exhibited in many locations throughout the world, including among others, the Centre Georges Pompidou and the Salon in Paris, the Internationale Möbelmesse Fair in Cologne ,

2970-619: Was made in Brazil at the Tendo plant. Niemeyer left Brasília in 1973 and in 1977, after returning to Rio de Janeiro opened the Galeria Anna Maria Niemeyer. Two years later, she moved the gallery to the neighborhood of Gávea . In the 1980s, Niemeyer began a relationship with Carlos Magalhães da Silveira, an architect with whom she had worked at NOVACAP and who also was a business partner of her father. They married and had two children, Carlos Oscar and Ana Cláudia. During

3025-497: Was of metal. In 1971, the first prototype was created in France, because the technology to bend the steel was not yet available in Brazil. The oversized chair, with a stool, "Alta" was designed by Niemeyer and featured a curved steel frame over which the seat and backrest were mounted on wood and upholstered with leather. Later, the pieces of "mobile architecture" that Niemeyer produced were made of bent pressed wood , as construction

#597402