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64-495: With the ending of the war, interest in Lark waned. But critical was the introduction of jet-powered medium bombers that Lark would be incapable of effectively countering. By this time, several hundred Larks had been built to test various guidance systems, and these were mostly expended in various test programs. During one of these, a Convair -built airframe scored the first successful United States surface-to-air missile interception of

128-550: A Qatari officials to influence defense purchases. In February 2020, Raytheon completed the first radar antenna array for the US Army's new missile defense radar, known as the Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS), to replace the service's Patriot air and missile defense system sensor. In April 2020, the company merged with United Technologies Corporation to form Raytheon Technologies . The merged company

192-477: A contract to build 3DELRR, a next-generation long-range radar system, for the USAF worth an estimated $ 1 billion. The contract award was immediately protested by Raytheon's competitors, Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. After re-evaluating the bids following the protests, the USAF decided to delay awarding the 3DELRR EMD contract until 2017 and was to issue an amended solicitation at the end of July 2016. In 2017

256-513: A contract to build the devices. Within a few month, Raytheon began to manufacture magnetron tubes for use in radar sets, and then complete radar systems . During the war, Raytheon also pioneered the production of shipboard radar systems, particularly for submarine detection. Raytheon was also a contractor for the mass-production of miniature shock-resistant vacuum tubes used in proximity fuses . These tubes were difficult to manufacture and required rigorous attention to detail. At war's end in 1945,

320-590: A flying target in January 1950. The US Navy and Royal Navy were subjected to successful attacks by German anti-shipping missiles and guided bombs starting in 1943 during their operations in the Allied invasion of Italy . These weapons could be dropped from high altitudes and ranges of several kilometers, allowing the launching aircraft to be kept out of range of the ship's anti-aircraft artillery . After several losses and significant damage from these weapons, both

384-687: A follow-on, the RAYCOM, which was never completed. In 1954, it entered into a joint venture with Honeywell to form the Datamatic corporation. However it sold its interest to Honeywell a year later, before introduction of the DATAmatic 1000 system. In 1958, Raytheon acquired the marine electronics company Applied Electronics Company to make commercial marine navigation and radio gear, as well as less-expensive Japanese suppliers of products such as marine/weather band radios and direction-finding gear . In

448-413: A letter of intent with Raytheon for a $ 5.6 billion deal to upgrade its Patriot missile-defence shield. In 2017, Saudi Arabia signed business deals worth billions of dollars with multiple American companies, including Raytheon. In July 2019, Qatar 's Ministry of Defense committed to acquire Raytheon's NASAM and Patriot missile defense systems. The company would later be fined for paying bribes to

512-460: A lower-performance weapon as rapidly as possible. The missile configuration was developed by the Bureau of Aeronautics in January 1945. It consisted of a relatively conventional cylindrical fuselage with a slight boat-tail reduction at the aft, ogive nosecone forward, four wings at the center of the fuselage, and four smaller stabilizers at the rear rotated 45 degrees relative to the wings. Control

576-487: A manufacturer of refrigerators and air conditioners . Using the Amana brand name and its distribution channels, Raytheon began selling the first countertop household microwave oven in 1967 and became a dominant manufacturer in the microwave oven business. In 1966, the company entered the educational publishing business with the acquisition of D.C. Heath and Company , marketing an influential physics textbook developed by

640-433: A nominal load of 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) or more, and light bombers carried up to 2,000 lb (907 kg). These distinctions were beginning to disappear by the middle of World War II, when the average fighter aircraft could now carry a 2,000 lb (907 kg) bombload. Advances in powerplants and designs eventually allowed light bombers , tactical bombers , and later jet fighter-bombers to take over

704-462: A radar proximity fuse . Fairchild Aircraft was given a contract to produce 100 missiles in March 1945. They planned to use command guidance for flight tests, with the intention to add a semi-active radar homing system for production examples. Fairchild referred to the combined guidance system as "Skylark". During the early and mid-range stages of flight, existing ship-based radars would track both

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768-518: A substantial increase in sales for the company outside the United States. In an effort to establish leadership in the defense electronics business, Raytheon purchased in quick succession Dallas-based E-Systems (1995); Chrysler Corporation 's defense electronics and aircraft-modification businesses, which had previously acquired companies such as Electrospace systems (1996) (portions of these businesses were later sold to L-3 Communications ), and

832-511: Is a developer of missiles and related missile defense systems. These include: Two lawsuits were filed against a Raytheon Company plant in St. Petersburg, Florida , due to concern with health risks, property values, and contamination in April 2008. Raytheon was given until the end of the month to independently test whether or not the groundwater that originated from its area was contaminated. According to

896-630: Is also heavily involved in the satellite sensor business. Much of its Space and Airborne Systems division in El Segundo , CA is devoted to this, a business it inherited from Hughes . Examples of programs include: As part of the company's growing homeland security business and strategic focus, Raytheon has teamed with other contractors to develop an Advance Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) to allow border officials to view and identify radioactive materials in vehicles and shipping containers more effectively. Raytheon also manufactures semiconductors for

960-620: Is composed of five major business divisions: Raytheon's businesses are supported by several dedicated international operations including: Raytheon Australia; Raytheon Canada Limited; operations in Japan ; Raytheon Microelectronics in Spain ; Raytheon UK (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited); and ThalesRaytheonSystems , France . In recent years, Raytheon has expanded into other fields while redefining some of its core business activities. Raytheon has identified five key 'Strategic Business Areas' where it

1024-581: Is focusing its expertise and resources: In March 2014, Thomas Kennedy was named CEO of Raytheon Company. Kennedy succeeded William H. Swanson , who was CEO since 2003. Swanson remained as Chairman through September 2014 when Kennedy became chairman as well as CEO. Other current and former members of the board of directors of Raytheon were: Vernon Clark , James E. Cartwright , John Deutch , Stephen J. Hadley , George R. Oliver, Frederic Poses, Michael Ruettgers, Ronald Skates, William Spivey, and Linda Stuntz. As of December 2014, according to filed reports,

1088-694: Is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia rather than UTC's base in Farmington, Connecticut . In July 2023, Raytheon Technologies renamed themselves to RTX Corporation and merged the Raytheon Intelligence & Space and Raytheon Missiles & Defense business segments to form a new Raytheon business segment. In August 2024, RTX agreed to pay a $ 200 million fine for the unauthorized export of defense technology to China, Russia, Iran, and elsewhere, to settle more than 750 violations of

1152-573: Is no longer taking on new orders, having been on the premises for 57 years. In the framework of Ground-Based Midcourse Defense , Raytheon is developing a Ground Based Interceptor (GBI) that includes a booster missile and a kinetic Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), along with several key radar components, such as the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) and the Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR). Raytheon

1216-486: Is no longer used, development of aircraft that fulfil a 'medium bomber' mission in all but name continued and these have been employed in various post-World War II conflicts; examples include dedicated tactical bombers such as the Su-24 , Su-34 , F-111 , J-16 and F-15E which have greater payload and range capability than fighter-bombers, but less than heavier strategic bombers. Raytheon The Raytheon Company

1280-660: The Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations , or ITAR. The company was allowed to pay only half the fine to the government and to put half of the fine toward “remedial compliance measures to strengthen RTX’s compliance program.” In October 2024, RTX agreed to pay nearly $ 1 billion to settle allegations of defrauding the U.S. Defense Department and bribing a Qatari military official. Company officials said

1344-721: The English Electric Canberra (along with its derived U.S. counterpart, the Martin B-57 ) and the Soviet Ilyushin Il-28 "Beagle". Subsequent to World War II, only the U.S. Strategic Air Command ever used the term "medium bomber" in the 1950s to distinguish its Boeing B-47 Stratojets from somewhat larger contemporary Boeing B-52 Stratofortress "heavy bombers" in bombardment wings (older B-29 and B-50 heavy bombers were also redesignated as "medium" during this period). This nomenclature

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1408-576: The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), the groundwater contained carcinogenic contaminants, including trichloroethylene , 1,4-dioxane , and vinyl chloride . The DEP also reported that the clouds contained other toxins, such as lead and toluene . In 1995, Raytheon acquired Dallas-based E-Systems, including a site in St. Petersburg, Florida, In November 1991, prior to Raytheon's acquisition, contamination had been discovered at

1472-844: The Hawker 800XP and Hawker 4000 , the Beechjet 400A , and the Premier I ; the popular King Air series of twin turboprops; and piston-engine aircraft such as the Bonanza . Its special-mission aircraft included the single-turboprop T-6A Texan II , which the United States Air Force and United States Navy had chosen as their primary training aircraft . In 1991, during the Persian Gulf War , Raytheon's Patriot missile received great international exposure, resulting in

1536-572: The Korean War . In later decades, it remained a major producer of missiles, such as the Patriot antimissile missile and the air-to-air Phoenix missile . Raytheon made a foray into computers, producing the RAYDAC computer for the U.S. Navy which became operational in 1953. "Unfortunately, the machine was technically obsolete by the time it was operational." Also in 1953, the company began work on

1600-698: The Physical Science Study Committee . Raytheon also manufactured the Apollo Guidance Computer , which was introduced that year and flew aboard all NASA Project Apollo missions. In the late 1970s, Raytheon acquired McGraw-Edison 's appliances division notable for the Speed Queen line of washers and dryers. In 1980, Raytheon acquired Beech Aircraft Corporation , a leading manufacturer of general aviation aircraft founded in 1932 by Walter H. Beech . In 1993,

1664-676: The United Kingdom invented the magnetron , a specialized microwave -generating electron tube that markedly improved the capability of radar to detect enemy aircraft. American companies were then sought by the US government to perfect and mass-produce the magnetron for ground-based, airborne, and shipborne radar systems, and, with support from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Radiation Laboratory (recently formed to investigate microwave radar ), Raytheon received

1728-454: The designation acronym KAY. Their version was overall similar but removed the control surfaces on the wings and made the entire wing rotate instead. Their "Wasp" guidance system used a single radar to track the target, and through most of the flight, the missile would guide itself using beam riding and, during the terminal approach, would switch to its self-contained AN/APN-23 system for active radar homing . The programs were downgraded with

1792-607: The personal rapid transit (PRT) business as it terminated its PRT 2000 system due to the high cost of development and the lack of interest. During the September 11 attacks of 2001, Raytheon had an office in the South Tower of the World Trade Center on the 91st floor. Their office, being 6 floors above where United Airlines Flight 175 collided with the building, was spared from the immediate collision, but

1856-582: The American Appliance Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Its focus, which was originally on new refrigeration technology, soon shifted to electronics . The company's first product was a gaseous ( helium ) voltage-regulator tube that was based on Charles Smith's earlier astronomical research of the star Zeta Puppis . The electron tube was christened with the name Raytheon (a compound of Old French and Greek meaning 'light from

1920-515: The E-Systems site. Soil and groundwater had been contaminated with the volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene and 1,4-Dioxane. In 2005, groundwater monitoring indicated polluted groundwater was moving into areas outside the site. According to DEP documentation, Raytheon has tested wells on its site since 1996 but had not delivered a final report; therefore, it was given a deadline on May 31, 2008, to investigate its groundwater. Contamination in

1984-564: The RV-A-22 as the basis for the MGM-18 Lacrosse , which ultimately emerged as a much larger weapon. The Raytheon guidance system also generated considerable interest. The Bureau of Aeronautics started its Sparrow program in 1950 using the Lark seeker in air-to-air missiles . Medium bomber A medium bomber is a military bomber aircraft designed to operate with medium-sized bombloads over medium range distances;

SAM-N-2 Lark - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-627: The Raytheon brand name, with commercial success. In 1928 Raytheon merged with Q.R.S. Company, an American manufacturer of electron tubes and switches, to form the successor of the same name, Raytheon Manufacturing Company. By the 1930s, it had already grown to become one of the world's largest vacuum tube manufacturing companies. In 1933 it diversified by acquiring Acme-Delta Company, a producer of transformers , power equipment, and electronic auto parts . Early in World War II , physicists in

2112-599: The US and Royal Navies began crash programs to introduce surface-to-air missiles to close this range gap. In the US, this was organized as Operation Bumblebee . In the end, increasing Allied air superiority rendered these weapons moot; during the D-Day invasions, German aircraft were kept well out of range of the Allied fleets. At roughly the same time, the US Navy began to face the first mass kamikaze attacks. In this case,

2176-570: The USAF again awarded the contract to Raytheon. In May 2015, Raytheon acquired cybersecurity firm Websense, Inc. from Vista Equity Partners for $ 1.9 billion and combined it with RCP, formerly part of its IIS segment to form Raytheon|Websense. In October 2015, Raytheon|Websense acquired Foreground Security for $ 62 million. In January 2016, Raytheon|Websense acquired the firewall provider Stonesoft from Intel Security for an undisclosed amount and renamed itself to Forcepoint. In July 2016, Poland's Defence Minister Antoni Macierewicz planned to sign

2240-671: The area has not affected anyone's drinking water supply or health, yet due to negative local media coverage lawsuits are being filed with claims against Raytheon citing decreases in property values. In another case, Raytheon was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to treat groundwater at the Tucson Plant (acquired during the merger with Hughes) in Arizona since Raytheon used and disposed metals, chlorinated solvents , and other substances at

2304-684: The areas of sensing; effects; and command, control, communications and intelligence systems; as well as a broad range of mission support services. Raytheon's electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and land-launched missiles , aircraft radar systems, weapons sights and targeting systems, communication and battle-management systems, and satellite components. Raytheon is a developer and manufacturer of radars (including AESAs ), electro-optical sensors, and other advanced electronics systems for airborne, naval and ground based military applications. Examples include: Raytheon, often in conjunction with Boeing , Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman,

2368-435: The attacking aircraft had to collide with its target, so performance and accuracy requirements were reduced. However, the desire to rapidly fill the gap between the short and long-range protection was even more vital. Bumblebee's efforts were aimed at high-performance, supersonic weapons, and as much of the technology was brand new, they could not be expected to enter service in the short term. A new project emerged to introduce

2432-528: The commercial market, but the high-powered market was solidly in the hands of larger, better-financed competitors such as Continental Electronics , General Electric and Radio Corporation of America . In 1946, the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed

2496-665: The company expanded its aircraft activities by adding the Hawker line of business jets by acquiring Corporate Jets Inc., the business jet product line of British Aerospace (now BAE Systems ). These two entities were merged in 1994 to become the Raytheon Aircraft Company. In the first quarter of 2007 Raytheon sold its aircraft operations, which subsequently operated as Hawker Beechcraft , and since 2014 have been units of Textron Aviation . The product line of Raytheon's aircraft subsidiary included business jets such as

2560-574: The company had built about 80 percent of all magnetrons. Raytheon ranked 71st among U.S. corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. In 1945, Raytheon's Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use. During the post-war years, Raytheon also made generally low- to medium-powered radio and television transmitters and related equipment for

2624-467: The defense portion of Delco Electronics (Delco Systems Operations), and Magnavox Electronic Systems . Raytheon also divested itself of several nondefense businesses in the 1990s, including Amana Refrigeration , Raytheon Commercial Laundry (purchased by Bain Capital 's Alliance Laundry Systems ), and Seismograph Service Ltd (sold to Schlumberger - Geco-Prakla ). On October 12, 1999, Raytheon exited

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2688-422: The defense unit of Texas Instruments , Defense Systems & Electronics Group (1997). Also in 1997, Raytheon acquired the aerospace and defense business of Hughes Aircraft Company from Hughes Electronics Corporation , a subsidiary of General Motors , which included a number of product lines previously purchased by Hughes Electronics, including the former General Dynamics missile business (Pomona facility),

2752-556: The electronics industry in sites in the US and UK. In the late 20th century it produced a wide range of integrated circuits and other components, but as of 2003 its US semiconductor business specializes in gallium arsenide (GaAs) components for radio communications as well as infrared detectors . It is also making efforts to develop gallium nitride (GaN) components for next-generation radars and radios. The UK arm specialized in CMOS on silicon carbide (SiC) development and foundry work but

2816-775: The ending of the war, long before flight tests began. The program continued, and flight tests of both the Fairchild KAQ-1 and Convair KAY-1 vehicles started in June 1946. The new rocket engine gave rise to the Fairchild KAQ-2 and Convair KAY-2 around this time. In September 1947, they were redesignated under the Navy's new system, becoming XSAM-2, XSAM-2a for the Fairchild versions, and XSAM-4 and XSAM-4a for Convair. These were redesignated once again, around February 1948, after

2880-474: The first guidance system for a missile that could intercept a flying target. In 1948, Charles Francis Adams IV was appointed president of the company and served until 1960. In 1948, Raytheon began to manufacture guided missiles . In 1950, its Lark became the first such missile to destroy a target aircraft in flight. Raytheon then received military contracts to develop the air-to-air Sparrow and ground-to-air Hawk missiles, projects that received impetus from

2944-462: The gods') and was used in a battery eliminator , a type of radio-receiver power supply that plugged into the power grid in place of large batteries . This made it possible to convert household alternating current to a regulated, high voltage direct current for radios and thus eliminate the need for expensive, short-lived batteries. In 1925, the company changed its name to Raytheon Manufacturing Company and began marketing its rectifier, under

3008-479: The introduction of the 1947 tri-service designation system, becoming XSAM-N-2, XSAM-N-2a, XSAM-N-4, and XSAM-N-4a. Six of the Convair airframes were given to Raytheon to explore the use of velocity-gated continuous wave doppler radar for guided missile target seekers. In contrast, most other United States investigators used range-gated pulse radar . Test launches from prototype ship launchers began in 1950 from

3072-464: The misconduct mostly occurred before 2020 and pledged to improve its compliance programs. For the fiscal year 2017, Raytheon reported earnings of US$ 2.024 billion, with an annual revenue of US$ 25.348 billion, an increase of 5.1% over the previous fiscal cycle. Raytheon's shares traded at over $ 164 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$ 51.7 billion in November 2018. Raytheon

3136-399: The missile and the target, calculating an interception point and sending commands to the missile via radio control . When the missile was 10 miles (16 km) from the target, it would be instructed to turn on its AN/DPN-7 receiver to home on the reflection of the ship's targeting radar. Concerned about slow progress, Convair was given a contract for another 100 examples in June 1945 under

3200-411: The name serves to distinguish this type from larger heavy bombers and smaller light bombers . Mediums generally carried about two tons of bombs, compared to light bombers that carried one ton, and heavies that carried four or more. The term was used prior to and during World War II , based on available parameters of engine and aeronautical technology for bomber aircraft designs at that time. After

3264-468: The platform had generated significant interest within the US Air Force and US Army . Lark airframes were turned over for testing purposes under the new designations CTV-N-9 for Fairchild models and CTV-N-10 for the Convair version. All three forces continued to use the Lark airframes for testing throughout the 1950s, mainly to develop missile launching and test procedures. The Army redesignated its as

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3328-501: The roles performed by mediums. After the war, use of the term generally vanished; some of this was due to mass demobilization of the participant air forces' existing equipment, and the fact that several of the most-produced medium bomber types were now technologically obsolescent. Although a number of later aircraft were designed in this performance and load-carrying range, they were henceforth referred to as tactical bombers or strike aircraft instead. Examples of post-war mediums include

3392-565: The same year, it changed its name to Raytheon Company . In the 1950s, Raytheon began manufacturing transistors , including the CK722 , priced and marketed to hobbyists. In 1961, the British electronics company A.C. Cossor merged with Raytheon, following its sale by Philips . The new company's name was Raytheon Cossor. The Cossor side of the organisation was still in the Raytheon group in 2010. In 1965, it acquired Amana Refrigeration , Inc.,

3456-473: The target, it would have flown a considerable distance and be within weapons-launching range. Lark was canceled in favor of the much higher-performance Bumblebee efforts, notably the RIM-2 Terrier , which had a similar range and size. The fact that Lark was a Bureau of Aeronautics program while Bumblebee was Bureau of Ordnance has also been suggested as a reason for Lark's cancellation. By this time,

3520-470: The test ship USS Norton Sound . One of these scored the first successful United States surface-to-air missile interception of a flying target in January 1950 and made several more interceptions in the following months. As the threat of jet-powered bombers like the Ilyushin Il-28 grew, Lark's subsonic performance was seen as incapable of effectively countering these aircraft—by the time they reached

3584-568: The time. Some of these bombers, such as the Heinkel He 111 , Junkers Ju 86 , Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 , Douglas B-18 , and Armstrong Whitworth Whitley were developed from or in conjunction with existing airliners or transport aircraft. The World War II-era medium bomber was generally considered to be any level bomber design that delivered about 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of ordnance over ranges of about 1,500 to 2,000 mi (2,400 to 3,200 km). Typical heavy bombers were those with

3648-408: The top ten institutional shareholders of Raytheon are Wellington Management Company , Vanguard Group , State Street Corporation , Barrow, Hanley, Mewhinney & Strauss, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, BlackRock Advisors, Bank of America , Bank of New York Mellon , Deutsche Bank and Macquarie Group . Raytheon provides electronics, mission systems integration and other capabilities in

3712-452: The war, medium bombers were replaced in world air forces by more advanced and capable aircraft. In the early 1930s many air forces were looking to modernize their existing bomber aircraft fleets, which frequently consisted of older biplanes . The new designs were typically twin-engined monoplanes , often of all-metal construction, and optimized for high enough performance and speed to help evade rapidly evolving fighter aircraft designs of

3776-502: The years, Raytheon shifted its headquarters among various Massachusetts locations: Cambridge from 1922 to 1928; Newton until 1941; Waltham until 1961; and finally, Lexington until 2003. In 1922, Vannevar Bush , scientist and professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), along with engineer and physicist Laurence K. Marshall, and scientist Charles G. Smith, founded

3840-643: Was a major U.S. defense contractor and industrial corporation with manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics . Founded in 1922, it merged in 2020 with United Technologies Corporation to form Raytheon Technologies, which changed its name to RTX Corporation in July 2023. Raytheon was established in 1922, reincorporated in 1928, and adopted the Raytheon Company name in 1959. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2012, it

3904-569: Was by small control surfaces at the aft end of the four wings, similar to ailerons . The missile was powered by a Reaction Motors LR2-RM-2 two-chamber liquid-propellant rocket engine, which was later upgraded to the LR2-RM-6. It was boosted on launch by two bottle-like solid fuel rockets inside a square stabilizer arrangement similar to the German Rheintochter . It was to be armed with a 100 pounds (45 kg) warhead triggered by

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3968-588: Was purely semantic and bureaucratic, however as both the B-47 and B-52 strategic bombers were much larger and had far greater performance and load-carrying ability than any of the World War II-era heavy or medium bombers. Similarly, the Royal Air Force referred at times to its V bomber force as medium bombers, but this was in terms of range rather than load-carrying capacity. Although the term

4032-413: Was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world. As of 2015 , it was the third-largest defense contractor in the United States by defense revenue . It was the world's largest producer of guided missiles , and was involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. In 2018, the company had around 67,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of about US$ 25.35 billion. Over

4096-486: Was utterly destroyed in the subsequent collapse of the South Tower. In November 2007, Raytheon purchased Sarcos for an undisclosed sum, seeking to expand into robotics research and production. In September 2009, Raytheon purchased Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. as a wholly owned subsidiary. In December 2010, Applied Signal Technology agreed to be acquired by Raytheon for $ 490 million. In October 2014, Raytheon beat rivals Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman for

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