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29-674: The Sokaogon Chippewa Community , or the Mole Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa , is a federally recognized tribe of the Lake Superior Chippewa , many of whom reside on the Mole Lake Indian Reservation , located southwest of the city of Crandon , in the Town of Nashville , Forest County, Wisconsin . The reservation is located partly in the community of Mole Lake, Wisconsin . According to

58-520: A complete restoration and opened to the public in April 2010. In the early 1870s, Wilhelm Dinesen, a Danish adventurer, traveled to northern Wisconsin and took residence in the cabin and became friends with the Mole Lake Chippewa. He called the cabin "Frydenlund", or "Grove of Joy". After 14 months of hunting, fishing, fur trapping, and roaming the wilderness, went back to Denmark. He fathered

87-651: A controversy lasting three decades. "From the perspective of the area's Indian tribes—the Sokaogon Chippewa, the Potawatomi, the Menominee, and the Stockbridge Munsee—the environmental and social impacts of the proposed mine were inseparable. Any contamination of the area's surface of groundwaters was a threat to survival." Concerns about the impact of the proposed mine were diverse. In addition to

116-553: A daughter when he returned to his homeland, who grew up as the author Karen Blixen , or Isak Dinesen and wrote a book entitled Out of Africa , which went on to become a major Hollywood motion picture. As stated in the April 2003 issue of Wisconsin Trails magazine, "Wilhelm Dinesen's legacy among the Chippewa is assured. A few months after he left Denmark, you see, Kate, the Chippewa woman who had been his cook and housekeeper, bore

145-544: A daughter, Emma, who went on to have children of her own." The log cabin will be the center of an annual August event and visitors may see and hear history, folk music, enjoy traditional Native American food, Native American arts and crafts, Woodland Indian beadwork, birch bark basketry, and buckskin moccasin demonstrations, wild rice soup, introduction to the Ojibwe language, walk-through of historical displays, early fur trappers and traders camp and more. This event promises to be

174-547: A price of $ 16.5 million to prevent its reopening. The tribes argued that the opening of the zinc and copper mine would harm the environment and jeopardize access to their rice fields. The land is now under the control of the two tribes and no mining is planned into the future. Federally recognized tribe This is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States . There are also federally recognized Alaska Native tribes . As of January 8, 2024 , 574 Indian tribes were legally recognized by

203-521: Is a federally recognized tribe of Potawatomi people with approximately 1,400 members as of 2010. The community is based on the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation , which consists of numerous non-contiguous plots of land in southern Forest County and northern Oconto County , Wisconsin , United States. The community also administers about 7 acres (28,000 m ) of off-reservation trust land in

232-475: Is bilingual ( Potawatomi and English), is divided into four main sections: a history of the Potawatomi, entitled The Long Walk; an interactive kiosk, entitled People Who Share a Language; a display of different traditional elements, entitled Traditional Ways; and a display of the heritage of the present day tribe. Other highlights of the exhibit include: " People of the Three Fires " main diorama-recreation of

261-635: Is used by the BIA to publish the list of "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Tribes in the contiguous 48 states and those in Alaska are listed separately. Forest County Potawatomi Community 45°34′08″N 88°50′34″W  /  45.5689°N 88.8429°W  / 45.5689; -88.8429 The Forest County Potawatomi Community ( Potawatomi : Ksenyaniyek )

290-649: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) of the United States. Of these, 228 are located in Alaska and 109 are located in California. 346 of the 574 federally recognized tribes are located in the contiguous United States. Federally recognized tribes are those Native American tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs as holding a government-to-government relationship with

319-579: The Council of Three Fires is located in the center of the exhibition. " The Gathering ": video presentation of the various Potawatomi communities across North America. " The Wall of Treaties "—reproductions of 43 United States and seven Canadian treaties conducted with the Potawatomi. " Wigwas Tthiman " (Birchbark Canoe)—this birchbark canoe was constructed on site at the Potawatomi Cultural Center and Museum using traditional methods as

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348-835: The Potawatomi Hotel & Casino in Milwaukee and the Potawatomi Bingo Northern Lights Casino in Carter, Wisconsin . Along with the Sokaogon Chippewa Community , the Potawatomi bought the nearby Crandon mine in Crandon to prevent its reopening. The tribes argued the reopening of the zinc and copper mine would harm the environment. The Forest County Potawatomi Cultural Center and Museum were created to educate

377-653: The U.S. Congress the right to interact with tribes. More specifically, the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Sandoval warned, "it is not... that Congress may bring a community or body of people within range of this power by arbitrarily calling them an Indian tribe, but only that in respect of distinctly Indian communities the questions whether, to what extent, and for what time they shall be recognized and dealt with as dependent tribes" (at 46). Federal tribal recognition grants to tribes

406-403: The 1950s, the BIA in 1978 published final rules with procedures that groups had to meet to secure federal tribal acknowledgment. There are seven criteria. Four have proven troublesome for most groups to prove: long-standing historical community, outside identification as Indians, political authority, and descent from a historical tribe. Tribes seeking recognition must submit detailed petitions to

435-457: The 574th tribe to gain federal recognition on December 20, 2019. The website USA.gov , the federal government's official web portal, also maintains an updated list of tribal governments . Ancillary information present in former versions of this list but no longer contained in the current listing has been included here in italic print. The Federal Register

464-561: The BIA's Office of Federal Acknowledgment. To be formally recognized as an Indian tribe, the US Congress can legislate recognition or a tribe can meet the seven criteria outlined by the Office of Federal Acknowledgment. These seven criteria are summarized as: The federal acknowledgment process can take years, even decades; delays of 12 to 14 years have occurred. The Shinnecock Indian Nation formally petitioned for recognition in 1978 and

493-540: The Sokaogan Chippewa's concerns regarding the impact of the mine on their wild rice fields, further downstream, the Menominee took issue with the "3000 gallons of wastewater per minute" the mine was predicted to release into a tributary leading to the Wolf River. Along with the neighboring Forest County Potawatomi Community , the Sokaogon Chippewa took over ownership and bought the nearby Crandon mine at

522-616: The Sokaogon to harvest rice even on areas that the tribe did not own. Mole Lake is the site of one of Wisconsin's oldest surviving log cabins, now referred to as the Dinesen Log House . This special piece of historic American architecture built in the late 1860s–early 1870s was listed on Wisconsin's most endangered properties in 2003 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It has undergone

551-677: The U.S. Census Bureau, the Mole Lake Indian Reservation was 2.94 square miles (7.6 km) in 2020. The band also had 2.16 square miles (5.6 km) of off-reservation trust land . Including the community's additional fee land , the Sokaogon Chippewa Community managed a total of 4,904.2 acres (7.6628 sq mi; 19.847 km) as of 2010. The reservation includes land around Rice Lake, Bishop Lake, and Mole Lake. The combined population of Sokaogon Chippewa Community and Off-Reservation Trust Land

580-703: The US federal government . For Alaska Native tribes, see list of Alaska Native tribal entities . In the United States , the Native American tribe is a fundamental unit of sovereign tribal government. As the Department of the Interior explains, "federally recognized tribes are recognized as possessing certain inherent rights of self-government (i.e., tribal sovereignty)...." The constitution grants to

609-638: The addition of six tribes in Virginia under the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017, signed in January 2018 after the annual list had been published. In July 2018 the United States' Federal Register issued an official list of 573 tribes that are Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs . The Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana became

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638-563: The beginning of a new era of opportunity for Wisconsin and its citizens. In the late 1960s, Exxon discovered a zinc-copper ore deposit near Mole Lake, one of the richest ore deposits of its kind in North America. In 1976, Exxon announced its plans to explore the zinc-copper resources, which were in close proximity to four indigenous communities (including rice fields used by the Sokaogon Chippewa). The proposed mining spurred

667-760: The charter was approved October 7, 1939 as part of the Indian Reorganization Act. The 1983 decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in the Lac Courte Oreilles v. Lester B. Voigt case, commonly called the Voigt decision, reaffirmed that the Sokaogon and other Chippewa tribes in northern Wisconsin should be allowed to exercise their treaty rights even off their reservations. This allowed

696-445: The city of Milwaukee . According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the reservation and off-reservation trust land together have a total area of 22.72 square miles (58.8 km ). The combined population of Forest County Potawatomi Community and Off-Reservation Trust Land was 594 in the 2020 census . The nation's administrative and cultural center are located about three miles east of Crandon, Wisconsin . The Forest County Potawatomi run

725-608: The public and pass the culture and traditions of the Potawatomi people to the next generations. The Cultural Center is a new way of gathering the people — to share stories and to learn from one another. The Forest County Potawatomi Community welcomes Native Americans and non-Native Americans alike to learn about the community and their contributions. With input from community elders and internationally known museum designers, many unique, informative and entertaining exhibits were constructed and are now captivating general public visitors. The 2,700-square-foot (250 m ) permanent exhibit, which

754-458: The right to certain benefits, and is largely administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). While trying to determine which groups were eligible for federal recognition in the 1970s, government officials became aware of the need for consistent procedures. To illustrate, several federally unrecognized tribes encountered obstacles in bringing land claims ; United States v. Washington (1974)

783-446: Was 507 at the 2020 census . About 500 members of the tribe live on the reservation, while an additional 1,000 members of the community live off it. The tribe is active in the harvest of wild rice in the swampy areas on and off their reservation. The area was the site of the 1806 Battle of Mole Lake between Chippewa and Sioux warriors. The constitution and by-laws of the Sokaogon Chippewa Community were approved November 9, 1938, and

812-585: Was a court case that affirmed the fishing treaty rights of Washington tribes; and other tribes demanded that the U.S. government recognize aboriginal titles . All the above culminated in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 , which legitimized tribal entities by partially restoring Native American self-determination . Following the decisions made by the Indian Claims Commission in

841-673: Was recognized 32 years later in 2010. At a Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing, witnesses testified that the process was "broken, long, expensive, burdensome, intrusive, unfair, arbitrary and capricious, less than transparent, unpredictable, and subject to undue political influence and manipulation." The number of tribes increased to 567 in May 2016 with the inclusion of the Pamunkey tribe in Virginia who received their federal recognition in July 2015. The number of tribes increased to 573 with

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