Nanning is the capital of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China . It is known as the "Green City (绿城) " because of its abundance of lush subtropical foliage . Located in the South of Guangxi, Nanning is surrounded by a hilly basin, with a warm, monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate .
124-509: Beginning in 1949, as it underwent sustained industrial growth, Nanning's economy began developing beyond its former role, and the city became essentially a commercial and administrative centre. Today, Nanning is considered the economic, financial and cultural center of Guangxi, and the chief centre for the training of the Zhuang minority in Guangxi. The People's Park is located in the center of
248-410: A Nong chieftain was given a banquet at a Song prefecture. The Viets reacted to this with anger and pillaged the area. In 1038, there was a disturbance at Rongzhou and Yizhou which took troops from three prefectures the loss of six high-ranking officials to suppress. The prefect of Yizhou blamed the unrest on bad administration and that the problem was the result of systematic neglect of the south on
372-823: A Tai -speaking ethnic group who mostly live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southern China . Some also live in the Yunnan , Guangdong , Guizhou , and Hunan provinces. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . With the Bouyei , Nùng , Tày , and other Northern Tai speakers, they are sometimes known as the Rau or Rao people. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, makes them
496-629: A third of China's different types of mineral resources found in Nanning. Nanning Metro system is known for its Nanning Rail Transit (NNRT), expected to comprise a total of nine lines. The first was completed and put into operation in June 2016, the second began operation in December 2017. Line 3 began operation in 2019, and Line 4 began operation in 2020. Line 1 connects the East and West of Nanning, linking
620-630: A 133% increase from the Tang census of 742. Some of the increase can be attributed to including indigenous populations and improved recording methods, but the trend of increased Han Chinese settlement is clear. With the increase of Han Chinese population also came more northern-oriented cultural practices. Before the Tang, this county was settled by the Miao barbarian people. There were no traces of Han settlers. In 1053, The ‘Great Martial Leader’ Di (Qing) put down
744-695: A Song garrison in 1004 after it held a banquet for a Nong chieftain. In 1005, a woman known as A Nong was born to a notable warrior chieftain who accepted titles from both the Song dynasty and the Early Lê dynasty of Đại Cồ Việt. A Nong learned to spin and weave from her mother. At some point she was separated from the other girls and learned the ways of a shaman. She married Nong Quanfu and became his primary political adviser. Her brother, Nong Dangdao, inherited Wulezhou near Guangyuanzhou. She gave birth to Nong Zhigao in 1025. A Nong induced Quanfu to kill his brother,
868-509: A base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals $ 300 million × 1 ⁄ 2 = $ 150 million , in 1990 monetary terms. We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50 percent over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the real GDP . The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way
992-518: A country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets. Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from
1116-521: A country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP. For example, the GNI of the US is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if
1240-406: A country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as percentage change . The economic growth can be expressed as real GDP growth rate or real GDP per capita growth rate . GDP can be adjusted for population growth, also called Per-capita GDP or GDP per person . This measures the average production of a person in
1364-535: A defeat against the Zhuang forces. Di Qing executed him and 31 officers. He then marched his forces under cover of night and blocked the Kunlun Pass east of Yongzhou. Zhigao attacked the Song forces in early 1054. The Zhuang wore bright crimson uniforms and fought in units of three armed with long shields that advanced "like fire." One man carried a shield while the other two hurled metal-tipped bamboo javelins. In
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#17327662846781488-426: A long and short double-edged sword. They were also capable of using crossbows, poisoned arrows, and elephants. A three man Zhuang unit had one man carrying a large shield while the other two hurled javelins. Although they fought for the Song, they only obeyed the orders of their Zhuang chieftains. In 1178, the vice-prefect of Guilin , Zhou Qufei, said that they "live and die at the orders of their leaders." Although
1612-541: A long history and rich culture, was part of Baiyue ethnic groups in the ancient time. In the first year of Daxing period of Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 318), Jinxing County, established here as one of the county towns, ushered a history of 1700 years of Nanning organizational system. During the Zhenguan period of Tang dynasty (AD 632), it was renamed Yong prefecture (Yongzhou) and established Yongzhou government seat, which
1736-532: A measure of welfare (see below under limitations and criticisms ). After the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy. At that time gross national product (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see OECD definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in
1860-437: A prolonged siege. Despite cutting off Guangzhou from water, the city was well stocked with provisions, and the defenders fought back with crossbow defenses. The district magistrate Xiao Zhu foiled a waterborne attack on Guangzhou by setting fire to their ships. After 57 days, Zhigao was forced to retreat as more Song reinforcements arrived. He held out at Yongzhou, defeating five Song commanders sent against him. The Song called in
1984-411: A specific signal banner to indicate their group's distinction. Groups of 30 men were organized into local governance units known as "tithings ( jia )", which were organized in groups of five under a troop commandant ( dutou ), groups of ten led by an aboriginal commander ( zhijunshi ), and in groups of 50 led by a commander-in-chief ( duzhijunshi ). It was perhaps this intensification of border defense that
2108-417: A tax that was usually more a customary and semi-voluntary exaction in practice, though this depended upon the power of the lord. Even when taxed, it was at a lower rate than that of regular prefectures. Many jimi prefectures did not pay taxes but "tribute." The Mo clan paid 100 ounces of silver as tribute annually. It is evident that the headmen entered into the tribute system with great enthusiasm. As part of
2232-407: A very popular and cheap favorite street food for all meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) in Nanning. The dish, Lemon duck , is originally from Nanning. Nanning is close to scenic Guilin , with its world-famous hillscape, northern and western Guangxi and its minority villages, and the border with Vietnam in the south. Tourist attractions in Nanning include Guangxi Museum , People's Park with
2356-513: A veteran of the Song–Xia wars , Di Qing , to assume command of the anti-rebel forces. He gathered 31,000 men and 32 generals, including Fanluo tribal cavalry from the northwest that "were able to ascend and descend mountains as though walking on level ground." Lý Thái Tông also offered to send 20,000 troops but the offer was refused out of fear that the troops would not leave afterwards. One general, Chen Shu, attacked early with 8,000 men and suffered
2480-467: Is US$ 5,040,107.75 (in a million). Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI (by 182,779.46, in millions of USD), which is indicative that the production level in the country is higher than that of national production. On the other hand, the case with Armenia is the opposite, with GDP being lower than GNI by US$ 196.12 (in million). This demonstrates that countries receive investments and foreign aid from abroad. The Total income divided by
2604-627: Is a railway junction for the Nanning–Kunming , Nanning–Guangzhou and Hunan–Guangxi Railways . There are also plans to build a high-speed railway to Pingxiang on the Vietnamese border. The goal is to better integrate Pan- Pearl River Delta and southeast China with members of the ASEAN . At the end of 2013, some high-speed service has been introduced on the Hunan–Guangxi railway and on
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#17327662846782728-425: Is also sometimes expressed as: The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices. Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring
2852-838: Is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies. This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship. The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by
2976-474: Is called the GDP deflator . Unlike consumer price index , which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods. Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much
3100-473: Is contributed at each stage of production. This approach mirrors the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above. Gross value added = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption. Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory. The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities
3224-404: Is known as "GDP at factor cost". GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price". For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods: The value of output of all sectors
3348-423: Is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. GDP is often used as a metric for international comparisons as well as a broad measure of economic progress . It is often considered to be the world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress. However, critics of
3472-666: Is most frequent and relative humidity consistently averages above 80 percent; the annual rainfall is 1,269 millimetres (50.0 in). The area is also frost -free for all but 3 or 4 days a year and snowfall is virtually unheard of in the city, with a single exception since 1900: in December 1975 snow fell on the city albeit without sticking to the ground. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −2.1 to 40.4 °C (28 to 105 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 15 percent in March to 51 percent in September,
3596-525: Is rapidly changing and the city is becoming an important hub in China. Recently, the government has begun a citywide beautification plan which aimed to further clean up the city and improve its image. This involved curtailing the number of street-side food vendors operating without proper licenses and restricting parking in busy streets. The program has achieved initial success, long-term efforts are still needed to deliver lasting results. Nanning's GDP in 2015
3720-537: Is regarded as the backbone tree used for greening and landscaping throughout the city. Nanning is located in the southern part of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 160 km (99 mi) from the border with Vietnam . It has an administrative area of 22,293 km (8,607 sq mi). Nanning is situated in a hilly basin with elevations between 70 and 500 m (230 and 1,640 ft) above sea-level. Qingxiu Mountain dominates
3844-587: Is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, world GDP and world GNI are, therefore, equivalent terms. GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within
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3968-654: Is the center of science and technology, education, culture and health in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. There are altogether 54 scientific research institutes subordinate to districts. 10 colleges and 50 trade schools are training specialised personnel of all kinds. Now there are 62 mass cultural organizations, 13 performing groups, 8 cinemas, 285 projecting units, over 70 karaoke halls and over 1000 newsstands. Bookshops and cultural markets can be found everywhere. Nanning has not only local cuisine but also food from other areas of China and abroad. Traditional food culture can be found around most streets of Nanning. Nanning food shares
4092-453: Is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at producer prices". The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units". If GDP
4216-725: Is why it has been called Yong ( 邕 ) for short. In the first year of Taiding period of Yuan dynasty (AD1318), Yongzhou was renamed Nanning, meaning the Pacified South. Nanning was once the territory of the Baiyue people and became the capital of Jinxing Prefecture which was separated from Yulin Prefecture of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 1076 during the Lý–Song War Yongshou was besieged by Lý forces. Under
4340-604: The Chang Qi Guo and styled himself the first king of Dali, Tu Dan Chao . The local prefect of Tianzhou requested assistance from Yongzhou to deal with the rebellion, but officials there appear to have feared involvement and refused to offer aid. In 1039, the emperor of the Lý dynasty , Lý Thái Tông , invaded the newly found kingdom, captured Quanfu and four other male members of the Nong clan, and executed them. A Nong escaped with
4464-623: The Huang Chao rebellion (874–884), the Zhuang took part in anti-rebel efforts as irregular units in the Ningyuan Army led by Pang Zhuzhao. After the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907, the Southern Han recruited Zhuang archers to outfit its riverine forces. They took part in campaigns against Ma Chu . The Zhuang do not seem to have aspired to creating an empire after the collapse of the Tang and sought merely autonomy. In fact
4588-627: The Kingdom of Dali 大理). Đại Cồ Việt sent troops and captured him. He was held prisoner for a year before he was released with an honorary title and given control of Guangyuan, Leihuo, Ping'an, Pinpo, and Silang in return for a share of their natural resources, particularly gold. In 1048, Zhigao declared another state, the Kingdom of the Southern Heavens ( Nantian Guo ), and took a reign title, "Auspicious Circumstances" ( Jingrui ). He called
4712-546: The OECD and the International Monetary Fund . The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the GDP per capita and can approximate a concept of a standard of living . Nominal GDP does not reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP
4836-646: The Song dynasty with river transportation during the Song conquest of Southern Han (970–971). Some 20,000 Zhuang also fought for Southern Han but they were defeated. Afterwards, the Mo clan of Nandan submitted to Song authority in 974 and the Meng clan of Yizhou rebelled in 1038 but was put down. In 980, the Zhuang participated in the Song–Đại Cồ Việt war as Song allies, however the expedition ended in defeat. In 1000,
4960-487: The Yao people , who were far less numerous. Zhuang leaders sought Song approval to legitimate their position. After being recognized, they also received a salary and their family was guaranteed hereditary succession to the post. Song authority was bestowed through seals, which theoretically went to the hereditary leader, but in practice usually went to the claimant put forward by the locals, often after military conflicts. When there
5084-484: The growth imperative often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other externalities , such as resource extraction , environmental impact and unpaid domestic work . Alternative economic indicators such as doughnut economics use other measures, such as the Human Development Index or Better Life Index , as better approaches to measuring the effect of
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5208-458: The "Nong Bandit" and his kin had strayed far from their frontier duties and might never be incorporated into the Song administration. However in 1062 when Zongdan requested his territory be incorporated into the Song empire, Renzong accepted his request. According to The Draft Documents Pertaining to Song Official Matters , Zongdan was regarded by the Song as the prefect of Leihuo prefecture, renamed "Pacified Prefecture" ( Shun'anzhou ), and possessed
5332-633: The 14-year old Zhigao into Song territory. In 1041, Nong Zhigao and his mother seized Dangyouzhou (modern Jingxi , Guangxi ) and the Leihuo grotto settlement (modern Daxin County ). A Nong married a wealthy merchant but Zhigao murdered this man. A Nong married a third time to Nong Xiaqing, expanding their territory further into Temo. In 1042, Zhigao declared the founding the Kingdom of the Great Succession ( Dali Guo 大歷國, not to be confused with
5456-526: The Guizhou prefect Lu Shen reported that a military delegation from Thăng Long had crossed the border seeking Nong Rixin (V. Nùng Nậht Tân), the son of Nong Zongdan. He also reported that the delegation showed interest in encroaching on Song territory, including Wenmen grotto ( Hurun , a village in Jingxi, Guangxi ). The Song court took no particular action but Lu was determined to expand Song military presence in
5580-482: The Song bestowed titles on Nong Zhihui and acknowledged him as the sole leader of Quảng Nguyên. GDP Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries. GDP is often used to measure the economic health of a country or region. Several national and international economic organizations maintain definitions of GDP, such as
5704-607: The Song court's early attention to the frontier leaders was largely symbolic, by the time of Song Shenzong (r. 1065-85), "local militia" ( tuding ) were being actively organized among the aboriginal villages so as to provide the first line of defense for the Chinese empire. Wang Anshi would comment in an essay on the administration of the Yong frontier command that the aboriginal communities of the Left and Right rivers should be relied upon for
5828-581: The Song. He was caught in 1045 and executed by vivisection. During the early Song period, the Huang clan was left in charge of the You and Zuo rivers. The Wei had settled on the Song-Viet boarder. However the power of the Nong clan increased and began to upset Huang supremacy. By the early Song, they ruled over an area known as Temo, which stretched from modern Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in
5952-732: The Song. They were executed. Zhigao failed to raise more troops in Dali. According to official accounts, Nong Zhigao was executed by the ruler of Dali and his head presented to Song authorities. However popular accounts claim he fled further south into modern northern Thailand , where his descendants thrive to this day. The Zhuang of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture identify as survivors of Zhigao's rebel movement and other groups in Dali City , Xishuangbana , and northern Thailand claim to be descended from Zhigao. Many Zhuang songs refer to him as "King Nong." The Song took full control of
6076-517: The Tày and Nùng have been referred to as a combined Tày-Nùng minority. However these ethnonyms are a recent phenomenon and did not exist until the modern age. According to Keith Taylor, the Vietnamese terms were "categories of French colonial knowledge" used to differentiate highlanders from lowlanders. The ethnic Zhuang was a product of the "ethnic identification project" pursued in 1950s China. Although both Vietnamese and Chinese authorities labeled all of
6200-550: The United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress. A crucial role was played here by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Milton Gilbert where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into institutions . The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from
6324-490: The Viet court felt threatened by, as it saw its own systems of local control eroded. Scholars also note that there was a sharp increase in the population of the Song dynasty's southwest frontier by the end of the 11th century. At the end of the 10th c., this region counted only 17,760 households while the same area had increased to 56,596 households in 1078-85. Guangnan West Circuit's population in 1080 stood at 287,723 households,
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#17327662846786448-404: The Viet court's actions criminal and that his territory would not be annexed by China. In the fall of 1049, Zhigao's forces pillaged Yongzhou. In 1050, Đại Cồ Việt launched an attack on Zhigao's stronghold and evicted him, sending him fleeing into Song territory. Nong Zhigao approached the Song at Yongzhou for assistance but was denied an audience until he staged a military demonstration beneath
6572-400: The Viet court. Instead he proposed that he stay outside Song territory as a loyal frontier militia leader. Wang feared that a resurgence of the Nong clan would spell trouble for the frontier. The Song court ignored his apprehensions and offered the Nong and other communities "Interior Dependency" status. By 1061, Emperor Renzong of Song (r. 1022-63) was regretting his decision and lamented that
6696-555: The Viet envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart Kaifeng , news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Tháị had attacked settlements in Guangnan West Circuit. A Guangnan official requested immediate retaliation against the southern intruders. However the Song court tried to distance Thiệu Tháị's actions from the Lý court. An envoy from Thăng Long arrived seeking forgiveness for the attack. Yingzong decided not to retaliate. On 18 November 1064,
6820-572: The Viet role in settling frontier matters. Meanwhile Lu proposed a special training and indoctrination program for a local chieftain each year that would see them enter the official bureaucracy after three years. In late 1065, Zongdan switched allegiance from the Song and proposed an alliance with Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054-72) and Quảng Nguyên chieftain Liu Ji (V. Lưu Ký). Lu Shen reported this to court, but Yingzong did not take any action other than to reassign Zongdan's titles. To offset Zongdan's defection,
6944-816: The Zhenning Fort, Mount Qingxiu, Guangxi Medicinal Herb Botanical Garden, and Yangmei Ancient Town . Other places of interest include Nanhu Park, Shishan Park and Nanning Zoo. As of 2024, Nanning is ranked one of the top 200 science cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index . Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed. National: Provinces: Autonomous Regions: Municipalities: SARs: Zhuang people The Zhuang ( / ˈ dʒ w æ ŋ , ˈ dʒ w ɒ ŋ / ; Chinese : 壮族 ; pinyin : Zhuàngzú ; Zhuang : Bouxcuengh [poːu˦˨ ɕeŋ˧] ); Sawndip : 佈獞) are
7068-604: The Zhuang attacked Yongzhou but the attack was quelled by Zhuang troops of the Song-allied Huang clan. In 1001, Zhuang calling themselves the Troops of Chen ( chenbing ) rebelled in Yizhou. Their leader, Su Chengzhun, titled himself King of the Pacified South ( nanping wang ). The rebels took a few towns but were hampered by floods and suffered several defeats until their leader was killed three months later. In 1004,
7192-788: The Zhuang ethnicity as a modern constructed ethnic identity. In the eyes of the ethnologists, the Zhuang culture was not sufficiently divergent from what the ethnologists considered "Han culture", to warrant recognition as a separate ethnic identity. The Zhuang had been interacting with the Han Chinese for over 2,200 years. As early as the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), the Zhuang adopted Han cultural practices and technology such as settled agriculture, iron plows, triple cropping, and fertilization. They lived at lower elevations than other minority groups and competed more directly with Han farmers than slash-and-burn agriculturalists. As direct competitors,
7316-562: The Zhuang found it expedient to adopt Han dress and housing styles. After the defeat of the Zhuang leader, Nong Zhigao, in 1055, many Zhuang families and communities gave up their own language and names and completely assimilated into the Han majority. In one instance, a Zhuang student said that he had previously regarded himself as Han Chinese before being taught that he was Zhuang. The Zhuang did not perceive themselves as marginalized or in need of promotion. Zhuang peasants displayed resistance to
7440-438: The Zhuang, who started buttoning their clothing on the right, women wearing bodices, giving up trousers for skirts, and wearing their hair in the Chinese style. Many of the former rebels were enlisted in the Song army, which paid for more than 50,000 Zhuang troops known as Tuding ( tubing or zhuangding ) from 1064-1067. By 1108, more than a hundred thousand registered as soldiers from the region. The Zhuang warriors carried both
7564-648: The Zuo River and the You River with the reputation of "Little Nanjing ". On 4 December 1949, Nanning was captured by the Communist Party. in January 1950, Nanning municipality was set up, and identified as the capital city of Guangxi on 8 February of the same year; in March 1958, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established, and Nanning municipality was the capital city. Nanning served as host for
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#17327662846787688-453: The Zuo and You rivers, incorporating the regions into the Song bureaucracy. When Zhigao and his fellow rebel chieftains fled, they were replaced by Song-allied clans, primarily the Huang and Cen who were given hereditary posts. Chinese schools in Zhuang areas were set up and the sons of elite Zhuang who enrolled in them later took posts in the Song bureaucracy. Chinese style dress began to influence
7812-427: The accounting year. ) So for example if a car manufacturer buys auto parts , assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general,
7936-570: The annual China– ASEAN Expo (CASEAN Expo) which began in 2004. The city was also the venue for the 2006 World Robotics Olympiad. Nanning has jurisdiction over 7 districts , 1 county-level city , 4 counties , and 6 development zones. Development Zones: Nanning is home of the 21st tallest building in the People's Republic of China, the Diwang International Commerce Center , at 276 m (906 ft), currently
8060-405: The benefits of the "civilized" center in the post-Nong Zhigao period. Viet leadership on the other hand created "patron-client" relationships using marriage alliances and military expeditions to maintain "satellite" partners. Successive Viet courts saw the extraction of resources from frontier vassals as a measurement of their efficacy. However by the 11th century, both the Chinese and Viet courts saw
8184-527: The city receives 1,579 hours of bright sunshine annually. Nanning is twinned with: As of the 2020 Chinese census , Nanning had a population of 8,741,584, of which 5,293,359 live in its built-up ( or metro ) area made of 6 urban districts, Wuming District not being conurbated yet. Nanning is a city in which Zhuang ethnic group live in compact communities. Thirty-five ethnic groups live in compact communities in Nanning, including people of Zhuang, Han , Yao , Hui , Miao , Dong, and Man minorities. Nanning
8308-561: The city. The city also serves as a gateway for the China-ASEAN opening up and cooperation. As of 2024, Nanning is ranked one of the top 200 science cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several notable universities , including Guangxi University , Guangxi Medical University , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Guangxi University of Finance and Economics and Guangxi Arts University . Nanning, an ancient city with
8432-401: The country. GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards. The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP
8556-434: The early 1060s, border conflicts began to occur along the Song-Viet frontier. In the spring of 1060, the chieftain of Lạng Châu and imperial in-law, Thàn Thiệu Tháị, crossed into Song territory to raid for cattle. Thiệu Tháị captured the Song commander Yang Baocai in the attack. In autumn of 1060, Song forces also crossed the border but were unsuccessful in recovering Yang. Fighting caused by the natives led by Thiệu Tháị claimed
8680-549: The economy on human development and well being . William Petty came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the tax burden , and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during warfare between the Dutch and the English between 1652 and 1674. Charles Davenant developed the method further in 1695. The modern concept of GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report, where he warned against its use as
8804-457: The financial and political center and the academic and research center of Nanning. Nanning has two major railway stations: Nanning railway station and Nanning East railway station . The latter one is newer and also the main destination of high-speed trains. A third, Nanning North railway station , is set to open in 2023 with the Guiyang–Nanning high-speed railway . Nanning railway station
8928-433: The frontier as a source of available troops famed for their ferocity. By 1065, around 44,500 militia had been recruited from these communities by the Song. Frontier unrest began anew in 1057 when Nong Zongdan (V. Nùng Tông Ðán), a kinsman of Nong Zhigao, entered Song territory. The frontier administrator Wang Han visited Zongdan's camp at Leihuo to discourage him from seeking inclusion in the Song dynasty since it would upset
9052-446: The golden pocket with purple trimming" ( jinzi guanglu daifu ) on Minfu. These titles were passed onto Minfu's son, Nong Quanfu ( Zhuang : Nungz Cienzfuk , Vietnamese : Nùng Tồn Phúc ). He was also granted additional authority of Dangyouzhou (modern Jingxi , Guangxi ). His younger brother, Nong Quanlu, controlled Wennaizhou (modern Na Rì District ). Such preferential treatment was viewed with anger in Đại Cồ Việt, which attacked
9176-492: The history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the public sector , by financial industries, and by intangible asset creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In
9300-416: The ideal of a formal Romanized Zhuang script, noting that they had used Han script for centuries. Formal classification of the Zhuang also ignored historical similarities between northern Zhuang and the Bouyei people . Guangxi has a type of people called “local people” who are widely spread across the province ... They rather refer to themselves as "Han who speak the Zhuang language." ... Since
9424-553: The income approach. A common one is: The sum of COE , GOS and GMI is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at factor cost to GDP(I) at final prices. Total factor income
9548-869: The influence of Huang Wei and A Nong, Zhigao decided to declare independence. In 1052, Zhigao proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of the Great South ( Danan Guo ) and granted himself the title of Benevolent and Kind Emperor ( Renhui Huangdi ). In the spring of 1052, Zhigao ordered the villages under his control to be burnt and led 5,000 subjects on the path to Guangzhou . As for all the belongings that you amassed during your lives, they were destroyed today by heaven's fire. You have nothing to live on, and you are considered poor indeed! You must grab Yongzhou and capture Guangzhou where I will establish myself as its ruler. If you don't do this, you will necessarily die." By summertime, he had taken Yongzhou and reached Guangzhou, where his 50,000 strong army became bogged down in
9672-443: The information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments). The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for year-to-year comparisons, it may be multiplied by
9796-486: The initial stages of battle, one Song commander was killed, and the Song army was momentarily forced to fall back. In the second engagement, the Zhuang forces could not withstand the Song infantry charges. The Song infantry hacked at the Zhuang shields with heavy swords and axes while the Fanluo cavalry attacked their wings, breaking their ranks. The Zhuang fled, suffering 5,341 casualties. Di Qing retook Yongzhou and executed
9920-481: The jinshi-holder Huang, two of Zhigao's family, and 57 officials. Zhigao and his remaining family fled to seek help from the Zhuang clans, but he was not well liked, and the Huang chieftain, Huang Shouling, refused to aid him. He also requested aid from the Viet court, which sent the tribal commander Võ Nhị to assist the rebels. A Nong and her son Nong Zhiguang, as well as Zhigao's sons Nong Jifeng and Nong Jizong, were caught at Temo in Yunnan by Zhuang forces allied with
10044-486: The language they speak is generally called Zhuang, we recommend calling them Zhuang. The Zhuang are a relatively large Chinese southern minority, but we still know little about them. I ... hope that scholars with more expertise on nationality history will offer us their assistance, and in this way move towards a better understanding of these people. The Zhuang are the indigenous peoples of Guangxi , according to Huang Xianfan. The Zhuang's origins can be traced back to
10168-472: The largest minority in China. The Chinese character used for the Zhuang people has changed several times. Their autonym , "Cuengh" in Standard Zhuang , was originally written with the graphic pejorative Zhuàng , 獞 (or tóng , referring to a variety of wild dog). Chinese characters typically combine a semantic element or radical and a phonetic element. John DeFrancis recorded Zhuàng
10292-496: The largest minority, however, was and still is the same, the Zhuang/Nùng, who together number more than 15 million people. They are just recognized by different names in China and Vietnam. Nong Zhigao (V. Nùng Trí Cao) has sometimes been claimed by Vietnam as a Vietnamese native, but this is due to antagonism with modern China, while in previous times the Vietnamese sometimes saw him as primarily Chinese. Some ethnologists view
10416-506: The leader of the Cen clan , and take his lands. The Nong clan eventually controlled 14 major grottoes ( dong ) in comparison to only 5 for the Huang clan. In 1035, Quanfu declared the founding of the Kingdom of Longevity ( Changsheng Guo 長生國) and took for himself the exalted title "Luminous and Sage Emperor" ( Zhaosheng Huangdi 昭聖皇帝) while A Nong became the "Enlightened and Virtuous Empress" ( Mingde Huanghou 明德皇后). Another source says he founded
10540-549: The leadership of Su Jian, the garrison held out for forty-two days before succumbing. The city was razed to the ground and its people massacred by Lý dynasty . In the Yuan dynasty in 1324, it was renamed Nanning Lu (Nanning Circuit) of Yongzhou. Historically, Nanning was famous for trade, and had permanent business offices from other areas in China since the Song dynasty . In the Ming dynasty Nanning developed into an economic center of
10664-457: The left. They loved to fight and struggle and regarded death lightly. Earlier the leaders were of the Wei, Huang, Zhou and Nong clans which were constantly contending and pillaging each other.... The Huang clan offered pledges and 13 Bu-districts and 29 Man-barbarian Zhou-districts were established. The first member of the Nong clan to gain official recognition was Nong Minfu . It is not known when he
10788-410: The lives of five military inspectors. The military commissioner Yu Jing sought aid from Champa for a joint attack on Quảng Nguyên. The Lý court caught wind of this and began directly courting local leaders. Despite increased military tensions, the Lý court sought to defuse the situation by sending a delegation led by Bi Gia Dụ to Yongzhou . The Song authorities requested the return of Yang Baocai but
10912-603: The local inhabitants "barbarians of the South" (Man), there were many distinct communities throughout this region. The majority belonged to a single Tai-speaking ethnicity, the Chinese Zhuang (or Vietnamese Nùng) ethnic group. Many scholars of the Tai peoples consider the Zhuang and Nùng to be essentially the same people, a single ethnic group. During the early 11th century, ethnic identities and boundaries were more fluid than in
11036-459: The modern Sino-Vietnamese borderland. The Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao was defeated in 1055 by the Song dynasty . Had he won, it is possible that he might have established a state under his own clan name, Nong. Instead, his people in China continued to be referred to as Zhuang, which in their own language means "cave", while in Vietnam they came to be known as Nùng. The majority ethnic group and now
11160-455: The opposite seemed to have occurred and the wars in the south drew more Zhuang into contact with Han Chinese as they were sought after as mercenary troops and river porters. The Song dynasty continued the Jimi system of the Tang dynasty and named the officials of those jimi prefectures zhi . So the ruler of Nandan was called "Zhi Nandan". The Zhuang people were governed under this system but not
11284-655: The paleolithic ancient human, as demonstrated by a large amount of contemporary archaeological evidence. The Zhuang trace their lineage to the Lạc Việt people through artworks such as the Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain , dating from to the Warring States period (475–221 BC). From 823 to 826, the Zhuang, Huang, and Nong clans, aided with raiders from Champa , attacked Yongzhou and seized 18 counties. The "Nung Grottoes" sought aid from Nanzhao . During
11408-463: The population is the Per capita income . The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (2008), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund , European Union , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , United Nations and World Bank . The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from
11532-420: The practice of paying tribute they could periodically journey to the capital and be treated as a foreign ambassador, with all of the opportunities for tourism and trade which this presented. As a consequence, headmen frequently petitioned to pay tribute more frequently than they were obliged to, and to increase the size of their deputation when doing so. Because the court actually paid for the expenses of travel, it
11656-430: The previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68) SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions. Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as private sector organizations normally do not have access to
11780-512: The products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes. Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value
11904-457: The railway line that connects Nanning with Beihai (as well as its branch to Fangchenggang ). Guangxi is also a conjunction of Guangzhou-Guiyang Highspeed Rail. Nanning's warm climate gives it a large amount of biodiversity . There are many species of animals and more than 3,000 species of plants. The city flower is the Jaba flower , an evergreen shrub, and the city tree is the almond tree which
12028-445: The ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year. For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was $ 100 million and its GDP in 2000 was $ 300 million . Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as
12152-531: The rebellion of the Quang Nguyên barbarian Nùng Trí Cao, the troops following the general’s expedition remained in the region to open up and settle the wasteland. Their settlements extended throughout this county. The Lý court was also in the process of consolidating its frontier. In 1059, efforts were made to take direct control of the frontier and its manpower. The northern frontier in the Zuo - You river region
12276-587: The rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world. In 1991, the United States switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the National Income and Product Accounts . Another example that amplifies the difference between GDP and GNI is the comparison of developed and developing country indicators. The GDP of Japan for 2020
12400-484: The right of Đại Cồ Việt. The military commander Yuan Yun was dispatched to attack Zhigao but instead he wanted to offer Zhigao protection, and returned to the capital with tribute, arguing for a change in policy. Zhigao's followers set up shop and through the mineral wealth of his holdings formed close ties with Chinese traders, including jinshi degree holders Huang Wei and Huang Shifu. He also recruited other Nong clan members such as Nong Zhizhong and Nong Jianhou. Under
12524-408: The same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy. The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums up the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of
12648-543: The security of both Guangxi and Guangdong. The defeat of Nong Zhigao in Quảng Nguyên (C. Guangyuan; now Cao Bằng Province ) removed the tribal buffer zone between Đại Cồ Việt and the Song dynasty. Zhigao's final defeat by the Song also had the effect of subordinating a large portion of that zone to direct Song control. The Viet court did not intervene in the matter and for 20 years after the Nong Zhigao rebellions, there
12772-401: The source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components [see income method, above]." Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX. GDP can be contrasted with gross national product (GNP) or, as it is now known, gross national income (GNI). The difference
12896-521: The south. Lu raised 44,500 troops from 45 aboriginal leaders along the Zuo-You River region and ordered them to repair and fortify military defenses. To gain local trust, he requested special seals be made for his militia leaders and that the Zuo-You region be exempt from taxes. The Viet officials became concerned about this development and sent a tribute envoy to Kaifeng to remind the Song court of
13020-480: The southern part of town. Nanning has a warm, humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), It borders the subtropical monsoon climate ( Köppen Cwa ).with an annual mean temperature of 22.3 °C (72.1 °F). Summers are hot and humid with July, the hottest month, having a 24-hour average temperature of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F). Winters are mild and somewhat damp with January, the coolest month, averaging 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). From February to August, rain
13144-587: The style of Cantonese food and of Southeast Asia. Chinese cuisine including Guangdong, Sichuan , Hunan and Jiangsu as well as Japanese , Thai and Western cuisines can be found. Rice noodles are very popular among the Nanning people. Laoyou rice noodles are the most famous, while other noodle dishes such as Guilin rice noodles and hand made noodles can be found. Laoyou rice noodles (means old friend rice noodles) are made of fry up pepper, sour bamboo shoots, black beans and garlic, then pork, and then soup and rice noodles. The sour-spicy tasting noodles are
13268-523: The tallest building in Guangxi and in southwestern China outside Chongqing . The second tallest building in Nanning is the World Trade Commerce City at 218 meters. The city currently has seven buildings taller than 100 m (330 ft), built or under construction. Nanning has many parks with tropical lush green landscape, it is one of the "greenest" cities in China, and it's known as "Green City"( 绿城 ). Nanning's downtown skyline
13392-518: The throne's part: administrators received inadequate salaries and local troops only received supplies sporadically. As a result, the temptation to raid barbarian lands was irresistible. In 1044, Ou Xifan of the Ou clan rebelled to the northwest of Yizhou. Ou Xifan had received a jinshi degree and served as an officer but grew dissatisfied with his rewards. He declared the Great Tang and declared war on
13516-529: The title "Personal Guardian General of the Right." Nong Zhihui (V. Nùng Trí Hội), the brother of Nong Zhigao, received the title "Personal Guardian of the Left." Other members of the Nong clan in Temo such as Nong Bing, Nong Guang, and Nong Xiaqing swore loyalty to the Song. Zhigao's former generals Lu Bao (V. Lư Báo), Li Mao (V. Lê Mạo), and Huang Zhongqing (V. Hoàng Trọng Khanh) were also granted official titles. In
13640-536: The total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP. GDP (Y) is the sum of consumption (C) , investment (I) , government expenditures (G) and net exports (X − M) . Here is a description of each GDP component: C , I , and G are expenditures on final goods and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within
13764-472: The view of the Song court, these titles were not merely honorary appointments. Local militia in the southwestern frontier zone were reorganized in 1065 under Guizhou prefect Lu Shen. The 45 grottoes along the You and Zuo rivers were assigned grotto militia leaders. A commissioner surveyed the region for able-bodied men to be organized under a guard commander selected from the area's prominent households, who received
13888-482: The walls. He then presented substantial tribute (tame elephants and lumps of gold and silver) and petitioned the emperor. The prefect of Yongzhou, Chen Gong, never passed on the petition to court. However when the tribute reached the court, the Fiscal Commissioner Xiao Gu argued to the emperor that Zhigao should be granted title. The Song court refused because it considered Zhigao's service to be
14012-555: The west to Jingxi in the east and Guangyuanzhou (Quảng Nguyên, now Cao Bằng province ) in the south. Emperor Taizong of Song (r. 976-997) bestowed special favors on Nong leadership, acknowledging that they had succeeded the Huang in the Zuo River region. The Guangyuan zhou Man-barbarian Nong clan came from the south west... of Yongzhou and held the districts there. The terrain was steep mountains and inaccessible valleys; it produced gold and cinnabar. A good many people lived there. They wore their hair long and fastened their clothes on
14136-473: The words of one academic economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework." China officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a Marxist-inspired national accounting system. GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give
14260-424: Was 341 billion RMB. The GDP per capita was $ 7,844. Foreign exports in 2007 were US$ 10 billion. Foreign fixed asset investment was 34.3 billion RMB. Nanning has six development zones and industrial parks, three of which accounted for 6 billion RMB of Nanning's GDP, more than 8 percent of Nanning's total. Mineral resources include gold, iron, manganese, aluminum, quartz, silver, indium, coal, marble, and granite with
14384-541: Was born, but a memorial in early 977 states that the "peaceful and generous" leader Nong Minfu of Guangyuanzhou had established himself over ten neighboring villages with the support of Southern Han (907-971). Minfu had supported Duan Siping (r. 937–944) of the Dali Kingdom and was rewarded with titles. Duan rewarded another leader in Temo with the title buxie . The Song bestowed the titles "minister of works" ( sigong ) and "grand master of splendid happiness bearing
14508-512: Was changed to a different character Zhuàng , 壮 (meaning "strong; robust"). The Zhuang, Nùng , and Tày people are a cluster of Tai peoples with very similar customs and dress known as the Rau peoples . In China, the Zhuang are today the largest non- Han Chinese minority with around 14.5 million population in Guangxi Province alone. In Vietnam , as of 1999, there were 933,653 Nùng people and 1,574,822 Tày people. Recently
14632-409: Was denied. Emperor Renzong was also wary of further increasing tensions and instructed the local military commissions to refrain from assembling troops. On 8 February 1063, two tributary envoys from the Lý court presented to the Song emperor nine tame elephants. On 7 April 1063, the new Song emperor Yingzong (r. 1063-67) sent calligraphic compositions by Renzong as gifts to the Lý court. On the same day
14756-470: Was divided into new administrative units: Ngự Long, Vũ Thắng, Long Dực, Thần Ðiện, Bổng Thánh, Bảo Thắng, Hùng Lược, and Vạn Tiệp. Each of these units was assigned an official. Militia units were established among local communities conscripts had the character "Army of the Son of Heaven" ( tianzi jun ) tattooed on their foreheads. This reflected a distinctly Southeast Asian way of controlling regional manpower. In
14880-627: Was general peace along the border. However the regional power balance had been lost. Han Chinese military settlers moved in and new leaders took over the surviving communities. Several influential Nong leaders sided with the Viet court. Crucial influences for the lead up to war include the Song-court sponsored New Policies promoted by Wang Anshi and efforts by the Lý court to consolidate peripheral fiefdoms. The Song and Đại Cồ Việt treated their frontier borderland peoples in different ways. The Chinese tried to introduce "uncultured" barbarians to
15004-642: Was held by lesser families in perpetuity and could not be sold or transferred. As a result the Zhuang habitually entered military service under the Han Chinese to seek new land, often at the expense of other minorities such as the Yao people. Han Chinese were forbidden from buying Zhuang land or to engage in commercial activity within their jimi districts. However Zhuang-Han marriages were allowed, resulting in land titles that were nominally Zhuang held but had been subsumed under Han administration. The jimi prefectures paid
15128-567: Was no obvious heir, the seals often went to the wife of the deceased, whose accession to the post became customary. In theory the Song court could replace recalcitrant leaders like an ordinary official, but in practice this power was weighed against the cost to maintain tranquillity among the Zhuang and stability on the Sino-Viet border. As a result, Jimi rulers who were disobedient were usually sufficiently powerful to refuse replacement as well. Zhuang jimi prefectures were essentially feudal. Land
15252-474: Was previously Tóng, 獞 , with " dog radical " 犭 and tóng , 童 phonetic, a slur , but also describes how the People's Republic of China eventually removed it. In 1949, after the Chinese civil war , the logograph 獞 was officially replaced with a different graphic pejorative, 僮 ( Zhuàng or tóng , meaning "child; boy servant"), with the " human radical " 亻 with the same phonetic. Later 僮
15376-491: Was regarded as an unnecessary expense to permit overly frequent visits, and such requests were usually refused. The jimi prefectures often engaged in petty squabbles that escalated to military conflict. At one point the Mo clan of Nandan pillaged each other over the ownership of an ox before Song authorities settled the matter. Such small scale conflicts were frequent and Song authorities preferred to remain uninvolved and avoided confrontation when possible. The Zhuang provided
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