A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade , wire , or chain with a hard toothed edge used to cut through material . Various terms are used to describe toothed and abrasive saws .
67-506: Saws began as serrated materials, and when mankind learned how to use iron, it became the preferred material for saw blades of all kind. There are numerous types of hands saws and mechanical saws, and different types of blades and cuts. A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade , wire , or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut through material , very often wood , though sometimes metal or stone. A number of terms are used to describe saws. The narrow channel left behind by
134-828: A ripsaw has a tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel , so that it rips or tears the material apart. A "flush-cutting saw" has no set on one side, so that the saw can be laid flat on a surface and cut along that surface without scratching it. The set of the blade's teeth can be adjusted with a tool called a saw set . An abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut through metal or ceramic. Saws were at first serrated materials such as flint, obsidian, sea shells and shark teeth. Serrated tools with indications that they were used to cut wood were found at Pech-de-l'Azé cave IV in France. These tools date to 90,000-30,000 years BCE. In ancient Egypt, open (unframed) pull saws made of copper are documented as early as
201-513: A "Birth Choice tool": The tool encourages women to consider out-of-hospital settings where appropriate, and the idea of a "toolkit" is used by the International Labour Organization to describe a set of processes applicable to improving global labour relations . A telephone is a communication tool that interfaces between two people engaged in conversation at one level. It also interfaces between each user and
268-497: A 2010 study suggests the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis ate meat by carving animal carcasses with stone implements. This finding pushes back the earliest known use of stone tools among hominins to about 3.4 million years ago. Finds of actual tools date back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia . One of the earliest distinguishable stone tool forms is the hand axe . Up until recently, weapons found in digs were
335-647: A change in the environment, thereby facilitating one's achievement of a target goal. Anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind . Because tools are used extensively by both humans (Homo sapiens) and wild chimpanzees , it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two ape species. These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable materials such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. Stone artifacts date back to about 2.5 million years ago. However,
402-469: A cheap tool could be used to occupy the place of a missing mechanical part. A window roller in a car could be replaced with pliers . A transmission shifter or ignition switch would be able to be replaced with a screwdriver. Again, these would be considered tools that are being used for their unintended purposes, substitution as makeshift. Tools such as a rotary tool would be considered the substitution "by-design", or "multi-purpose". This class of tools allows
469-615: A diverse array of objects and materials, many of which are specifically chosen by certain birds for their unique qualities. Woodpecker finches insert twigs into trees in order to catch or impale larvae. Parrots may use tools to wedge nuts so that they can crack open the outer shell of nuts without launching away the inner contents. Some birds take advantage of human activity, such as carrion crows in Japan, which drop nuts in front of cars to crack them open. Several species of fish use tools to hunt and crack open shellfish, extract food that
536-516: A fine polish. A small saw industry survived in London and Birmingham, but by the 1820s the industry was growing rapidly and increasingly concentrated in Sheffield, which remained the largest centre of production, with over 50% of the nation's saw makers. The US industry began to overtake it in the last decades of the century, due to superior mechanisation, better marketing, a large domestic market, and
603-420: A hammer or a wrest. By the mid 18th century rolling the metal was usual, the power for the rolls being supplied first by water, and increasingly by the early 19th century by steam engines. The industry gradually mechanized all the processes, including the important grinding the saw plate "thin to the back" by a fraction of an inch, which helped the saw to pass through the kerf without binding. The use of steel added
670-413: A hard toothed edge. The cut is made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it back and forth, or continuously forward. This force may be applied by hand , or powered by steam , water , electricity or other power source. The most common measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade is point per inch (25 mm ). It is taken by setting the tip (or point ) of one tooth at
737-532: A localized or isolated manner within certain unique primate cultures , being transmitted and practiced among socially connected primates through cultural learning . Many famous researchers, such as Charles Darwin in his book The Descent of Man , mentioned tool-use in monkeys (such as baboons ). Among other mammals , both wild and captive elephants are known to create tools using their trunks and feet, mainly for swatting flies, scratching, plugging up waterholes that they have dug (to close them up again so
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#1732779809875804-703: A major expansion in their use in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome with the systematic employment of new energy sources, especially waterwheels . Their use expanded through the Dark Ages with the addition of windmills . Machine tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the Industrial Revolution . Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen— millwrights built water and windmills, carpenters made wooden framing, and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had
871-455: Is "makeshift" when human ingenuity comes into play and a tool is used for an unintended purpose, such as using a long screwdriver to separate a cars control arm from a ball joint, instead of using a tuning fork. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. For example, many wood-cutting hand saws integrate a square by incorporating a specially-shaped handle, that allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning
938-518: Is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task, such as a carpenter who does not necessarily work in a shop all day and needs to do jobs in a customer's house. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design", or "multi-purpose", and substitution as makeshift. Substitution "by-design" would be tools that are designed specifically to accomplish multiple tasks using only that one tool. Substitution
1005-615: Is considered the third pharaoh of the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt in current Egyptology . He lived around the mid 31st century BC and reigned for c. 40 years. A mummified forearm of Djer or his wife was discovered by Egyptologist Flinders Petrie , but was discarded by Émile Brugsch . The Abydos King List lists the third pharaoh as Iti , the Turin King List lists a damaged name, beginning with It... , while Manetho lists Kenkenês . Jürgen von Beckerath in
1072-450: Is for example a combination of a measuring tool (the clock) and a perception tool (the alarm). This enables the alarm-clock to be a tool that falls outside of all the categories mentioned above. There is some debate on whether to consider protective gear items as tools, because they do not directly help perform work, just protect the worker like ordinary clothing. They do meet the general definition of tools and in many cases are necessary for
1139-490: Is made with stone arches and lined with waterproof concrete. The earliest evidence of water wheels and watermills date back to the ancient Near East in the 4th century BC, specifically in the Persian Empire before 350 BC, in the regions of Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Persia (Iran). This pioneering use of water power constituted perhaps the first use of mechanical energy . Mechanical devices experienced
1206-545: Is out of reach, or clear an area for nesting. Among cephalopods (and perhaps uniquely or to an extent unobserved among invertebrates ), octopuses are known to use tools relatively frequently, such as gathering coconut shells to create a shelter or using rocks to create barriers. By extension, concepts which support systematic or investigative thought are often referred to as "tools", for example Vanessa Dye refers to "tools of reflection" and "tools to help sharpen your professional practice" for trainee teachers, illustrating
1273-413: Is the degree to which the teeth are bent out sideways away from the blade, usually in both directions. In most modern serrated saws, the teeth are set, so that the kerf (the width of the cut) will be wider than the blade itself. This allows the blade to move through the cut easily without binding (getting stuck). The set may be different depending on the kind of cut the saw is intended to make. For example,
1340-474: The Early Dynastic Period , c. 3,100 –2,686 BC. Many copper saws were found in tomb No. 3471 dating to the reign of Djer in the 31st century BC. Saws were used for cutting a variety of materials, including humans ( death by sawing ), and models of saws were used in many contexts throughout Egyptian history. Particularly useful are tomb wall illustrations of carpenters at work that show
1407-426: The Industrial Revolution marking an inflection point in the use of tools. The introduction of widespread automation in the 19th and 20th centuries allowed tools to operate with minimal human supervision, further increasing the productivity of human labor . By extension, concepts that support systematic or investigative thought are often referred to as "tools" or "toolkits". While a common-sense understanding of
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#17327798098751474-646: The Swiss Army knife represents one of the earliest examples. Other tools have a primary purpose but also incorporate other functionality – for example, lineman's pliers incorporate a gripper and cutter and are often used as a hammer; and some hand saws incorporate a square in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle. This would also be the category of "multi-purpose" tools, since they are also multiple tools in one (multi-use and multi-purpose can be used interchangeably – compare hand axe ). These types of tools were specifically made to catch
1541-418: The axe , adz , chisel , and saw were clearly established more than 4,000 years ago." Once mankind had learned how to use iron, it became the preferred material for saw blades of all kinds; some cultures learned how to harden the surface ("case hardening" or "steeling"), prolonging the blade's life and sharpness. Steel , made of iron with moderate carbon content and hardened by quenching hot steel in water,
1608-647: The First Dynasty practice of human sacrifice . An ivory tablet from Abydos mentions that Djer visited Buto and Sais in the Nile Delta . One of his regnal years on the Cairo Stone was named "Year of smiting the land of Setjet ", which often is speculated to be Sinai or beyond. Manetho claimed that Athothes, who is sometimes identified as Djer, had written a treatise on anatomy that still existed in his own day, over two millennia later. Djer
1675-689: The Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999) translates the hieroglyphs of the name Djer as "Defender of Horus." Although the Egyptian priest Manetho, writing in the third century BC, stated that Djer ruled for 57 years, modern research by Toby Wilkinson in Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt stresses that the near-contemporary and therefore, more accurate Palermo Stone ascribes Djer a reign of "41 complete and partial years." Wilkinson notes that years 1–10 of Djer's reign are preserved in register II of
1742-491: The Palermo Stone, while the middle years of this pharaoh's reign are recorded in register II of Cairo stone fragment C1 . Djer's reign was preceded by a regency controlled by Neithhotep , possibly his mother or grandmother. The evidence for Djer's life and reign is: The inscriptions, on ivory and wood, are in a very early form of hieroglyphs , hindering complete translation, but a label at Saqqarah may depict
1809-449: The appropriate part of the handle with an edge, and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers". Nearly all tools can be used to function as a hammer, even though few tools are intentionally designed for it and even fewer work as well as the original. Tools are often used to substitute for many mechanical apparatuses, especially in older mechanical devices. In many cases
1876-562: The communication network at another level. It is in the domain of media and communications technology that a counter-intuitive aspect of our relationships with our tools first began to gain popular recognition. John M. Culkin famously said, "We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us". One set of scholars expanded on this to say: "Humans create inspiring and empowering technologies but also are influenced, augmented, manipulated, and even imprisoned by technology". Djer Djer (or Zer or Sekhty ; fl. c. 3000 BC )
1943-409: The completion of the work. Personal protective equipment includes such items as gloves , safety glasses , ear defenders and biohazard suits. Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a makeshift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all"
2010-459: The connection between physical and conceptual tools by quoting the French scientist Claude Bernaud : we must change [our ideas] when they have served their purpose, as we change a blunt lancet that we have used long enough. Similarly, a decision-making process "developed to help women and their partners make confident and informed decisions when planning where to give birth" is described as
2077-549: The definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered true examples of tool use. Observation has confirmed that a number of species can use tools including monkeys , apes , elephants , several birds, and sea otters . Now the unique relationship of humans with tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools. Primates are well known for using tools for hunting or gathering food and water, cover for rain, and self-defense. Chimpanzees have often been
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2144-407: The development of several machine tools . They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws, and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts
2211-636: The disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners, such as machine screws, bolts, and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery, interchangeability of parts, and standardization of threaded fasteners. The demand for metal parts led to
2278-473: The early centuries of recorded history, but archaeological evidence can provide dates of development and use. Several of the six classic simple machines ( wheel and axle , lever , pulley , inclined plane , wedge , and screw ) were invented in Mesopotamia . The wheel and axle mechanism first appeared with the potter's wheel , invented in what is now Iraq during the 5th millennium BC. This led to
2345-506: The entire First Dynasty burial complex, which includes the tomb of Djer, was very important in the Egyptian religious tradition. An image of Osiris on a funerary bier was placed in the tomb, possibly by the Thirteenth dynasty pharaoh Djedkheperu . Several objects were found in and around the tomb of Djer: In the subsidiary tombs, excavators found objects including stelae representing several individuals, ivory objects inscribed with
2412-444: The eye of many different craftsman who traveled to do their work. To these workers these types of tools were revolutionary because they were one tool or one device that could do several different things. With this new revolution of tools, the traveling craftsman would not have to carry so many tools with them to job sites, in that their space would be limited to the vehicle or to the beast of burden they were driving. Multi-use tools solve
2479-403: The frame may be wood or metal. Most blade teeth are made either of tool steel or carbide. Carbide is harder and holds a sharp edge much longer. There are several materials used in saws, with each of its own specifications. Salaman, R A, Dictionary of Woodworking Tools, revised edition 1989 Tool A tool is an object that can extend an individual's ability to modify features of
2546-498: The imposition of high tariffs on imports. Highly productive industries continued in Germany and France. Early European saws were made from a heated sheet of iron or steel, produced by flattening by several men simultaneously hammering on an anvil. After cooling, the teeth were punched out one at a time with a die, the size varying with the size of the saw. The teeth were sharpened with a triangular file of appropriate size, and set with
2613-467: The invention of the wheeled vehicle in Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium BC. The lever was used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia c. 3000 BC , and then in ancient Egyptian technology c. 2000 BC . The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC. The screw ,
2680-405: The kerf from all the cuts. The kerf depends on several factors: the width of the saw blade; the set of the blade's teeth; the amount of wobble created during cutting; and the amount of material pulled out of the sides of the cut. Although the term "kerf" is often used informally, to refer simply to the thickness of the saw blade, or to the width of the set, this can be misleading, because blades with
2747-490: The last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BC). The Assyrian King Sennacherib (704–681 BC) claims to have invented automatic sluices and to have been the first to use water screw pumps , of up to 30 tons weight, which were cast using two-part clay molds rather than by the ' lost wax ' process. The Jerwan Aqueduct ( c. 688 BC)
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2814-489: The latter are called "back saws.") Some examples of hand saws are: "Back saws" which have a thin blade backed with steel or brass to maintain rigidity, are a subset of hand saws. Back saws have different names depending on the length of the blade; "tenon saw" (from use in making mortise and tenon joints) is often used as a generic name for all the sizes of woodworking backsaw. Some examples are: A class of saws for cutting all types of material; they may be small or large and
2881-483: The meaning of tool is widespread, several formal definitions have been proposed. In 1981, Benjamin Beck published a widely used definition of tool use. This has been modified to: The external employment of an unattached or manipulable attached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself, when the user holds and directly manipulates
2948-413: The most highly paid laborers in early colonial North America. Hand saws typically have a relatively thick blade to make them stiff enough to cut through material. (The pull stroke also reduces the amount of stiffness required.) Thin-bladed handsaws are made stiff enough either by holding them in tension in a frame, or by backing them with a folded strip of steel (formerly iron) or brass (on account of which
3015-575: The need to harden and temper the saw plate, to grind it flat, to smith it by hand hammering and ensure the springiness and resistance to bending deformity, and finally to polish it. Most hand saws are today entirely made without human intervention, with the steel plate supplied ready rolled to thickness and tensioned before being cut to shape by laser. The teeth are shaped and sharpened by grinding and are flame hardened to obviate (and actually prevent) sharpening once they have become blunt. A large measure of hand finishing remains to this day for quality saws by
3082-480: The object of study in regard to their usage of tools, most famously by Jane Goodall ; these animals are closely related to humans. Wild tool-use in other primates, especially among apes and monkeys , is considered relatively common, though its full extent remains poorly documented, as many primates in the wild are mainly only observed distantly or briefly when in their natural environments and living without human influence. Some novel tool-use by primates may arise in
3149-412: The only tools of "early man" that were studied and given importance. Now, more tools are recognized as culturally and historically relevant. As well as hunting, other activities required tools such as preparing food, "...nutting, leatherworking , grain harvesting and woodworking..." Included in this group are "flake stone tools". Tools are the most important items that the ancient humans used to climb to
3216-427: The problem of having to deal with many different tools. Tool use by animals is a phenomenon in which an animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming , defense, communication , recreation or construction . Originally thought to be a skill possessed only by humans , some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about
3283-406: The same number of teeth per inch throughout their entire length, but the vast majority do. Those with more teeth per inch at the toe are described as having incremental teeth, in order to make starting the saw cut easier. An alternative measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade is teeth per inch . Usually abbreviated TPI, as in, "a blade consisting of 18TPI." (cf. points per inch.) Set
3350-421: The same thickness and set may create different kerfs. For example, a too-thin blade can cause excessive wobble, creating a wider-than-expected kerf. The kerf created by a given blade can be changed by adjusting the set of its teeth with a tool called a saw tooth setter . The kerf left behind by a laser beam can be changed based on the laser's power and type of material being cut. A toothed saw or tooth saw has
3417-412: The saw and (relatedly) the measure of its width is known as the kerf . As such, it also refers to the wasted material that is turned into sawdust, and becomes a factor in measurements when making cuts. For example, cutting an 8 foot (2.4 meter) piece of wood into 1 foot (30 cm) sections, with 1/8 inch (3 mm) kerf will produce only seven sections, plus one that is 7/8 inch (21 mm) too short when factoring in
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#17327798098753484-549: The shells of prey, as well as for scratching. Corvids (such as crows , ravens and rooks ) are well known for their large brains (among birds ) and tool use. New Caledonian crows are among the only animals that create their own tools. They mainly manufacture probes out of twigs and wood (and sometimes metal wire) to catch or impale larvae . Tool use in some birds may be best exemplified in nest intricacy. Tailorbirds manufacture 'pouches' to make their nests in. Some birds, such as weaver birds , build complex nests utilizing
3551-488: The sizes and use of different types of saws. Egyptian saws were at first serrated, hardened copper which may have cut on both pull and push strokes. As the saw developed, teeth were raked to cut only on the pull stroke and set with the teeth projecting only on one side, rather than in the modern fashion with an alternating set. Saws were also made of bronze and later iron. In the Iron Age , frame saws were developed holding
3618-406: The surrounding environment or help them accomplish a particular task. Although many animals use simple tools , only human beings, whose use of stone tools dates back hundreds of millennia, have been observed using tools to make other tools. Early human tools, made of such materials as stone , bone , and wood , were used for the preparation of food , hunting , the manufacture of weapons , and
3685-514: The thin blades in tension. The earliest known sawmill is the Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the third century AD and was for sawing stone. According to Chinese legend, the saw was invented by Lu Ban . In Greek mythology , as recounted by Ovid , Talos , the nephew of Daedalus , invented the saw. In archeological reality, saws date back to prehistory and most probably evolved from Neolithic stone or bone tools . "[T]he identities of
3752-476: The tool during or prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool. Other, briefer definitions have been proposed: An object carried or maintained for future use. The use of physical objects other than the animal's own body or appendages as a means to extend the physical influence realized by the animal. An object that has been modified to fit a purpose ... [or] An inanimate object that one uses or modifies in some way to cause
3819-530: The top of the food chain ; by inventing tools, they were able to accomplish tasks that human bodies could not, such as using a spear or bow to kill prey , since their teeth were not sharp enough to pierce many animals' skins. "Man the hunter" as the catalyst for Hominin change has been questioned. Based on marks on the bones at archaeological sites, it is now more evident that pre-humans were scavenging off of other predators' carcasses rather than killing their own food. Many tools were made in prehistory or in
3886-402: The use of one tool that has at least two different capabilities. "Multi-purpose" tools are basically multiple tools in one device/tool. Tools such as this are often power tools that come with many different attachments like a rotary tool does, so one could say that a power drill is a "multi-purpose" tool. A multi-tool is a hand tool that incorporates several tools into a single, portable device;
3953-441: The very few specialist makers reproducing the 19th century designs. A pit saw was a two-man ripsaw . In parts of early colonial North America, it was one of the principal tools used in shipyards and other industries where water-powered sawmills were not available. It was so-named because it was typically operated over a saw pit , either at ground level or on trestles across which logs that were to be cut into boards. The pit saw
4020-524: The water does not evaporate), and reaching food that is out of reach. Many other social mammals particularly have been observed engaging in tool-use. A group of dolphins in Shark Bay uses sea sponges to protect their beaks while foraging. Sea otters will use rocks or other hard objects to dislodge food (such as abalone ) and break open shellfish . Many or most mammals of the order Carnivora have been observed using tools, often to trap or break open
4087-576: The wives of Djer and include: Similarly to his father Hor-Aha, Djer was buried in Umm el-Qa'ab at Abydos . Djer's tomb is tomb O of Petrie. His tomb contains the remains of 318 retainers who were buried with him. At some point, Djer's tomb was devastated by fire, possibly as early as the Second Dynasty . During the Middle Kingdom , the tomb of Djer was revered as the tomb of Osiris , and
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#17327798098754154-427: The working of materials to produce clothing and useful artifacts and crafts such as pottery , along with the construction of housing , businesses , infrastructure , and transportation . The development of metalworking made additional types of tools possible. Harnessing energy sources , such as animal power , wind , or steam , allowed increasingly complex tools to produce an even larger range of items, with
4221-456: The zero point on a ruler, and then counting the number of points between the zero mark and the one-inch mark, inclusive (that is, including both the point at the zero mark and any point that lines up precisely with the one-inch mark). There is always one more point per inch than there are teeth per inch (e.g., a saw with 14 points per inch will have 13 teeth per inch, and a saw with 10 points per inch will have 9 teeth per inch). Some saws do not have
4288-437: Was "a strong steel cutting-plate, of great breadth, with large teeth, highly polished and thoroughly wrought, some eight or ten feet in length" with either a handle on each end or a frame saw . A pit-saw was also sometimes known as a whipsaw . It took 2-4 people to operate. A "pit-man" stood in the pit, a "top-man" stood outside the pit, and they worked together to make cuts, guide the saw, and raise it. Pit-saw workers were among
4355-576: Was a son of the pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife Khenthap . His grandfather was probably Narmer . Djer fathered Merneith , wife of Djet and mother of Den . Women carrying titles later associated with queens such as Great One of the Hetes-Sceptre and She who Sees/Carries Horus were buried in subsidiary tombs near the tomb of Djer in Abydos or attested in Saqqara. These women are thought to be
4422-491: Was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve. With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of interchangeable parts . Examples of machine tools include: Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size. One can classify tools according to their basic functions: Some tools may be combinations of other tools. An alarm-clock
4489-606: Was used as early as 1200 BC. By the end of the 17th century European manufacture centred on Germany, (the Bergisches Land) in London, and the Midlands of England. Most blades were made of steel (iron carbonised and re-forged by different methods). In the mid 18th century a superior form of completely melted steel ("crucible cast") began to be made in Sheffield, England, and this rapidly became the preferred material, due to its hardness, ductility, springiness and ability to take
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