Khakas , also known as Xakas , is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas , who mainly live in the southwestern Siberian Republic of Khakassia , in Russia . The Khakas number 73,000, of whom 42,000 speak the Khakas language. Most Khakas speakers are bilingual in Russian .
24-508: Traditionally, the Khakas language is divided into several closely related dialects, which take their names from the different tribes: Sagay [ ru ] , Kacha [ ru ] , Koybal , Beltir , and Kyzyl . In fact, these names represent former administrative units rather than tribal or linguistic groups. The people speaking all these dialects simply referred to themselves as Тадар (Tadar, i.e. Tatar ). The people who speak
48-574: A Russian translation, was prepared by Radloff's student Katanov, who was a Sagay himself, and contains further Khakas materials. The Khakas literary language, which was developed only after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , is based on the central dialects Sagay and Kacha; the Beltir dialect has largely been assimilated by Sagay, and the Koybal dialect by Kacha. In 1924, a Cyrillic alphabet
72-707: A first language, with speakers of Samoyedic languages primarily belonging to elder age groups. Russian loanwords in Samoyedic languages include: колхоз ("collective farm"), машина ("car"), молоко ("milk"), Москва ("Moscow"). At present, Samoyed territory extends from the White Sea to the Laptev Sea , along the Arctic shores of European Russia , including southern Novaya Zemlya , the Yamal Peninsula ,
96-659: A lesser degree) Mator, with Enets–Nenets–Yurats and Kamas–Selkup forming internal branches. Samoyedic languages are primarily agglutinative . They have postpositions and suffixes and do not use articles or prefixes. Samoyedic languages also have grammatical evidentiality. Word order in Samoyedic languages is typically subject-object-verb (SOV). Below are two sentences in Nenets that demonstrate SOV word order and case in Samoyedic languages: Säxäko Seheko boľńica-xana hospital- LOC me be.[ 3SG ] Säxäko boľńica-xana me Seheko hospital-LOC be.[3SG] "Seheko
120-624: A trade city, but was destroyed at the beginning of the 17th century. The Southern Samoyedic languages, of which only the Selkup language has survived to the present day, historically ranged across a wide territory in central Siberia, extending from the basin of the Ob River in the west to the Sayan - Baikal uplands in the east. Records up to the 18th century sporadically report several further entities such as "Abakan", "Kagmasin", "Soyot", though there
144-411: A treatise on the Koybal dialect, and recorded an epic. Wilhelm Radloff traveled the southern Siberian region extensively between 1859 and 1870. The result of his research was, among others, published in his four-volume dictionary, and in his ten-volume series of Turkic texts. The second volume contains his Khakas materials, which were provided with a German translation. The ninth volume, provided with
168-494: A word-initial palatal stop (in all of these languages from an earlier palatal approximant *j ) develops into an alveolar nasal /n/ or a palatal nasal /ɲ/ , when followed by another word-internal nasal consonant . Latin alphabet (1929–1939): Cyrillic alphabet (1939–present): Standard Khakas has 10 grammatical cases. от от grass от тың grass- GEN от тың grass-GEN of (the) grass от ха grass- DAT от ха grass-DAT to
192-467: Is frequently used in Samoyedic languages to break up consonant clusters, particularly in the case of loanwords borrowed from Russian. Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Nenets Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Nganasan Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Selkup Samoyedic languages have experienced significant language contact with Russian to such an extent that members of the Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, and Enets ethnic groups now often have Russian as
216-524: Is in the hospital." toxolkoda student klass-xana classroom- LOC me be.[ 3SG ] toxolkoda klass-xana me student classroom-LOC be.[3SG] "The student is in the classroom." Nouns in Samoyedic languages do not have gender, but they are declined for number (singular, dual , and plural) as well as case. All Samoyedic languages have at least seven noun cases which may include nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative, instrumental, lative, and/or prolative depending on
240-584: The Beysky District of Khakassia. Prior to the rise of Communism the Koibal were officially Russian Orthodox. However they had retained many Shamanist and Animist customs. This article about ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Samoyedic languages The Samoyedic ( / ˌ s æ m ə ˈ j ɛ d ɪ k , - m ɔɪ -/ ) or Samoyed languages ( / ˈ s æ m ə ˌ j ɛ d , - m ɔɪ -/ ) are spoken around
264-864: The Fuyu Kyrgyz language originated in the Yenisei region of Siberia but were relocated into the Dzungar Khanate by the Dzungars , and then the Qing moved them from Dzungaria to northeastern China in 1761, and the name may be due to the survival of a common tribal name. The Yenisei Kirghiz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635. Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria)
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#1732771998491288-596: The Ural Mountains , in northernmost Eurasia , by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the Samoyedic peoples . They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic , and form a branch of the Uralic languages . Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup , branching off first from
312-530: The Yenisei Kyrgyz . It is now spoken in northeastern China's Heilongjiang province, in and around Fuyu County , Qiqihar (300 km northwest of Harbin ) by a small number of passive speakers who are classified as Kyrgyz nationality. The first major recordings of the Khakas language originate from the middle of the 19th century. The Finnish linguist Matthias Castrén , who travelled through northern and Central Asia between 1845 and 1849, wrote
336-471: The Samoyedic languages, only Selkup has verbal aspect . Sonorant - obstruent consonant clusters with two consonants, of which the latter consonant is more sonorous than the former, are the most frequently occurring consonant clusters in several Samoyedic languages. Conversely, consonant clusters ending in glides are not found in any Samoyedic languages. Unlike some other Uralic languages, Samoyedic languages do not have vowel harmony. Vowel epenthesis
360-620: The Turkic-speaking Yugurs of Gansu and the Fuyu Kyrgyz language of a small group of people in Manchuria also share some similarities with languages of this subgroup. The Khakas language has also been part of a wider language area covering the Southern Samoyedic languages Kamassian and Mator . A distinctive feature that these languages share with Khakas and Shor is a process of nasal assimilation, whereby
384-484: The grass от ты grass- ACC от ты grass-ACC grass от та grass- LOC от та grass-LOC on/in the grass от таң grass- ABL от таң grass-ABL from the grass от сар grass- DIR / ALL от сар grass- DIR /ALL towards the grass от наң grass- INS / COM от наң grass-INS/COM with the grass от ча Koybal The Koibal ( Khakas : хойбал , romanized: xoybal ) are one of
408-490: The language. Many Samoyedic languages have the following three conjugation types: subjective, objective (in which the number of the object is expressed in addition to that of the subject), and reflexive. Verbs in Samoyedic languages have several moods , ranging from at least eight in Selkup to at least sixteen in Nenets. Other forms of verbs that can be found in Samoyedic languages are gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Of
432-676: The mouths of the Ob and the Yenisei , and into the Taimyr peninsula in northernmost Siberia . They are contiguous with the trans-Ural Ugric speakers and the cis-Ural Komi to the south, but they are cut off from the Baltic Finns by the Russians in the west. To the east traditionally dwell the northern Turkic Sakha . A substantial Samoyed city grew up at Mangazeya in the 16th century as
456-585: The one engaged in самоедство /"self-devouring". Traditionally, Samoyedic languages and peoples have been divided into two major areal groups: Northern Samoyedic (Nenets, Yurats, Enets, Nganasans), and Southern Samoyedic (Selkups) with a further now-extinct subgroup of Sayan-Samoyedics (Kamasins, Mators) named after the Sayan Mountains . They are however purely geographical, and do not reflect linguistic relations. Linguistic genealogical classifications point to an early divergence of Nganasan and (perhaps to
480-606: The other Uralic languages. The term Samoyedic is derived from the Russian term samoyed ( Russian : самоед ) originally applied only to the Nenets people and later extended to other related peoples. One of the theories supposes that the term is interpreted by some ethnologists as originating somewhat derogatorily from Russian samo-yed , literally meaning "self-eater" (the word has been interpreted by foreign travelers as an allegation of cannibalism ). Another suggestion for
504-847: The subdivisions of the Khakass people of Southern Siberia. Although they speak the Turkic Khakas language , the Koibal have mixed ancestry and used to speak a Yeniseian language and the Koibal dialect of the Kamas language , both of which are now extinct. They formed in the late 19th century from the merger of the Abugach , Baikot [ ru ] , Kandyk , Tarazhak [ ru ] , Kol and Arsh peoples. Most of these people are believed to have been of ancestry more closely related to Samoyedic peoples than to Turks. Koibals live in
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#1732771998491528-577: The term's origin is a corruption of the expression saam-edne , meaning "Land of the Saams ". The word Samodeic has been proposed as an alternative by some ethnologists. In modern Russian the words самодийцы/самодийские ( samodiytsy/samodiyskie ), i.e., "samodians"/"samodian" are used for this ethnic grouping and the corresponding area of research is called "samodistika" , i.e., "samodistics". The word " самоед/samoyed " also refers in Russian to an excessively introspective or self-disparaging person i.e.,
552-651: Was devised, which was replaced by a Latin alphabet in 1929, and by a new Cyrillic alphabet in 1939. In 2012, an Enduring Voices expedition documented the Xyzyl language from the Republic of Khakassia. Officially considered a dialect of Khakas, its speakers regard Xyzyl as a separate language of its own. The Khakas language is part of the South Siberian subgroup of Turkic languages, along with Shor , Chulym , Tuvan , Tofa , and Northern Altai . The language of
576-548: Was where some of the remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to. The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei Kirghiz were deported along with the Öelet. Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kirghiz during Manchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei Kirghiz. The present-day Kyrgyz people originally lived in the same area that the speakers of Fuyu Kyrgyz at first dwelled within modern-day Russia. These Kyrgyz were known as
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