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27-875: Today, he is admired by the Zhuang people of China, as well as the Nùng and Tày peoples of Vietnam. His father, Nong Quanfu , was a leader of the local Zhuang people in Guangyuan , Guangnan West Circuit , of the Northern Song dynasty . According to the History of Song : Biography of the Guangyuan Zhou Man (宋史·廣源州蠻傳), Nong Zhigao succeeded his father, Nong Quanfu, as chieftain of the local Zhuang people in Guangyuan (modern-day Cao Bằng , Vietnam), then under

54-501: A great source of gold, which together with his domination over local trade route along the Bang river must have largely increased his wealth and political influence. Around 1020, Nong Quanfu married A Nong , a shamaness and the daughter of a noted chieftain of the Nong clan. Later, A Nong became his primary political advisor. Under A Nong 's instruction, Quanfu killed his brother who was

81-519: A leader in the Cen (岑) clan and took his land. Nung/Zhuang chieftains allocated lands to followers in a true feudal system, with some attributes of slave-holding practices. The amount of land controlled by a chieftain affected the number of men he could field, a powerful incentive to expansive warfare. The Nong clan eventually controlled 14 majors dongs, compared to 5 claimed by the Huang clan. Quanfu found

108-413: A lot of valuable materials and laid a foundation for further research on Zhuang ethnic social and historical culture. That was a very important beginning for later development of Zhuang ethnic research and establishment of Guangxi institute of ethnic studies. Therefore, the inception of Zhuang studies as an authentic academic discipline is thus associated with the first ethnologist Huang Xianfan de Zhuang who

135-493: A region that contains many historical sites of bloody confrontation between Chinese and Vietnamese armies. However, these communities share a common thread of identity, preserved in part by a devotion to the figure of Nong Zhigao. Citations Works cited Nong Quanfu Nong Quanfu ( Chinese : 儂 全 福 ; pinyin : Nóng Quánfú , Zhuang : Nungz Cienzfuk ; ?-1039), also recorded as Nùng Tồn Phúc ( Vietnamese : Nùng Tồn Phúc ; Chữ Hán : 儂 存 福 ),

162-705: Is Huang Xianfan ) was particularly significant for the development of the discipline since the early 1950s with Huang Xianfan, Huang Zengqing, Ban Xiouwen, Ou Yang Ruoxiou, Qin Cailuan, Qin Naichang, Qin Shengmin, He Longqun, Yu Shijie, Qin Deqing, Pan Qixu, Huang Hanjin and Zeng Chaoxiong., In 1957, the Guangxi government established the Guangxi institute of ethnic studies to promote Zhuang studies around China. In 1991

189-835: Is an interdisciplinary intellectual field concerned with the Zhuang people  – their history, anthropology, religion, politics, languages , and literature. The majority of such research is being carried out in the People's Republic of China . Huang Xianfan (黄现璠) is considered by many to be the father of Zhuang studies. Areas commonly included under this rubric include history of Zhuang, literature of Zhuang, art of Zhuang, music of Zhuang, language of Zhuang, sociology of Zhuang, political science of Zhuang, economics of Zhuang, folklore of Zhuang, and ethnomusicology of Zhuang. It may be compared to other ethnic groups studies disciplines, such as Tai studies and Yao studies. Zhuang studies

216-687: Is considered as its founder to present day, the other early zhuang studies of note being Huang Zengqing ( Huang group 's member and the first archaeological researcher of the Guangxi) who in 1957 occupied the first chair for Zhuang's archaeology studies in China and Zhou Zuoqiou, who was primarily the pioneering subject of the zhuang literature in Guangxi Normal University . The Bagui School (The first ethnic school in China and pioneer

243-541: Is sometimes included within a broader regional area of focus including: " Lingnan studies", " Yue people studies"," South Asia studies", or " ASEAN Studies". Zhuang studies is a relatively new discipline. Huang Xianfan may be considered as the first Zhuangologist and he did much to make Zhuang known in China. Since 1950, Huang Xianfan led the group making a largest and deepest investigation on ethnic history and traditional culture in Guangxi history. They had collected

270-549: The 1990s, the Doi Moi program shifted the policy of ethnic affairs towards liberalization and preservation. Part of this was the appeal of creating tourist attractions and revenue. The Kỳ Sầm Temple was renovated sometime prior to 2001 to portray a more nationalistic image. The exterior and interior pillars of the temple have been retouched and the Chinese-character inscriptions at the front and Quốc ngữ inscriptions on

297-602: The Guangxi Zhuang Studies Society was established, and in April 1999 the first international Zhuang studies conference was held in Wuming with scholars from 8 different countries. Over the last few decades in other countries the studies of the Zhuang have opened towards other disciplines, resulting in works with interdisciplinary approach. As examples of such open-minded Zhuang researcher we might mention

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324-692: The Kingdom of Changqi (長其國; alternatively known as "Kingdom of Changsheng" 長生國) and took for himself the regnal name "Emperor Zhaosheng" (昭聖皇帝). He gave his wife A Nong the title "Empress Mingde" (明德皇后). Nong Quanfu then broke off all ties with the Lý dynasty, then during the reign of Lý Thái Tông , but was finally captured and executed by the Lý court in 1039. Citations Works cited Zhuang studies Zhuang studies (or Zhuangology ; Standard Zhuang : Cuenghhag; simplified Chinese : 壮学 ; traditional Chinese : 壯學 ; pinyin : Zhuàngxué )

351-588: The Vietnamese saw him as Chinese. In stark contrast to the wealth of evidence for worship activity in northern Viet Nam, there is little confirmation in the Chinese historical record of the existence of temple sites dedicated to Nong Zhigao in China. In fact, most relevant Chinese sources only describe stelae and temples that honor the names of the Song generals who crushed Nong Zhigao's bid for independence. Only in

378-475: The discovery of the cave believed to be Nong Zhigao′s dwelling and storehouse at the time he founded his first kingdom. A modern stele was then erected on this site. A large group of provincial officials and leading academics from Guangxi reportedly attended the commemoration ceremony. This ceremony did generate some controversy. Funds for this stele had to be raised privately. Organizers of this event said that high-level political figures have avoided involvement in

405-714: The establishment of the Danan Kingdom (大南, "Great South") and took the regnam name "Emperor Renhui" (仁惠皇帝). He then took Yong ( Nanning ), swept through the southeast en route to Guangdong and besieged Guangzhou for 57 days. After lifting the siege at Guangzhou, Nong Zhigao moved north, rapidly defeating a succession of Song forces due to his superior mobility. Then the Zhuang turned south and west, retaking Yong in October 1052, which had again fallen into Song hands. At Yong, Nong Zhigao immediately began building boats, announcing his intention to attack Guangzhou again and found

432-440: The failure of the Huang and Cen clans among the Zhuang to support him. Both the Huang and Cen clans had lost territory to the Nong clan of Nong Zhigao, and was disturbed by the Nong intrusions. One weakness of the Zhuang combined forces was their cavalry. The region was a horse-trading center and there were specialized mounted units in which both man and horse were heavily armored, but the mountainous terrain and many rivers restricted

459-463: The golden pocket with purple trimming (金紫光祿大夫) from the Northern Song court, which he eventually passed on to his son, Nong Zhigao. Nong Quanfu was then granted the additional authority to rule Thang Do prefecture in the southeastern corner of the present-day Jingxi county, in Guangxi. His younger brother and brother-in-law controlled two other nearby prefectures. Quanfu's home prefecture was

486-565: The last few years has the issue of a public memorial to Nong Zhigao in China been addressed. On January 8, 1997 a local group of Nong Zhigao's descendants and their supporters from the Guangxi township of Jingxi (靖西) and the tiny village of Xialei (下雷) took the initiative to revive interest in this rebel's life and deeds. The vice-director of the Center for Zhuang studies in Nanning, Pan Qixu (潘其旭), had earlier been invited to Xia Lei to authenticate

513-618: The memorial could be used to fan regional " Pan-Tai " sentiments, older clan associations may shape local identification with this site. Local disputes aside, this recent Guangxi memorial and the continuing regional popularity of the temples in Viet Nam are signs that the region has recovered from the "dark days" of the 1980s when the Sino-Vietnamese border remained tense and frosty diplomatic relations curbed official crossborder activities. Communities that honor Nong Zhigao still span

540-409: The project, voicing concerns over its "separatist" implications. Nevertheless, the goal of bringing Nong Zhigao back into the public eye was largely successful, as the long list of small donors to the stele installation suggested. A glance at the large donors list, however, reveals that 32 out of the 34 persons included had the surname Nong. This fact suggests that although distant Han officials fear that

567-617: The rule of the Northern Song dynasty. In 1042, at the age of 17, Zhigao declared independence and established a new state, Dali (大曆). For this, Zhigao was captured by Vietnamese troops and held at Thang Long for several years. After his release in 1048, Zhigao announced the founding of the Nantian (南天, "Southern Heavens") Kingdom. Following his announcement, the Vietnamese court launched an attack on Zhigao's stronghold, succeeding only in relocating Zhigao's force and his followers farther north into Song territory . Later in 1052, Zhigao proclaimed

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594-429: The state Nanyue there. A succession of Song forces were sent against him, but he defeated them in the mountains around Yong. The Emperor Renzong of Song dispatched Di Qing , a career military official, to attack Zhigao, and he eventually managed to defeat Zhigao's army. After that Zhigao and his followers fled to Yunnan , as well as modern-day Thailand and Laos. The defeat of Nong Zhigao may have ultimately been due to

621-436: The status of his region's people. From the historical record, one can also see that, by the late 19th century, annual festivals devoted to the spirit of Nong Zhigao were regionally important. It is equally apparent that the appeal of these festivals extended beyond clan or ethnic affiliations to the general populace that has often included communities on both sides of the modern political border. At Du-zhun village in Guangxi there

648-535: The utility of cavalry. The modern-day veneration of Nong Zhigao and his father Nong Quanfu and his mother A Nong in Cao Bằng province is closely tied to the shared regional identity of people from this region. Nong Zhigao remains a hero and a “man of prowess,” and worship includes practices that highlight the particular strengths of Nong Zhigao, including his willingness to face up to the aggression of both Song and Đai Viêt authorities and his ambition to unify and heighten

675-454: The walls have been removed. References to "King Nùng" who had "raised high the banner proclaiming independence" have been replaced with floral patterns and pictures of horses, generic symbols associated with local heroes. A large sign indicates the temple as a historical landmark. Nong Zhigao has sometimes been claimed by Vietnam as a native Vietnamese but this is a recent phenomenon related to antagonism with modern China, whereas in previous times

702-456: Was a Zhuang ( Nùng ) chieftain and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Changqi (長其國). He was originally a zhou -level official of the Northern Song dynasty in Guangyuan (modern-day Cao Bằng , Vietnam) in the 11th century AD. He was the father of Nong Zhigao . Nong Quanfu was a son of Nong Minfu , a local chieftain of Guangyuan . Nong Minfu received the titles Minister of Works (司空) and grand master of splendid happiness bearing

729-547: Was a Spirit Temple to him where lightning and thunder manifestations were still being recorded in the 18th century. Five temples dedicated to Nong Zhigao in Vietnam remained active into the 20th century. The keepers of the Kỳ Sầm Temple all bear the surname Nùng. Although a romanized script has been created for the Nùng language, worshipers of the temple prefer Chinese, similar to the Zhuang in China, and sometimes Vietnamese. In

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