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147-726: Nilambur is a major town, a municipality and a Taluk in the Malappuram district of the Indian state of Kerala . It is located close to the Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River . This place is also known as 'Teak Town' because of the abundance of Nilambur teaks, which is a variety of a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Unlike many Municipalities of India; Nilambur

294-677: A 'multilateral register' of geographical indications. Some countries, including the EU, are pushing for a register with legal effect, while other countries, including the United States, are pushing for a non-binding system under which the WTO would simply be notified of the members' respective geographical indications. Some governments participating in the negotiations (especially the European Communities) wish to go further and negotiate

441-558: A Keralite. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Malabar coast . It was first printed and published in Lisbon . A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University , Cairo . In 1532 with

588-568: A catchment area of 1,114 km (430 sq mi) and a total runoff of 2189 million cubic feet. Bharathappuzha has a total length of 209 km. It flows as its tributary Thuthapuzha River through Thootha, Elamkulam , Pulamanthole in Malappuram-Palakkad district border, and joins the main river at Pallippuram. Then it again reaches the district from Thiruvegappura reaching at Kuttippuram after flowing through some neighbouring districts. Then it entirely flows through

735-469: A coastal area (lowland) bounded by Arabian Sea on the west, a midland at the centre, and a hilly area (highland), bounded by Western Ghats on the east. Unlike other districts of Kerala, hilly areas are widely seen in the midland area too. The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as

882-426: A country, region, or locality, which serves to designate a product originating therein, the quality or characteristics of which are due exclusively or essentially to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors." This definition suggests that appellations of origin consist of the name of the product's place of origin. However, a number of traditional indications that are not place names, but refer to

1029-401: A geographical indication under protection where it has become a generic term for describing the product in question. Measures to implement these provisions should not prejudice prior trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith; and, under certain circumstances — including long-established use — continued use of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on

1176-469: A given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin." Appellation d'origine contrôlée ('Appellation of origin') is a sub-type of geographical indication where quality, method, and reputation of a product originate from a strictly defined area specified in its intellectual property right registration. Governments have protected trade names and trademarks of food products identified with

1323-465: A good as "originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin." In 1994, when negotiations on the WTO TRIPS were concluded, governments of all WTO member countries (164 countries, as of August 2016) had agreed to set certain basic standards for

1470-412: A good. Article 23 says governments may refuse to register or may invalidate a trademark that conflicts with a wine or spirits GI whether the trademark misleads or not. Article 24 of TRIPS provides a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications that are particularly relevant for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23). For example, Members are not obliged to bring

1617-437: A government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of the product. Examples of products that have such "appellations of origin" include Gruyère cheese (from Switzerland) and many French wines . Under " Champagnerparagraph  [ de ] " of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , Germany was forbidden from using allied geographical indications on products, which in particular affected

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1764-569: A new EU-wide GI protection scheme for these products. Following its entry into force, the EUIPO gained the authority to handle GIs for craft and industrial products. It showcased its continuous adaptation to new challenges and responsibilities in the IP realm. Leveraging its extensive experience in administering agricultural GIs, the EUIPO is well-prepared to assume competency over geographical indications for craft and industrial products. From 1 December 2025,

1911-489: A panacea for the difficulties of rural development. They can however offer a comprehensive framework for rural development, since they can positively encompass issues of economic competitiveness, stakeholder equity, environmental stewardship, and socio-cultural value. The application of circular economy will ensure socio-economic returns in the long-run to avoid growth at an environmental cost. This approach for GI development may also allow for investment together with promoting

2058-503: A particular region since at least the end of the 19th century, using laws against false trade descriptions or passing off , which generally protects against suggestions that a product has a certain protection benefits. One of the first GI systems is the one used in France from the early part of the 20th century known as appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be endorsed with

2205-497: A portion of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of rich biodiversity. Nilambur is located about 90 km (56 mi) west of Ooty and 48 km (30 mi) southwest of Gudalur town, and 27 km (17 mi) northeast of Manjeri , on Ooty - Gudalur -Nilambur- Calicut road. The 2,554 m (8,379 ft) m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and

2352-562: A product in connection with a place, are protected as appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement (for example, Reblochon (cheese) and Vinho Verde (green wine)).It is sometimes argued that products with a certain reputation, but no other quality due to their place of origin are not considered appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement. However, this interpretation is not universally accepted. Nevertheless, appellations of origin and geographical indications both require

2499-473: A product labeled Tennessee whiskey be a straight Bourbon whiskey produced in the state of Tennessee . Conversely, some European products have adopted a more American system: a prime example is Newcastle Brown Ale , which received an EU protected geographical status in 2000. When the brewery moved from Tyneside to Tadcaster in North Yorkshire (about 150 km away) in 2007 for economic reasons,

2646-541: A qualitative link between the product to which they refer and its place of origin. Both inform consumers about a product's geographical origin and a quality or characteristic of the product linked to its place of origin. The basic difference between the two terms is that the link with the place of origin must be stronger in the case of an appellation of origin. The quality or characteristics of a product protected as an appellation of origin must result exclusively or essentially from its geographical origin. This generally means that

2793-412: A reputation on the local, national or international markets due to their specific unique qualities. Producers can add value to their products through Geographical Indications by: The recognition and protection on the markets of the names of these products allows the community of producers to invest in maintaining the specific qualities of the product on which the reputation is built. Most importantly, as

2940-597: A scale and nature as before. Creation of a geographical indicator register for wines and spirits, as well as a geographical indication extension to products other than wine and spirits, have been important issues on the WTO's agenda since the TRIPS Agreement. In the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, launched in December 2001, WTO member governments are negotiating on the creation of

3087-472: A steamship travels between Ponnani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km... The temperature of the district is almost steady throughout the year. It has a tropical climate. It gets significant rainfall in most of the months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate

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3234-590: A vast forest area of 758.87 km (293.00 sq mi). In this, 325.33 km (125.61 sq mi) is reserved forests and the rest is vested forests. Of these, 80% is deciduous whereas the rest is evergreen . The forest area is mainly concentrated in Nilambur subdistrict, which shares its boundary with the hilly district of Wayanad , Western Ghats , and the hilly areas ( Nilgiris ) of Tamil Nadu . Trees like teak , rosewood , and mahogany are seen in Nilambur forest area. Bamboo hills are widely seen in

3381-556: Is Calicut International Airport at Karipur which is 44.50 km from Nilambur. Nilambur Taluk , also known as Eastern Eranad Taluk , comes under Perinthalmanna revenue division in Malappuram district of Kerala , India. Its headquarters is the town of Nilambur. Nilambur Taluk contains Nilambur Municipality and a few Gram panchayats . Most of the administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Station at Nilambur. The position of Nilambur Taluk in Malappuram district

3528-454: Is a difference in philosophy as to what constitutes a "genuine" product. In Europe, the prevailing theory is that of terroir : that there is a specific property of a geographical area, and that dictates a strict usage of geographical designations. The European Union has been successful internally in promoting geographical indications as intellectual property. Producers from a designated place can exclude those who produce elsewhere from using

3675-618: Is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as the third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m [8,845 ft]) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m [8,698 ft]), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district . The 2,383 m (7,818 ft) high Anginda peak , which is located closer to Malappuram - Palakkad - Nilgiris district border

3822-523: Is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The oldest Teak plantation in the world at Conolly's plot is situated at Chaliyar valley in Nilambur . The oldest Railway line in the state was laid from Tirur to Chaliyam in 1861, passing through Tanur , Parappanangadi , and Vallikkunnu . The second railway line in the state was also laid in the same year from Tirur to Kuttippuram via Tirunavaya . The Nilambur–Shoranur line , also laid in

3969-978: Is among the shortest as well as picturesque broad gauge railway lines in India. The railway line is surrounded by teak trees. It was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of Nilambur Teak logs into United Kingdom through Kozhikode . Silent Valley National Park is located near Karuvarakundu in Nilambur Taluk. It is located in the rich biodiversity of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary , New Amarambalam Reserved Forest , and Nedumkayam Rainforest in Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram district , Attappadi Reserved Forest in Mannarkkad Taluk of Palakkad district, and Mukurthi National Park of Nilgiris district , are located around Silent Valley National Park. Mukurthi peak,

4116-526: Is at Malappuram . It is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. Local self-government institutions are divided into two categories: Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats (Rural local bodies). The district comprises 12 municipalities established to administer urban areas ( statutory towns ). Each municipality has its own elected council and is responsible for local governance, urban planning, and providing essential services within its respective jurisdiction. A chairperson and vice chairperson, elected by

4263-503: Is at Mukurthi (2594 m), which lies east of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary on the border of Kerala with Tamil Nadu. The lowest point is located at Mampad (115 m). The hilly forested area of Nilambur forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Perinthalmanna undulating uplands make its boundary with Chaliyar river basin to the north, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the east, Palakkad Gap to

4410-480: Is bounded by Silent Valley National Park to south, Nilgiri mountain ranges and Pandalur , Gudalur , Ooty , and Kundah Taluks of Nilgiris district to east, Wayanad district and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode district to north, and Eranad and Perinthalmanna Taluks to west. The villages included in the Taluk are: The oldest Teak plantation of the world is at Conolly's plot. The Nilambur–Shoranur line

4557-563: Is classified as Am. The average annual temperature in Malappuram is 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2,952 millimetres (116.2 in). Summer usually runs from March until May; the monsoon begins in June and ends in September. Malappuram receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. Winter is from December to February. The district contains a diverse wildlife and a number of small hills, forests, rivers, and streams flowing to

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4704-495: Is covered with large amounts of vegetation, making it very scenic. In the British records, Nilambur and its surroundings are collectively described as Nilambur Valley . The bank of river Chaliyar at Nilambur region is also known for natural Gold fields. Explorations done at the valley of the river Chaliyar in Nilambur has shown reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold. The hilly forested area of Nilambur Taluk forms

4851-609: Is greater than required, in most cases, to deliver the consumer benefit that is the fundamental objective of GIs laws. In 2015, The Geneva Act was adopted. It entered into force early-2020 with the accession of the European Union. The Geneva Act bridges the Lisbon system of Appellations of Origin, and the TRIPS system of Geographical Indications. One reason for the conflicts that occur between European and United States governments

4998-497: Is home to around 13% of the total population of the state. The district was formed on 16 June 1969, spanning an area of about 3,554 km (1,372 sq mi). It is the third-largest district of Kerala by area. It is bounded by Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea on either side. The district is divided into seven Taluks : Eranad , Kondotty , Nilambur , Perinthalmanna , Ponnani , Tirur , and Tirurangadi . Malayalam

5145-460: Is just 8 km long. It is connected to major rivers via Conolly Canal . Several larger and smaller tributaries and streams of the major rivers described above also flows through the district. Four estuaries are there – Padinjarekara Azhimukham at Purathur where the rivers Bharathappuzha and Tirur River merge to join Arabian Sea, Puthuponnani promontary where Conolly Canal flows into

5292-476: Is located at Kalpakanchery village (104 m) in Tirur Taluk. The Malappuram undulating plain, lying parallel to the coast, makes it boundaries with Nadapuram - Mavur undulating plains to the north, Chaliyar river basin, and Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the east, Pattambi undulating plain to the south and Malappuram coast to the west. Nenmini hill (478 m) at Kannamangalam is the highest point and

5439-573: Is located at Vazhikkadavu in the eastern end of Nilambur Taluk and Malappuram district. Several waterfalls and hillstations are located in the Gram panchayats around Vavul Mala ( Urangattiri , Edavanna etc.). Malappuram district Malappuram ( Malayalam: [mɐlɐpːurɐm] ), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala , with a coastline of 70 km (43 mi). The most populous district of Kerala, Malappuram

5586-648: Is maintained by the Kerala Forest Research Institute which was established for the memory of the oldest known Teak plantation in the world. The town is also famous for Nilambur Kovilakam , where the Nilambur Rajas resided and ruled the land. Nilambur Rajas were vassals to the Zamorins of Calicut , based at Nilambur. The Nilambur–Shoranur line is among the shortest as well as picturesque broad gauge railway lines in India. It

5733-535: Is not limited to agricultural products. A geographical indication may also highlight specific qualities of a product that are due to human factors found in the product's place of origin, such as specific manufacturing skills and traditions. For example handicrafts, which are generally handmade using local natural resources and usually embedded in the traditions of local communities. An EU Regulation on geographical indication (GI) protection for craft and industrial products entered into force on 16 November 2023, introducing

5880-462: Is often seen as unfair, as it may discourage traditional producers as well as mislead consumers. Thus the European Union has pursued efforts to improve the protection of GI internationally. Inter alia, the European Union has established distinct legislation to protect geographical names in the fields of wines, spirits, agricultural products including beer. A register for protected geographical indications and denominations of origin relating to products in

6027-522: Is one of the few areas in global intellectual property governance where the EU and the US oppose each other. However, there is some overlap, particularly with American products adopting a European way of viewing the matter. The most notable of these are crops: Vidalia onions , Florida oranges , and Idaho potatoes . In each of these cases, the state governments of Georgia , Florida, and Idaho registered trademarks, and then allowed their growers—or in

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6174-406: Is ongoing here. There are also wide and good quality direct road towards Kakkadampoyil of Kozhikode district from here. There is a large fleet of government and private buses and other transports serving this town. There is a KSRTC sub depot which serves the area operating both interstate and intrastate Public bus transport. This town is also served by a railway station called Nilambur road which

6321-409: Is shown below: Nilambur Taluk is the largest Taluk in Kerala. It is composed of 21 villages. Since most of Nilambur is the jungle and hilly area, this Taluk has the least population density in the district. Several tributaries of Chaliyar River flow through Nilambur Taluk. Nilambur, Wandoor , Edakkara , Mambad , Kalikavu , and Karuvarakundu , are some major towns in Nilambur Taluk. Nilambur Taluk

6468-681: Is situated in Manjeri. The district boasts three Additional District and Sessions Courts, two Family Courts (one in Malappuram and the other in Tirur), as well as two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals (one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur). Furthermore, there are two Sub Courts—one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur . The district also accommodates two Munsiff Magistrate Courts, with one in Ponnani and

6615-625: Is situated opposite to Kuttippuram town while Sukapuram lies in Edappal . The Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called Koormatsaram between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Thirumanasseri Nambudiri had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu

6762-656: Is the first community reserve in Kerala. It has now been declared as an eco-tourism centre. A bird sanctuary at Padinjarekkara estuary in Purathur was proposed in 2010. Tirunavaya is known for its lotus fields. The headquarters of the district administration is at Uphill, Malappuram . The district administration is headed by the District collector . He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections. Additional District Magistrate in

6909-444: Is the first forest produce to get its own GI tag. Nilambur is well connected to other parts of the Kerala and other parts of the country by road and rail networks. Kozhikode-Nilambur-Gudalur ( SH 28 ) road which is a major interstate highway runs through the heart of Nilambur. Other State highways such as SH 39 (Perumbilavu - Nilambur Road) and SH 73 (Valanchery - Nilambur Road) also serves this town. Construction for Hill Highway

7056-672: Is the most spoken language. The district has witnessed significant emigration, especially to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf during the Gulf Boom of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on remittances from a large Malayali expatriate community. Malappuram was the first e-literate as well as the first cyber literate district of India. The district has four major rivers, namely Bharathappuzha , Chaliyar , Kadalundippuzha , and Tirur Puzha , out of which

7203-415: Is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala , a 2,339 m [7,674 ft] high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad , and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts, is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. The Nilambur Taluk has several small and medium-sized tributaries of Chaliyar river. It is believed that Nilambur was derived from Nilambapuri,

7350-409: Is the terminus of Nilambur–Shoranur railway line . This railway station connects this town to other parts of India as it has regular trains which leads to shoranur junction which is the largest railway station of Kerala state. The Nilambur–Nanjangud line is a proposed railway line, which connects Nilambur with the districts of Wayanad , Nilgiris , and Mysore . The nearest International Airport

7497-433: Is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. Malappuram district shares its border with the following 12 Taluks of 5 districts. On the basis of topography, geology, soils, climate, and natural vegetation, the district is divided into 5 sub-micro regions: The Malappuram coast lies all along the coastal tract of Malappuram from Vallikkunnu at the north to Perumpadappu at the south. It makes its boundaries with

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7644-727: The Ariyittu Vazhcha (Coronation) of a new Zamorin. The Arabs had the monopoly of trade in the early Middle Ages. The original headquarters of the Palakkad Raja s were also at Athavanad . The squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean , reaching Calicut in May 1498. At

7791-618: The Kingdom of Cochin , was at Chithrakoodam in Vanneri, Perumpadappu , which is located 10 km south to Puthuponnani , in Ponnani taluk . When Perumpadappu came under the kingdom of the Zamorin of Calicut , the rulers of Perumpadappu fled to Kodungallur , and later they moved to Kochi , where they established the Kingdom of Cochin . By 1250–1300 CE, almost whole of the district came under

7938-657: The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India . It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused

8085-527: The Nilambur valley in colonial records, make its boundary with Kozhikode forested hills and Wayanad forested hills to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east, Mannarkad -Palakkad forested hills to the south, and the Chaliyar river basin to the west. It is a part of the Western Ghats. Several peaks having an elevation of more than 1000m from the sea level are seen here. The highest altitude of this region

8232-616: The Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504) . However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut . Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan , who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature , was born at Tirur ( Vettathunadu ) during Portuguese period. The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics that flourished between

8379-509: The Vazhayur in the northern part (95 m) is the lowest in the region. A few hills and slopes are seen here. The Chaliyar River Basin makes its boundaries by Nilambur forested hills to its north and east, Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to its east. It falls under the middle course of Chaliyar and has ups and downs in the form of isolated hills. The Nilambur forested hills, also referred to as

8526-418: The Western Ghats . However, the coconut-fringed sandy coastal plain is an exception for the general hilly nature. The remains of pre-historic symbols including Dolmens , Menhirs , and Rock-cut caves have found from various parts of district. Rock-cut caves have found from Puliyakkode , Thrikkulam , Oorakam , Melmuri , Ponmala , Vallikunnu , and Vengara . The ancient maritime port of Tyndis , which

8673-602: The protected designation of origin framework which came into effect in 1992 regulates the following systems of geographical indications: "Protected designation of origin" (PDO), "protected geographical indication" (PGI), and Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG). Since 2006, European Union has required provisions in geographical indications in free trade agreements . The primary examples of geographical indications include agricultural products and wines and spirits, such as Champagne , Colombian coffee , Feta cheese , or Longjing tea . The use of geographical indications

8820-689: The 14th and 16th centuries, was also primarily based in Vettathunadu ( Tirur region ). In 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy Francisco de Almeida raided Ponnani and started building a fortress there in 1585. The district witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the Kunhali Marakkars , and the Portuguese for the monopoly in spice trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing

8967-701: The 18th century, the de facto Mysore kingdom rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan unified all smaller feudal states in the Northern Kerala and they were made part of the Kingdom of Mysore . For a short span of time in 1766, Manjeri was the headquarters of Sultan Hyder Ali . When the Samutiri Kovilakam at Calicut was besieged by the Mysore Sultan Haidar 'Ali (18th century AD), the Zamorin sent his family members to Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani. The Battle of Tirurangadi

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9114-518: The 1958 Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration . About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members. According to WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2023, with data received from 91 national and regional authorities, there were an estimated 58400 protected GI in existence in 2022. Of the 58,400 GIs in force in 2022, upper middle-income economies accounted for 46.3% of

9261-722: The Arabian Sea at Chaliyam . Several larger and smaller tributaries of Chaliyar are there in the valley of Nilambur Taluk. Karimpuzha , the largest tributary of Chaliyar, and Thuthapuzha , one of the largest tributaries of Bharathappuzha, and Olipuzha, one of the largest tributaries of the Kadalundi River, also flow through district. Kadalundi River passes through Melattur , Keezhattur , Pandikkad , Manjeri , Malappuram , Panakkad , Parappur , Vengara , Tirurangadi , Parappanangadi , Vallikkunnu , and empties itself into Arabian Sea at Kadalundi Nagaram in Vallikkunnu on

9408-586: The Battle at Chaliyam fort of 1571. Chaliyam was the northern border of Vettathunadu . During that battle, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Mappilas of Ponnani , Tanur , and Parappanangadi . The Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II (born around 1532) in Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by

9555-836: The British officials alone. The district was included in the subdistricts of Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani in South Malabar during the British rule. The Malabar Special Police was headquartered at Malappuram . MSP is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The British had established Haig Barracks on the top of Malappuram city, at the bank of the Kadalundi River , to station their forces. The Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in British Malabar . That conference declared that

9702-514: The District Panchayat, and one Panchayat-nominated member besides a chairman and a Secretary. The chairman post is reserved for a District Panchayat ex-officio and the secretary post for a District Collector ex-officio. The judicial headquarters of the district is at Manjeri . 24 courts function under Manjeri judicial district including Manjeri, Malappuram , Tirur , Perinthalmanna , Parappanangadi , Ponnani , and Nilambur . After

9849-499: The EUIPO will be responsible for the registration of Geographical Indications (GIs) for craft and industrial products. It will be possible to file applications for the registration of names of craft and industrial products meeting the necessary requirements in the EU. The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) is the body responsible for the management of this EU GI scheme. Geographical indications and trademarks are distinctive signs used to distinguish goods or services in

9996-437: The German "cognac" and "champagne" industries, as the French considered the terms misleading references to places in France. Since then, the terms " Weinbrand " and " Sekt " have been used instead. Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of terroir and with Europe as an entity, where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under European Union Law ,

10143-543: The Kozhikode coast to the north, Malappuram undulating plain to the east, the Thrissur coast to the south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. The region is drained by the major rivers like Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathappuzha, Tirurpuzha, etc. canals and backwaters. The region is coconut-fringed. The coastal plain slopes towards the west very gently. The major towns including Ponnani , Edappal , Tirur , Valanchery , Kuttippuram , Tanur , Tirurangadi , and Parappanangadi lies in this region. The maximum height of this region

10290-478: The Malappuram district. The headquarters of these police sub-divisions are located in the following areas: Malappuram , Kondotty , Perinthalmanna , Tirur , Tanur , and Nilambur . Each police sub-division is headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police , and each police station is overseen by a Station House Officer with the rank of Inspector of Police . Malappuram Police District, along with Palakkad, Thrissur city, and Thrissur rural police districts, comes under

10437-400: The Nilambur valley. Forests are protected by two divisions- Nilambur north and Nilambur south. The Kerala Forest Research Institute has a subcentre at Nilambur. Important types of fish found in the coastal and inland areas of the district include Prawn , Oil Sardine , Silver belly , Shark , Catfish , Mackerel , Skate , Chemba, Soll fish, Seer fish , and Ribbonfish . Nilambur Teak is

10584-451: The Portuguese. The rise of the Dutch monopoly caused the Portuguese dominance also to decline. The cultural renaissance followed by the unrest of the 16th century produced the poets such as Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan and Poonthanam Nambudiri , who were instrumental in the development of Malayalam literature into the current form, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri , who was also a member of

10731-440: The Portuguese. The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur , who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut , sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode . As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur ( Vettathunadu ) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin . Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from Vettom . However,

10878-535: The Samoothiri to strike at Tirunavaya . The Zamorin continued his conquest to Valluvanadu and conquered the regions of Kottakkal , Malappuram , Manjeri , and Nilambur . It was thus that Perumpadappu and a larger portion of Valluvanad came under the rule of Zamorin. Thus Zamorin became the Raksha Purusha of Mamankam, and the ruler of Tirunavaya , neighbouring Triprangode , and Ponnani . Under

11025-599: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand brought production of place-name related items to their new homes. In these countries, the place named products became generic product names that were not restricted in their use. This difference causes most of the conflict between the United States and Europe in their attitudes toward geographical names. The US generally opposes EU-style geographical indication regulation because place names have either already been registered as trademarks or lost their distinctiveness through generic use. Disagreements on geographical indications

11172-430: The Zamorin, the regions included in the district emerged as major centres of foreign maritime trade in medieval Kerala. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Major ports in the kingdom of Zamorin included Parappanangadi , Tanur , and Ponnani . Parappanangadi ( Barburankad ), Tirurangadi ( Tiruwarankad ), Tanur , and Ponnani ( Funan ) were also important among

11319-705: The Zamorin. However the Mankada Kovilakam at Mankada near Angadipuram was the seat of ruling family of the Valluvanad Rajas . Azhvanchery Mana , which was the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal , who was the supreme head of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is located at Athavanad near Kuttippuram , in Tirur Taluk . Azhvanchery Thamprakkal and the lord of Kalpakanchery in Kingdom of Tanur were usually present at

11466-520: The association of stakeholders, the rules for using the GI (or Code of Practice), the inclusiveness and quality of the collective dimension decision making of the GI producers association and quality of the marketing efforts undertaken. In China, the use of GIs have increased farmers' incomes and helped reduce rural poverty. Like trademarks, geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of registration such as differences in

11613-514: The case of the Vidalia onion, only those in a certain, well-defined geographical area within the state—to use the term, while denying its use to others. The European conception is increasingly gaining acceptance in American viticulture; also, vintners in the various American Viticultural Areas are attempting to form well-developed and unique identities as New World wine gains acceptance in

11760-558: The coastal region. Perinthalmanna , Eranad , and Kondotty lie in midland whereas the Nilambur subdistrict lies on the high range. Besides the Civil Station at Malappuram to coordinate the district-level administration, there are Mini-Civil Stations at Manjeri , Nilambur , Perinthalmanna , Tirurangadi , Tanur , Tirur , Kuttippuram , and Ponnani to coordinate the Taluk -level administrative activities. Revenue villages are

11907-535: The colonial era, is one among the shortest and picturesque Short Gauge Railway Lines in India. The term, Malappuram , which means "over the hill" in Malayalam , derives from geography of Malappuram , the administrative headquarters of the district. The midland area of district is characterised by several undulating hills such as Arimbra hills , Amminikkadan hills , Oorakam Hill , Cheriyam hills , Pandalur hills , and Chekkunnu hills , all of which lie away from

12054-434: The company responsible for producing or offering it. Geographical indications identify a good as originating from a particular place. Based on its place of origin, consumers may associate a good with a particular quality, characteristic or reputation. A trademark often consists of an arbitrary sign that may be used by its owner or another person authorized to do so. A trademark can be assigned or licensed to anyone, anywhere in

12201-577: The councilors, heads each municipality. These municipalities are divided into 479 wards, from each of which a councilor is elected for a term of five years. Geographical indication Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement defines geographical indications as "...indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member [of the World Trade Organization ], or a region or locality in that territory, where

12348-562: The declaration of autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and annexed it to the British Raj . The Wagon tragedy took place following the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921. The erstwhile Madras presidency became Madras State following the independence of India in 1947 . Malappuram revenue division was one of the five revenue divisions in the erstwhile Malabar District with

12495-561: The defined geographical area.The term appellation of origin is often used in laws that establish a specific right and system of protection for geographical indications, in so-called sui generis systems of protection (see the section on how to obtain protection for geographical indications). Geographical indication is a more general concept that does not determine a specific mode of protection. Geographical indications are generally applied to traditional products, produced by rural, marginal or indigenous communities over generations, that have gained

12642-411: The district. Bharathappuzha empties itself into the Arabian Sea at Ponnani . Tirunavaya , Kuttippuram , Triprangode , Irimbiliyam , Thavanur , and Ponnani are some important towns on the bank of Bharathappuzha. Tirur River is 48 km long. It joins with Bharathappuzha at Padinjarekara near Ponnani. Besides these large rivers, the district has a small river called Purapparamba River, which

12789-533: The district: Perinthalmanna and Tirur . The subdistricts of Ponnani , Tirur , Tirurangadi , and Kondotty are included in the Tirur revenue division whereas the remaining Nilambur , Eranad and Perinthalmanna combine to form the Perinthalmanna revenue division. The revenue divisional office is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer / Sub Collector (RDO), who is also the sub-divisional magistrate of

12936-701: The establishment of Malappuram District on June 16, 1969, a District Court commenced operations in Kozhikode on May 25, 1970. Subsequently, on February 1, 1974, the court was relocated to the Manjeri Court Complex. Within the Manjeri Judicial District, there are currently 24 functioning courts distributed across various locations in the district, including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna , Parappanagadi, Ponnani, Tirur, and Nilambur. The judicial headquarters of Malappuram

13083-655: The field of agriculture including beer, but excluding mineral water, was established (DOOR). Another register was set up for wine region names, namely the E-Bacchus register. In November 2020, the European Union Intellectual Property Office launched the comprehensive database GI View covering food, wine, and spirit GIs. A private database project (GEOPRODUCT directory) intends to provide worldwide coverage. Accusations of 'unfair' competition should although be levelled with caution since

13230-668: The fifth-highest peak in South India, and Anginda peak are also located in its vicinity. Bhavani River , a tributary of Kaveri River , and Kunthipuzha River , a tributary of Bharathappuzha river, originate in the vicinity of Silent Valley. The Kadalundi River has also its origin in Silent Valley. The waterfalls like Keralamkundu are also located in Karuvarakundu . A Ghat road which connects Nilambur with Gudalur and Ooty of neighbouring Nilgiris district . It

13377-501: The first forest produce to get its own GI tag. Tirur Vettila , a type of Betel found in Tirur , has also obtained GI tag. About 50 Acre of Mangroves forest is found in Vallikkunnu , located in coastal area of the district. Mangroves are widely seen in the other coastal regions too. Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary lies in Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat of the district. Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve

13524-491: The first naval defense of the Indian coast. Tanur town was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent. The towns of Ponnani and Parappanangadi were burnt by the Portuguese in the years 1525 and 1573–74 respectively. Some of the kings of Kingdom of Cochin in the 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the Malabar coast, were usually selected from the royal family of Kingdom of Tanur . Portuguese were expelled from Kingdom of Tanur with

13671-413: The first three are also among the five longest rivers in Kerala . Malappuram metropolitan area is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi, Calicut, and Thrissur urban areas and the 25th largest in India with a total population of 1.7 million. 44.2% of the district's population reside in the urban areas according to the 2011 census of India. Being home to 4 universities in

13818-484: The forest. Karimpuzha wildlife sanctuary in the district is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the state. The New Amarambalam Reserved Forest , which is a part of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary , has a variety of fauna. A variety of animals including elephants, deer, tigers, blue monkeys, bears, boars, rabbits, birds, and reptiles are found in forests. Forest products like honey, medicinal herbs, and spices are also collected from here. Nedumkayam Rainforest also exists in

13965-438: The generic use of terms vary from country to country. This is especially true of food and beverage names which frequently use geographical terms, but it may also be true of other products such as carpets (e.g. ' Shiraz '), handicrafts, flowers and perfumes. When products with GIs acquire a reputation of international magnitude, some other products may try to pass themselves off as the authentic GI products. This kind of competition

14112-431: The geographical name for similar products. Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make Roquefort cheese if they are located in the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody outside that part of France can make a blue sheep's milk cheese and call it Roquefort, even if they completely duplicate the process described in the definition of Roquefort. Historically, European immigrants to countries such as

14259-525: The help of the ruler of Tanur , a chapel was built at Chaliyam , together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels. The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce

14406-449: The inclusion of GIs on products other than wines and spirits under Article 23 of TRIPS. These governments argue that extending Article 23 will increase the protection of these marks in international trade. This is a controversial proposal, however, that is opposed by other governments including the United States who question the need to extend the stronger protection of Article 23 to other products. They are concerned that Article 23 protection

14553-693: The jurisdiction of Thrissur Range Police . The District Police Office, District Special Branch, District Crime Records Bureau, District 'C' Branch, Narcotic Cell, District Police Control Room, Cyber Cell, Women Cell, and Telecommunication Unit are at Malappuram . The coastal police station is at Ponnani whereas the District Armed Reserve Camp is situated at Padinhattummuri. The traffic Units of Malappuram police are centered at Malappuram, Manjeri, Kondotty , Perinthalmanna, and Tirur. The headquarters of Malabar Special Police (formed in 1884), an armed police battalion under Kerala Police ,

14700-449: The jurisdiction of Eranad (Manjeri) and Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) Taluks. The other four revenue divisions in the Malabar district were Thalassery , Kozhikode , Palakkad , and Fort Cochin . On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed on linguistic basis. The district of Malappuram was formed with four subdistricts (Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, and Ponnani), four towns, fourteen developmental blocks, and 95 Gram panchayats at

14847-567: The leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class. Malabar Rebellion was the last and important among the revolts. The Battle of Pookkottur adorns an important role in the rebellion. After the army, police, and British authorities fled, declaration of independence took place over 200 villages in Eranad , Valluvanad , Ponnani , and Kozhikode taluks by 28 August 1921. However less than six months after

14994-484: The local Nair and Mappila forces on the other side, ultimately led to the decline of Arab monopoly of foreign trade in the coastal towns. Unmindful of Portuguese opposition, the Zamorin entered into a treaty with the Dutch East India Company on 11 November 1604. This was followed by another treaty in 1608, which confirmed the earlier treaty and the Dutch assured assistance to Zamorin in expelling

15141-419: The marketplace. Both convey information about the origin of a good or service, and enable consumers to associate a particular quality with a good or service. Trademarks inform consumers about the source of a good or service. They identify a good or service as originating from a particular company. Trademarks help consumers associate a good or service with a specific quality or reputation, based on information about

15288-498: The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics . By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch had monopoly of foreign trade in the ports of Kerala, except for small English factories at Ponnani and Kozhikode . Though the arrival of William Keeling in 1650 was a beginning for the monopoly of the British East India Company in the region, they weren't able to establish supremacy until 1792. During

15435-402: The months of February/April, thousands of migratory birds arrive here. Located close to Ponnani is Biyyam Kayal, a placid, green-fringed waterway with a water sports facility. The Conolly Canal meets with Arabian Sea at Puthuponnani . The coastal town of Tanur was the capital of the Kingdom of Vettathunad in the early medieval period, and is known for Keraladeshpuram Temple . Parappanangadi

15582-775: The name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty . The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur . Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Edappal , which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and Viraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE). The Zamorin of Calicut originally belonged to Nediyiruppu at Kondotty in Eranad before he shifted his seat to

15729-550: The neighbouring Kozhikode . Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis , similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of Nedunganad . The rulers of Eranad were known by the title Eralppad / Eradi . It was the ruler of Eranad ( Eradi of Nediyiruppu ) who established the kingdom of Calicut and developed Kozhikode as a major port city in the Malabar Coast . Just after that,

15876-473: The northeast, Nilgiri hills to the east, Palakkad district to the southeast, Thrissur district to the southwest, and Arabian Sea to the west, Malappuram has a total geographical area of 3,554 km , which ranks third in the state in terms of area. The district possesses 9.15% of the total area of the state. The district is located at 75°E – 77°E longitude and 10°N – 12°N latitude on the geographical map. Similar to other parts of Kerala, Malappuram also has

16023-670: The northwestern border of the district. It is formed by the confluence of the Olippuzha River and the Veliyar River. The Kadalundi River originates from the Western Ghats at the western border of the Silent Valley and flows through the district. Olippuzha and Veliyar merge to form Kadalundi River in Keezhattur . Kadalundi River passes through Eranad and Valluvanad regions. It has a length of 130 km, with

16170-608: The offer. In his military campaigns into Valluvanadu, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors of Beypore , Chaliyam , Tanur , and Kodungallur , and the Koya of Kozhikode. As a reward by the Zamorin, the port at Ponnani became an important trade and cultural centre of middle eastern sailors. It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to

16317-525: The old administrative records of the Madras Presidency , it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844. Out of the 3,554 km area of district, 1,034 km (399 sq mi) (29%) constitutes forest area. It may be denser or less dense. The northeastern part of district has

16464-483: The old name of Nilambur Kingdom. The teaks for the construction of Uru , a kind of ships those were used for maritime trade through Beypore port, were usually taken from Nilambur Teak Forests. The oldest teak plantation of the world in the Conolly's plot is just two km (1.2 mi) from the town. It was named in memory of Henry Valentine Conolly , the then Malabar district collector. Teak Museum at Nilambur

16611-541: The other in Perinthalmanna. Lastly, there are nine Judicial First Class Magistrate Courts functioning in Malappuram District. The Malappuram District Police, a division of Kerala Police , is entrusted with law enforcement and investigations within the district. The District Police Office is situated in Malappuram, and headed by a District Police Chief with the rank of Superintendent of Police (SP). There are six police sub-divisions and 36 police stations in

16758-558: The place of origin, a geographical indication cannot be assigned or licensed to someone outside that place or not belonging to the group of authorized producers. Appellations of origin are a special kind of geographical indication. The term is used in the Paris Convention and defined in the Lisbon Agreement . Article 2 of the Lisbon Agreement defines appellations of origin as" (1)... the geographical denomination of

16905-663: The port at Tyndis , was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period . According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis . However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike ' s starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . The value of Rome's annual trade with

17052-402: The protection of GIs in all member countries. There are, in effect, two basic obligations on WTO member governments relating to GIs in the TRIPS agreement: Article 22 of TRIPS also says that governments may refuse to register a trademark or may invalidate an existing trademark (if their legislation permits or at the request of another government) if it misleads the public as to the true origin of

17199-648: The rank of Deputy Collector (General) provides support to District Collector in all the administrative activities. Malappuram revenue district has two divisions- Tirur and Perinthalmanna. The district is further divided into 138 villages which together form 7 subdistricts (taluks). For sake of rural administration, 94 Gram Panchayats are combined in 15 Block Panchayats, which together form the Malappuram District Panchayat. Besides this in order to perform urban administration better, 12 municipalities are there. There are two revenue divisions in

17346-452: The raw materials should be sourced in the place of origin and that the processing of the product should also happen there. In the case of geographical indications, a single criterion attributable to geographical origin is sufficient, be it a quality or other characteristic of the product, or only its reputation. Moreover, the production of the raw materials and the development or processing of a GI product do not necessarily take place entirely in

17493-782: The region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces . Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers. The river Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since Sangam period (1st–4th century CE), due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland. The Kurumathur inscription found near Areekode dates back to 871 CE. Three inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to 932 CE, those were found from Triprangode (near Tirunavaya ), Kottakkal , and Chaliyar , mention

17640-404: The reputation of the product along the lines of sustainability when and where possible. Rural development impacts from geographical indications, referring to environmental protection, economic development and social well-being, can be: None of these impacts are guaranteed and they depend on numerous factors, including the process of developing the geographical indications, the type and effects of

17787-528: The reputation spreads beyond borders and demand grows, investment may be directed to the sustainability of the environment where these products originate and are produced. In the International Trade Centre 's "Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins", authors Daniele Giovannucci, Professor Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O'Connor and May T. Yeung clearly assert that geographical indications are by no means

17934-464: The revenue division. The revenue divisional offices are at Tirur and Perinthalmanna respectively. A taluk (sub-district) is an administrative division within a district. There are 7 taluks in Malappuram district, and each taluk is headed by a Tahsildar, who is responsible for land revenue administration and executive magisterial functions. Nilambur is the largest subdistrict ( Taluk ) in Kerala. Ponnani , Tirur , and Tirurangadi subdistricts lie in

18081-526: The rule of Zamorin. The Mamankam festival , which had a special political importance in the medieval Kerala, was held at Tirunavaya , which lies on the northern bank of the river Bharathappuzha , in the district. The rivalry that existed between the Nambudiris in the Nambudiri villages of Panniyoor and Chowwara (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala. Panniyoor

18228-403: The ruler of Parappanangadi , Caramanlii (King of Beypore ?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them ) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort . The continuous wars led by the Portuguese on one side and the Zamorin who had the support of the Arab merchants, and

18375-545: The rulers of Parappanad ( Parappanangadi ) and the Vettathunadu ( Tanur ) became vassals of Zamorin. The Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of Travancore royal family . Besides, a larger portion of Valluvanad Kovilakams (Nilambur, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kottakkal, and Ponnani) also became vassals of the Zamorin. The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam , who later became

18522-525: The sea, Purappuzha Azhimukham at Tanur , and Kadalundi Nagaram Azhimukham at Vallikkunnu in the northwestern border of the district. The backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyankode, Manur, and Kodinhi, lie in the coastal Taluks. Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to Tirur railway station during British Raj . Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Kodakkal . ...nowadays

18669-743: The south, and Malappuram undulating plain to the west. A number of small isolated hills are seen here. Kodikuthimala is one among them. The Kadalundi River drains this region. The maximum height of the region is 610 m at Makkaraparamba . Malappuram ranks fifth in the length of coastline among the districts of Kerala having a coastline of 70 km (11.87% of the total coastline of the state). The coastal belt of Malappuram lies in three municipal towns, namely Tanur , Ponnani , and Parappanangadi , and eight Gram panchayats namely Vallikkunnu , Tanalur , Niramaruthur , Vettom , Mangalam , Purathur , Veliyankode , and Perumbadappu . Ponnani, Tanur, Parappanangadi, and Padinjarekkara Beach , all of which lie in

18816-597: The state started its function from Tirur to Chaliyam on 12 March 1861, with the oldest railway station at Tirur . The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. During 1841–1921 there were more than 86 revolts against

18963-620: The state, including the University of Calicut , Malappuram is a hub of higher education in Kerala. The district comprises 2 revenue divisions , 7 taluks , 12 municipalities , 15 blocks , 94 Grama Panchayats , and 16 Kerala Legislative Assembly constituencies in it. During British Raj , Malappuram became the headquarters of European and British troops and later of the Malabar Special Police (M.S.P), formerly known as Malappuram Special Force formed in 1885, which

19110-409: The subdivision of the taluks, and the lowest institution of revenue administration of the district. Each taluk consists several villages in its jurisdiction. There are 138 revenue villages in the Malappuram district. The revenue villages are further divided into desoms for land revenue matters. The District Planning Committee of Malappuram consists of two members from municipalities, 10 members from

19257-505: The third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district . The 2,383 high Anginda peak , which is located closer to Malappuram- Palakkad - Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala , a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad , and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts,

19404-416: The time of the arrival of Vasco da Gama and his Portuguese fleet at Calicut, the Zamorin of Calicut was residing at Ponnani. The Zamorin had provided the Portuguese all facilities for trade. However, the Portuguese provocations on the Arab properties led to a conflict between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. Furthermore, Ponnani , which was the second headquarters of the Zamorin, was an important target of

19551-491: The time. Later, Tirur Taluk was bifurcated to form Tirurangadi Taluk, and Eranad Taluk was trifurcated to form two more Taluks namely Nilambur and Kondotty. The University of Calicut , which is also the second-oldest existing university in Kerala, and the Calicut International Airport , which is also the second-oldest existing airport in the state, started functioning at Tenhipalam and Karipur , in

19698-680: The trade settlements under the rule of the Zamorin, according to the 16th-century historical work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen . Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for Zamorin. Ponnani acted as the naval headquarters of his kingdom. Malappuram was the headquarters of Para Nambi , who was a local chieftain of the Zamorin. Other Kovilakams of Zamorin included the Kizhakke Kovilakam at Kottakkal , Manjeri Kovilakam at Manjeri , and Nilambur Kovilakam at Nilambur . Parappanad Kovilakam at Parappanangadi and Tanur Kovilakam at Tanur were vassal royal houses of

19845-419: The use of GIs sometimes comes from European immigrants who brought their traditional methods and skills with them. International trade made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the Paris Convention on trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in

19992-554: The west, backwaters and paddy , areca nut , cashew nut , pepper , ginger , pulses , coconut , banana , tapioca , tea , and rubber plantations. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation, is located at Nilambur . Nilambur is also known for Teak Museum . Bamboo trees are widely seen near to the Nilambur Teak Plantations. A bioresource natural park is associated with the Teak Museum. In

20139-493: The western part of the district, are the major fishing centres. The sea coast of the district is filled with marine wealth. Apart from being a favourite destination of the Arab traders earlier, Ponnani was also a captivating destination for many Muslim spiritual leaders, who were instrumental in the propagation of Islam here. The port city is also known as The Little Mecca of Malabar as well as The City of Gold coins . During

20286-442: The wine community. Finally, the United States has a long tradition of placing relatively strict limitations on its native forms of whiskey ; particularly notable are the requirements for labeling a product " straight whiskey " (which requires the whiskey to be produced in the United States in accordance with certain standards) and the requirement, enforced by federal law and several international agreements, ( NAFTA , among them) that

20433-827: The world total, followed by high-income (43.1%) and lower middle-income economies (10.6%). In terms of regional distribution, Europe had the most GIs in force, amounting to 53.1%, followed by Asia (36.3%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4.3%), Oceania (3.6%), North America (2.6%) and Africa 0.1%. Figures should nevertheless be interpreted with caution as GIs can be protected through many different means, sui generis systems, trademark systems, other national legal means, regional systems and international agreements (eg, Lisbon and Madrid systems). The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS") defines "geographical indications" as indications that identify

20580-438: The world, because it is linked to a specific company and not to a particular place. In contrast, the sign used to denote a geographical indication usually corresponds to the name of the place of origin of the good, or to the name by which the good is known in that place. A geographical indication may be used by all persons who, in the area of origin, produce the good according to specified standards. However, because of its link with

20727-493: The years 1968 and 1988, respectively. In the 1970s, the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf countries were opened to commercial extraction and thousands of unskilled workers migrated to the gulf. They sent money home, supporting the rural economy, and by the late 20th century, the region attained First World health standards and near-universal literacy. Bounded by Kozhikode district to the northwest, Wayanad district to

20874-598: Was a series of engagements that took place between the British army and Tipu Sultan between 7 and 12 December 1790 at Tirurangadi , during the Third Anglo-Mysore War . In 1792, Tipu Sultan was defeated by English East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, and the Treaty of Seringapatam was agreed. As per this treaty, most of the Malabar Region , including the present-day Malappuram district,

21021-590: Was integrated into the English East India Company. The Koyi Thampurans of Travancore belongs to Parappanad Royal Family. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's Travancore family were usually selected. The oldest teak plantation of the world at Conolly's plot is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from Nilambur town. It was named in memory of Henry Valentine Conolly , the then district collector of Malabar. The first railway line in

21168-440: Was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of Nilambur Teak logs into United Kingdom through Kozhikode . During British rule, Nilambur's chief importance laid in producing teaks. In the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency , it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844. Nilambur Teak

21315-417: Was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the Zamorin for help, and promised to cede the port of Ponnani , where the river Bharathappuzha merges with Arabian Sea , to Zamorin as the price for his protection. Thirumanassery Nambudiri, the Koya of Kozhikode, and ruler of Vettathunadu supported the Zamorin. Zamorin, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted

21462-494: Was the seat of the ruling families of Parappanad kingdom in the early medieval period. Major rivers flowing through the district are Chaliyar , Kadalundi River , Bharathappuzha , and Tirur River . Chaliyar has a total length of about 168 km. and a drainage area of 2,818 km (1,088 sq mi). It passes through Nilambur , Mampad , Edavanna , Areekode , and Vazhakkad in district and then flows through Kozhikode-Malappuram district border and empties itself into

21609-545: Was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome , is roughly identified with Ponnani , Tanur , and Kadalundi - Vallikkunnu - Chaliyam - Beypore region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire . Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos ( Chera dynasty ). The region, which lies north of

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