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62-674: Satu Mare is situated in Satu Mare County , in northwest Romania, on the river Someș , 13 km (8.1 mi) from the border with Hungary and 27 km (17 mi) from the border with Ukraine. The city is located at an altitude of 126 m (413 ft) on the Lower Someș alluvial plain , spreading out from the Administrative Palace at 25 October Square. The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 150.3 square kilometres (58.0 sq mi). From

124-407: A continental climate , characterised by hot dry summers and cold winters. As the city is in the far north of the country, winter is much colder than the national average, with minimum temperatures reaching −17 °C (1 °F), lower than values recorded in other cities in western Romania like Oradea (−15 °C (5 °F)) or Timișoara (−17 °C (1 °F)). The average annual temperature

186-436: A female one (the latter referring to a male). Young birds before fledging are called goslings . The collective noun for a group of geese on the ground is a gaggle ; when in flight, they are called a skein , a team , or a wedge ; when flying close together, they are called a plump . The word "goose" is a direct descendant of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns . In Germanic languages , the root gave Old English gōs with

248-456: A geomorphologic point of view, the city is located on the Someș Meadow on both sides of the river, which narrows in the vicinity of the city and widens upstream and downstream from it; flooded during heavy rainfall, the field has various geographical configurations at the edge of the city (sand banks, valleys, micro-depressions). The formation of the current terrain of the city, dating from

310-502: A half meters tall and weighed about 22 kilograms. The evidence suggests the bird was flightless, unlike modern geese. Most goose species are migratory, though populations of Canada geese living near human developments may remain in a locality year-round. These 'resident' geese, found primarily in the eastern United States, may migrate only short distances, or not at all, if they have adequate food supply and access to open water. Migratory geese may use several environmental cues in timing

372-453: A population of 243,600, and which includes 26 cities, towns and communes. The Satu Mare City Council, elected at the 2020 local elections , is composed of the following parties: The city day is 14 May, which commemorates the devastating floods that affected the city in 1970, although it is also a day of rebirth. Satu Mare has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of county capital. The Satu Mare Court of Justice

434-484: A religious point of view, the population consisted of 59.0% Greek Catholics, 15.0% Roman Catholics, 8.6% Jewish, 4.4% Eastern Orthodox, as well as other minorities. In 1930, the county's urban population was 69,526 inhabitants, 41.9% Hungarians, 35.0% Romanians, 18.6% Jews, 1.6% Germans, as well as other minorities. As a mother tongue in the urban area, Hungarian dominated (55.6%), followed by Romanian (31.1%), Yiddish (10.6%), German (1.4%), as well as other minorities. From

496-567: A royal town, they were expelled, beginning to resettle in the 1820s. In 1841, several Jews obtained the permission to settle permanently in Sathmar; the first Jewish community was formally established in 1849, and in 1857, a synagogue was built. After a great number of traditional Ashkenazic Jews had settled in the town, the Jewish community split in 1898, when a supporter of the Hasidic movement

558-541: A very early date. Due to the economic and commercial benefits it began to receive in the 13th century, Satu Mare became an important centre for craft guilds. In the 18th century, intense urbanisation began; several buildings survive from that period, including the old city hall, the inn, a barracks, the Greek Catholic church and the Reformed church. A Roman Catholic diocese was established there in 1804. In 1823,

620-403: Is 9.6 °C (49 °F), or broken down by seasons: Spring 10.2 °C (50 °F), summer 19.6 °C (67 °F), autumn 10.8 °C (51 °F) and winter 1.7 °C (35 °F). Atmospheric humidity is quite high. Prevailing wind currents blow in from the northwest, bringing spring and summer rainfall. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there

682-736: Is a county ( județ ) of Romania , on the border with Hungary and Ukraine . The capital city is Satu Mare . In Hungarian , it is known as Szatmár megye , in German as Kreis Sathmar , in Ukrainian as Сату-Маре, and in Slovak as Satmárska župa . Satu Mare County has a total area of 4,418 square kilometres (1,706 sq mi). In the north are the Oaș Mountains , part of the Eastern Carpathians . This makes up around 17% of

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744-539: Is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). The Hungarian name of the town Szatmár is believed to come from the personal name Zotmar , as the 13th-century Gesta Hungarorum gives the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement at the site of today's Satu Mare as castrum Zotmar ("Zotmar's fort"). The name Satu Mare , which means "great village" in Romanian,

806-564: Is composed of the Someș River, Pârâul Sar in the north and the Homorod River in the south. The formation and evolution of the city was closely related to the Someș River, which, in addition to allowing for the settlement of a human community around it, has offered, since the early Middle Ages , the possibility of international trade with coastal regions, a practice that favored milling , fishing and other economic activities. Because

868-404: Is headed by a mayor . Since 2016 , the office is held by Gábor Kereskényi. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local council made up of 23 elected councillors. The city is divided into 12 districts laid out radially. One of these, Sătmărel ( Szatmárzsadány ), is a separate village administered by the city. Additionally, as Satu Mare is the capital of Satu Mare County , the city hosts

930-481: Is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Satu Mare Police are headquartered on Mihai Viteazul Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout the city) and is subordinated to the county's police inspectorate on Alexandru Iioan Cuza Street. City Hall has its own community police force, Poliția Comunitară located on Universului Alley, dealing with local community issues. Satu Mare also houses

992-599: Is spent at perennial stopover sites, where individuals rest and build up fat stores for further travel. Geese, like other birds, fly in a V formation . This formation helps to conserve energy in flight, and aids in communication and monitoring of flock mates. Using great white pelicans as a model species, researchers showed that flying in a V formation increased the aerodynamics of trailing birds, thus requiring fewer wing flaps to stay aloft and lowering individuals' heartrates. Leading geese switch positions on longer flights to allow for multiple individuals to gain benefits from

1054-609: Is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Satu Mare County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of Carei , Ardud , Negrești-Oaș , Tășnad and Livada . Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Oradea Court of Appeals. Satu Mare also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals. Satu Mare has its own municipal police force, Poliția Municipiului Satu Mare , which

1116-540: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , the Hungarian population increased its proportion greatly, in 1880 representing 44.4% and in 1910 reaching 55.1% of the county population, according to Árpád E. Varga. After World War I the Hungarian and German population declined. Satu Mare County benefits from its position, close to the border of Romania with Hungary and Ukraine, and it is one of

1178-566: The Hawaiian Islands . Geese are monogamous , living in permanent pairs throughout the year; however, unlike most other permanently monogamous animals, they are territorial only during the short nesting season. Paired geese are more dominant and feed more, two factors that result in more young. Goose fossils have been found ranging from 10 to 12 million years ago (Middle Miocene). Garganornis ballmanni from Late Miocene (~ 6-9 Ma) of Gargano region of central Italy, stood one and

1240-669: The Nord-Vest development region of Romania. The county is a member of the Carpathian Euroregion . According to the 2021 census , the county had a population of 330,668 and the population density was 74.8/km (193.8/sq mi). Ethnic composition of Satu Mare County (2021) Religious composition of Satu Mare County (2021) Satu Mare is a culturally diverse county, with a population mix of Romanians, Hungarians, Roma, Germans, and other ethnicities. The county's largest ethnic minority, Hungarians mostly reside along

1302-621: The Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 . The county was disestablished by the communist government of Romania in 1950 , and its territory became part of Baia Mare Region , which in turn was renamed the Maramureș Region in 1960. Satu Mare County was re-established in 1968, when Romania restored the county administrative system. According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 294,875, 60.5% Romanians, 25.2% Hungarians, 8.1% Jews, 3.2% Germans, as well as other minorities. From

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1364-459: The Tadorninae subfamily (e.g., Egyptian goose , Orinoco goose ) are commonly called geese, but are not considered "true geese" taxonomically. More distantly related members of the family Anatidae are swans , most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks , which are smaller. The term "goose" may refer to such bird of either sex, but when paired with " gander ", refers specifically to

1426-560: The Treaty of Trianon . In 1938, King Carol II promulgated a new Constitution , and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. 10 ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by rezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") - appointed directly by the King - instead of the prefects . Satu Mare County became part of Ținutul Crișuri . At

1488-593: The greylag goose and snow goose , and Branta , black geese, such as the Canada goose . Two genera of geese are only tentatively placed in the Anserinae; they may belong to the shelducks or form a subfamily on their own: Cereopsis , the Cape Barren goose, and Cnemiornis , the prehistoric New Zealand goose . Either these or, more probably, the goose-like coscoroba swan is the closest living relative of

1550-492: The pagoda tree , native to East Asia (especially China); Pterocarya , also native to Asia; and Paulownia tomentosa , native to central and western China. Fauna is represented by species of rodents ( hamster and european ground squirrel ), reptiles, including Vipera berus in the Noroieni forest, and as avifauna species of ducks , geese , egrets , during passages and systematic occasional wanderings. Satu Mare has

1612-670: The Bavarian princess Gisela of Hungary . Later, they were joined by more German colonists from beyond the Someș River , in Mintiu. A royal free city since the 13th century, Satu Mare changed hands several times in the 15th century until the Báthory family took possession of the citadel in 1526, proceeding to divert the Someș's waters in order to defend the southern part of the citadel; thus,

1674-532: The Freund petroleum refinery, the brick factory and the furniture factory) prospered in this period, and the city invested heavily in communication lines, schools, hospitals, public works and public parks. The banking and commerce system also developed: in 1929 the chamber of commerce and industry , as well as the commodities stock market were established, with 25 commercial enterprises and 75 industrial and production firms as members. In 1930 there were 33 banks. After

1736-610: The Roman conquest in 101/106 AD. Later, these lands may have formed part of Menumorut 's holdings; one of the important defensive fortresses – castrum Zotmar , dating to the 10th century – was at Satu Mare, as mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum . After Stephen I of Hungary created the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000, German colonists were settled at the periphery of the city ( Villa Zotmar ), brought in by Stephen's wife,

1798-697: The area. The remainder is hills, forming 20% of the area, and plains. The western part of the county takes up the Eastern part of the Pannonian Plain . The county is crossed by the Someș River , the Tur River , and Crasna River . The county lies partly in the historical region of Maramureș and partly in the historical region of Crișana . Satu Mare County, together with the Bihor , Bistrița-Năsăud , Cluj , Maramureș , and Sălaj counties, constitute

1860-445: The beginning of their migration, including temperature, predation threat, and food availability. Like all migratory birds, geese exhibit an ability to navigate using an internal compass, using a combination of innate and learned behaviors. The preferred direction of migration is heritable, and birds appear to orient themselves using Earth's magnetic field. Migrations occur over the course of several weeks, and up to 85% of migration time

1922-649: The border with Hungary, but some are also scattered throughout the whole county. Historically, Hungarians were concentrated in the cities, where administration resides, while the Romanian population was larger in the villages throughout the county. In 1930, the Hungarians represented 41.9% of the urban population in Satu Mare County and only 20.0% of the population in the villages according to census data. The proportion of different ethnic groups varied throughout history, due to regime and political changes. After

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1984-778: The city became again part of Romania. Soon afterwards, a Communist regime came to power, lasting until the 1989 revolution . The presence of Jews in Transylvania is first mentioned in the late 16th century. In the 17th century, prince Gabriel Bethlen permitted Sephardi Jews from Turkey to settle in the Transylvanian capital Gyulafehérvár ( Alba Iulia ), in 1623. In the early 18th century, Jews were allowed to settle in Sathmar. Some of them became involved in large-scale agriculture, becoming landlords or lessees, or were active in trade and industry, or distilled brandy and leased taverns on crown estates. In 1715, when Sathmar became

2046-675: The city's systematization commission was established in order to direct its local government. In 1844, paving operations begun in 1805 were stepped up. The first industrial concerns also opened, including the steam mill, the brick factory, the Neuschloss Factory for wood products, the lumber factory, the Princz Factory and the Unio Factory. Due to its location at the intersection of commercial roads, Szatmárnémeti became an important rail hub. The line to Nagykároly ( Carei )

2108-762: The city. It is worth mentioning that Satu Mare had a trolleybus system in the past, created on the 15th of November 1994 but has been closed in 2005 . The city is served by the Satu Mare International Airport ( IATA : SUJ , ICAO : LRSM ), located 13 km (8.1 mi) south of the city, with a concrete runway, one of the longest in Romania, with TAROM and Wizz Air operating regular flights to Bucharest , London and Antalya (seasonal only). Satu Mare County Satu Mare County ( Romanian : Județul Satu Mare , pronounced [ˌsatu ˈmare] , Hungarian : Szatmár megye )

2170-566: The civil rights and economic activities of the Jews were restricted, and in summer 1941, "foreign" Jews were deported to Kamenets-Podolski , where they were murdered by Hungarian and German troops. In 1944, the Jewish population was forced into the Satu Mare ghetto ; the majority of men were sent to forced labor battalions , and the others were deported to the extermination camps in Poland, where

2232-538: The collapse of Austria-Hungary , Romanian troops captured the town during their offensive launched on 15 April 1919. By the Treaty of Trianon , Satu Mare officially ceased to be part of Hungary becoming part of Romania . In 1940, the Second Vienna Award gave back Northern Transylvania , including Satu Mare, to Hungary. In October 1944, the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army . After 1945,

2294-608: The county belonged to Austria-Hungary and mostly was contained in the Szatmár County of the Kingdom of Hungary . In the aftermath of the war and the ensuing Hungarian–Romanian War , the Romanian Army entered the county in early 1919, and its administration passed to the Kingdom of Romania . The territory of Satu Mare County was transferred to Romania from Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in June 1920 under

2356-648: The county's gendarmerie inspectorate. Satu Mare has a complex system of transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe. The city is an important road and rail hub located near the borders with Hungary and Ukraine. The city is connected to other major Romanian cities by road ( [REDACTED] European route E81 , [REDACTED] European route E671 and [REDACTED] European route E58 ) and by rail ( CFR Main Line 400 ). The total number of automobiles registered in Satu Mare

2418-757: The election of a new chief rabbi, lasting six years and ending in 1934 with the appointment of the Hasidic rabbi Joel Teitelbaum , a traditionalist and anti-Zionist , who later re-founded the Satmar Hasidic dynasty in Williamsburg , New York . Another Hasidic rabbi, Aharon Roth , the founder of the Shomrei Emunim and Toldot Aharon communities in Jerusalem , was also active in Satu Mare. After Satu Mare became part of Hungary again in 1940,

2480-516: The end of August 1940, the county was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award . In October 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory, with the Battle of Carei marking the complete reintegration of Northern Transylvania into Romania. Romanian jurisdiction over the county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in

2542-541: The fortress remained on an island linked to the main roads by three bridges over the Someș. In 1562 the citadel was besieged by Ottoman armies led by Pargalı İbrahim Pasha of Buda and Maleoci Pasha of Timișoara . Then the Habsburgs besieged it, leading the fleeing Transylvanian armies to set it on fire. The Austrian general Lazar Schwendi ordered the citadel to be rebuilt after the plans of Italian architect Ottavio Baldigara; using an Italian system of fortifications,

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2604-435: The land slopes gently around the city, the Someș River has created numerous branches and meanders (before 1777, in the perimeter of the city there were 25 meanders downstream and 14 upstream ). After systematisation works in 1777, the number of meanders in the city dropped to 9 downstream and 5 upstream , the total length of the river now being at 36.5 km (22.7 mi) within the city. Systematisation performed up to

2666-558: The late Pliocene in the Tertiary period, is linked to the clogging of the Pannonian Sea . Layers of soil were created from deposits of sand , loess and gravel , and generally have a thickness of 16 m (52 ft)–18 m (59 ft). Over this base, decaying vegetation gave rise to podsolic soils, which led to favorable conditions for crops ( cereals , vegetables , fruit trees ). The water network around Satu Mare

2728-475: The major Romanian cities and to Budapest . The city is also served by another secondary rail station, the Saw Station ( Gara Ferăstrău ). The main public transportation system in Satu Mare consists of bus lines. There are twenty-three urban and suburban lines with a total length of 190.1 km (118.1 mi), the main operator being Transurban S.A. In addition, there are various taxi companies serving

2790-490: The majority of them were murdered by the Nazis . Six trains left Satu Mare for Auschwitz-Birkenau , starting on May 19, 1944, each carrying approximately 3300 persons. The trains passed through Kassa ( Košice ) on May 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, and June 1. In total, 18,863 Jews were deported from Satu Mare, Carei and the surrounding localities. Of these, 14,440 were killed. Only a small number of the survivors returned to Satu Mare after

2852-426: The mid-19th century configured the existing Someș riverbed; embankments were built 17.3 km (10.7 mi) long on the right bank and 11 km (6.8 mi) on the left. In 1970, the embankments were raised by 2 m (6.6 ft)–3 m (9.8 ft), protecting 52,000 hectares within the city limits and restoring nearly 800 ha of agricultural land that had previously been flooded. The flora associated with

2914-699: The new structure would be pentagonal with five towers. After a period when it changed hands, the town came under Ottoman control in 1661. Called Sokmar by the new authorities, it was a kaza center within the Şenköy sanjak of Varat Eyalet . This status held until 1691, when the army of the Habsburgs expelled the Ottomans during the Great Turkish War . In the Middle Ages, Satu Mare and Mintiu were two distinct entities. The two settlements, then called "Szatmár" and "Németi", were united in 1715, and

2976-670: The notable members of the local Jewish community have been historian Ignác Acsády , parliamentary deputies Ferenc Chorin and Kelemen Samu , politician Oszkár Jászi , writers Gyula Csehi , Rodion Markovits , Sándor Dénes , and Ernő Szép , painter Pál Erdös , Jacob Reinitz and director György Harag . According to the 2021 census , Satu Mare had a population of 91,520, making it the 20th largest city in Romania. Ethnic composition of Satu Mare (2021) Religious composition of Satu Mare (2021) Source (where not otherwise specified): Árpád E. Varga The city government

3038-410: The palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council and the prefect , who is appointed by Romania's central government. Like all other local councils in Romania, the Satu Mare local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. The city is at the center of the Satu Mare metropolitan area , a metropolitan area established in 2013, with

3100-403: The places which attracts foreign investment in industry and agriculture. The predominant industries in the county are: The main tourist attractions in the county are: The Satu Mare County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition: Satu Mare County has 2 municipalities, 4 towns, and 59 communes: Historically, the county

3162-840: The plural gēs and gandra (becoming Modern English goose, geese, gander, respectively), West Frisian goes , gies and guoske , Dutch : gans , New High German Gans , Gänse , and Ganter , and Old Norse gās and gæslingr , whence English gosling . This term also gave Lithuanian : žąsìs , Irish : gé (goose, from Old Irish géiss ), Hindi: कलहंस, Latin : anser , Spanish and Portuguese : ganso , Ancient Greek : χήν ( khēn ), Albanian : gatë ( swans ), Finnish : hanhi , Avestan zāō , Polish : gęś , Romanian : gâscă / gânsac , Ukrainian : гуска / гусак ( huska / husak ), Russian : гусыня / гусь ( gusyna / gus ), Czech : husa , and Persian : غاز ( ghāz ). The two living genera of true geese are: Anser , grey geese and white geese, such as

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3224-437: The religious point of view, the urban population consisted of 33.7% Greek Catholics, 23.0% Reformed, 20.0% Jewish, 19.6% Roman Catholic, 2.9% Eastern Orthodox, as well as other minorities. Goose A goose ( pl. : geese ) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae . This group comprises the genera Anser (grey geese and white geese) and Branta (black geese). Some members of

3286-461: The resulting city was named "Szatmár-Németi". On 2 January 1721, Emperor Charles VI recognised the union, at the same time granting Satu Mare the status of royal free city . A decade earlier, the Treaty of Szatmár was signed in the city, ending Rákóczi's War for Independence . The city's importance was linked to the transportation and commerce of salt from nearby Ocna Dejului ( Hungarian : Désakna , German : Salzdorf ), possibly already at

3348-402: The southeast by Someș County , and to the south and southwest by Sălaj County . Currently, its territory is included in the current counties of Satu Mare and Maramureș . In 1930, the county was divided into eight districts ( plăși ): The county included the city of Satu Mare (the county seat) and the urban communes Baia Mare and Baia Sprie . Prior to World War I , the territory of

3410-453: The town of Satu Mare is characteristic for the meadow area with trees of soft essence like wicker , indigenous poplar , maple and hazelnut . Grassland vegetation is represented by Agrostis stolonifera , Poa trivialis , Alopecurus pratensis and other types of vegetation. The city's largest park, the Garden of Rome , features some rare trees that are uncommon to the area, including

3472-643: The true geese. Fossils of true geese are hard to assign to genus; all that can be said is that their fossil record, particularly in North America , is dense and comprehensively documents many different species of true geese that have been around since about 10 million years ago in the Miocene . The aptly named Anser atavus (meaning "progenitor goose") from some 12 million years ago had even more plesiomorphies in common with swans. In addition, some goose-like birds are known from subfossil remains found on

3534-513: The war, but a number of Jews belonging to linguistically and culturally different groups from all parts of Romania settled in the city. The majority of them later emigrated to Israel . By 1970, the town's Jewish population numbered 500, and in 2011, only 34 Jews remained. In 2004, a Holocaust memorial was dedicated in the Decebal Street Synagogue 's courtyard. Aside from the synagogues, two Jewish cemeteries also remain. Among

3596-575: Was 82,000 in 2008. The city has around 400 streets with a total length of 178 km (111 mi) and cover an area of 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi). Satu Mare Rail Station , located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the city centre, is situated on the Căile Ferate Române Line 400 ( Brașov – Siculeni – Deda – Dej – Baia Mare ), on Line 402 ( Oradea – Săcueni – Carei – Satu Mare – Halmeu ) and on Line 417 (Satu Mare – Bixad ). CFR provides direct rail connections to all

3658-507: Was built in 1871, followed in 1872 by a line to Máramarossziget ( Sighetu Marmației ) line, an 1894 link to Nagybánya ( Baia Mare ), 1900 to Erdőd ( Ardud ) and 1906 to Bikszád ( Bixad ). Since the second half of the 19th century, it underwent important economic and socio-cultural changes. The city's large companies (the Unio wagon factory, the Princz Factory, the Ardeleana textile enterprise,

3720-475: Was elected chief rabbi, into an Orthodox and a Status Quo community , led by a Zionist rabbi, which erected a synagogue in 1904. In the 1920s, there were several Zionist organizations in Satu Mare, and the yeshiva, one of the largest in the region, was attended by 400 students. In 1930, the city had five large synagogues and about 20 shtiebels . In 1928, a conflict within the Orthodox community broke out over

3782-416: Was located in the northwestern part of Greater Romania , stretching to its borders with Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Its territory lay in the historical Crișana region. After the administrative unification law in 1925, the name of the county remained as it was, but the territory was reorganized. It was bordered on the northwest by Hungary, on the north by Czechoslovakia, to the east by Maramureș County , to

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3844-533: Was used for the first time by the priest Moise Sora Novac in the 19th century. An older Romanian name, Sătmar , was formally replaced by the current one in 1925. Archaeological evidence from Țara Oașului , Ardud , Medieșu Aurit , Homoroade , etc. clearly shows settlements in the area dating to the Stone Age and the Bronze Age . There is also evidence that the local Dacian population remained there after

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