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56-527: The sea is named after the Russian explorers Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev ; formerly, it had been known under various names, the last being Nordenskiöld Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшёльда ), after explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld . The sea has a severe climate with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) over more than nine months per year, low water salinity , scarcity of flora, fauna and human population, and low depths (mostly less than 50 meters). It

112-710: A 135 cm freshwater layer over the entire sea; it is the second largest in the world after the Kara Sea . The salinity values vary in winter from 20 to 25‰ (parts per thousand) in the south-east to 34‰ in the northern parts of the sea; it decreases in summer to 5–10‰ and 30–32‰ respectively. Most of the river runoff (about 70% or 515 km/year) is contributed by the Lena River. Other major contributions are from Khatanga (more than 100 km), Olenyok (35 km), Yana (greater than 30 km) and Anabar (20 km), with other rivers contributing about 20 km. Owing to

168-435: A penal colony. From the 1930s onwards Nordvik became an important source of salt supply for the northern fisheries. Although the original prospects for oil at Nordvik did not materialize, experience was gained in the exploration for hydrocarbons within the continuous permafrost zones. This experience proved invaluable in the later exploration and exploitation of the massive oil and gas fields of Western Siberia . The penal colony

224-700: A wireless interface) and has become part of the Atmospheric Observatory program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration agency. The program aims at long-term, systematic and thorough measurements of clouds, radiation, aerosols, surface energy fluxes and chemistry in the Arctic. It is based on four Arctic stations at one of the world's northernmost settlements , namely Eureka and Alert in Canada (in particular, Alert

280-713: Is also diverse, with small mountains near the sea in places. The main gulfs of the Laptev Sea coast are the Khatanga Gulf , the Olenyok Gulf , the Buor-Khaya Gulf and the Yana Bay . There are several dozens of islands with the total area of 3,784 km (1,461 sq mi), mostly in the western part of the sea and in the river deltas. Storms and currents due to the ice thawing significantly erode

336-501: Is continuously washed down the rivers into the sea. Another regular polluter is the coastal Urban-type settlement of Tiksi. Occasional petrol spills occurred due to navigation and petrol mining. Another major contaminant is associated with floating and sunken wood in the sea, due to decades of rafting activities. As a result, the phenol concentration in the Laptev Sea is the highest over the Arctic waters. Russian explorers The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of

392-475: Is fed by the warm Atlantic waters. It takes them 2.5–3 years to reach the Laptev Sea from their formation near Spitsbergen . The deeper layer is colder at about −0.8 °С. In summer, the surface layer in the ice-free zones warms up by the sun up to 8–10 °С in the bays and 2–3 °С in the open sea, and remains close to 0 °С under ice. The water salinity is significantly affected by the thawing of ice and river runoff. The latter amounts to about 730 km and would form

448-502: Is frozen most of the time, though generally clear in August and September. The sea shores were inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous tribes of Yukaghirs and then Evens and Evenks , which were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry . They were then settled by Yakuts and later by Russians. Russian explorations of the area started in the 17th century. They came from the south via several large rivers which empty into

504-701: Is in Krasnoyarsk Krai , Bolshoy Begichev is in the Sakha republic. Both Bolshoy Begichev and Maliy Begichev are named after Russian polar explorer Nikifor Begichev . North of Bolshoy Begichev lies small Preobrazheniya Island . This elongated granitic island was useful as a landmark for ships plying the Northern Sea Route in the past. A NAVTEX Coast Station used to be situated on the island at 74°32′N 112°02′E  /  74.533°N 112.033°E  / 74.533; 112.033 . It

560-502: Is located within the Khatanga Gulf ( Russian : Хатангский залив ), splitting the gulf into two straits . Only 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) west of Bolshoy Begichev lies the much smaller island known as Maliy Begichev Island . Its size is only 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi). The border between administrative divisions of the Russian Federation runs between the two Begichev islands, so that while Maliy Begichev

616-543: Is now a ghost town . In the 1930, deposits of coal, oil and salt were discovered around the Nordvik Bay . In order to explore them in the extreme Arctic conditions, a Gulag penal labor camp was established in Nordvik. Drilling revealed only small, shallow oil pockets in connection with salt structures with little commercial significance. However the salt was extracted on a large scale by means of forced laborers in

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672-645: Is the northernmost permanently inhabited place on Earth, only 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole), Tiksi in Russia, and Utqiagvik in Alaska. The water pollution is relatively low and mostly originates from the numerous plants and mines standing on the Lena, Yana and Anabar rivers. Their waste is contaminated with phenols (0.002–0.007 mg/L), copper (0.001–0.012 mg/L) and zinc (0.01–0.03 mg/L) and

728-651: The Russian Federation , the Soviet Union , the Russian Empire , the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world . At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,850 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world , covering more than a ninth of Earth 's landmass. In the times of the Soviet Union and

784-720: The moss genera Detrichum , Dicranum , Pogonatum , Sanionia , Bryum , Orthothecium and Tortura , as well as the lichen genera Cetraria , Thamnolia , Cornicularia , Lecidea , Ochrolechia and Parmelia . Permanent mammal species include ringed seal ( Phoca hispida ), bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ), harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ), walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ), collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx torquatus ), Arctic fox ( Alopex lagopus ), reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) wolf ( Canis lupus ), ermine ( Mustela erminea ), Arctic hare ( Lepus timidus ) and polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ), whereas beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) visit

840-727: The northern areas surrounding the North Pole , Russian explorers have made significant contributions to the exploration of the Antarctic , Arctic , and the Pacific islands , as well as deep-sea and space explorations. In 1819 the authorities selected Bellingshausen to lead the First Russian Antarctic Expedition which was intended to explore the Southern Ocean and to find land in

896-589: The 1739–1742 Great Northern Expedition , Russian Arctic explorer and Vice Admiral Dmitry Laptev described the sea coastline from the mouth of the Lena River, along the Buor-Khaya and Yana gulfs, to the strait that bears his name, Dmitry Laptev Strait . As part of the same expedition, Dmitry's cousin Khariton Laptev 's led a party that surveyed the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula starting from

952-497: The 1770s, Lyakhov described several other islands, including Kotelny, which he named so after a large kettle (Russian: котёл – kotel) left there by previous visitors. He also established first permanent settlements on those islands. In 1735, Russian explorer of Siberia Vasili Pronchishchev sailed from Yakutsk down the Lena River on his sloop Yakutsk . He explored the eastern coast of the Lena delta, and stopped to winter at

1008-459: The 2nd century and later, between 9th and 15th centuries, by much more numerous Yakuts . All those tribes moved north from the Baikal Lake area avoiding confrontations with Mongols. Whereas they all practiced shamanism , they spoke different languages. Russians started exploring the Laptev Sea coast and the nearby islands some time in the 17th century, going through the rivers emptying into

1064-629: The Arctic Ocean. A small part of the cyclone leaks through the Sannikov Strait to the East Siberian Sea. The cyclone has a speed of 2 cm/s which decreases toward the center. The center of the cyclone drifts with time that slightly alters the flow character. The tides are mostly semi-diurnal (rise twice a day), with the average amplitude of 0.5 meters (1 ft 8 in). In the Khatanga Gulf it may reach 2 m because of

1120-515: The Icy Sea (Russian: Ледовитое мо́ре ) in the 19th century. It acquired the name Nordenskjold Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшельда ) in 1893. On 27 June 1935, the sea finally received its current name after the cousins Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev who first mapped its shores in 1735–1740. Both flora and fauna are scarce owing to the harsh climate. Vegetation of the sea is mostly represented by diatoms , with more than 100 species. In comparison,

1176-402: The Laptev Sea ) More than half of the sea (53%) rests on a continental shelf with the average depths below 50 meters (160 ft), and the areas south from 76°N are shallower than 25 m. In the northern part, the sea bottom sharply drops to the ocean floor with the depth of the order of 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) (22% of the sea area). There it is covered with silt , which is mixed with ice in

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1232-401: The Laptev Sea and discovered Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island . However, they were killed on the way back from their expedition by mutineering team members. In 1770, the merchant Ivan Lyakhov revisited the islands and then asked the government for permission to commercially develop their ivory resources. Catherine II granted permission and named the islands after Lyakhov. While exploring the area in

1288-852: The Laptev Sea with the major port in Tiksi . During Soviet times , the Laptev Sea coastal areas experienced a limited boom owing to the first icebreaker convoys plying the Northern Sea Route and the creation of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The route was difficult even for icebreakers – so Lenin (pictured) and her convoy of five ships were trapped in ice in the Laptev Sea around September 1937. They spent an enforced winter there and were rescued by another icebreaker Krasin in August 1938. The major transported goods were timber, fur and construction materials. Tiksi had an active airport, and Nordvik harbor further west

1344-494: The Lena River with an area of 14,300 km. In 1986, New Siberian Islands were included into the reserve. The reserve hosts numerous plants (402 species), fishes (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species). The coast of the sea is shared by the Sakha Republic ( Anabarsky , Bulunsky District and Ust-Yansky districts) on the east and Krasnoyarsk Krai ( Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ) of Russia on

1400-654: The New Siberian Islands. The later scientific studies demonstrated that the ivory accumulated over a period of some 200,000 years. The name of the Laptev Sea changed several times. It was apparently known as the Tartar Sea (Russian: Татарское мо́ре ) in the 16th century, the Lena Sea (Russian: Ленское мо́ре ) in the 17th century, the Siberian Sea (Russian: Сибирское мо́ре ) in the 18th century and

1456-737: The Russian Empire, the country's share in the world's landmass reached 1/6. Most of these territories were first discovered by Russian explorers (if indigenous peoples of inhabited territories are not counted). Contiguous exploration in Eurasia and the building of overseas colonies in Russian America were some of the primary factors in Russian territorial expansion. Apart from their discoveries in Alaska , Central Asia , Siberia , and

1512-461: The alluvial deposits of modern rivers. The climate of the Laptev Sea is Arctic continental and, owing to the remoteness from both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is one of the most severe among the Arctic seas. Polar night and midnight sun last about three months per year on the south and five months on the north. Air temperatures stay below 0 °С 11 months a year on the north and nine months on

1568-405: The following annual estimates (in thousand tonnes) by species: sardine (1.2), Arctic cisco (2.0), Bering cisco (2.7), broad whitefish (2.6), Muksun (2.4) and others (3.6). Hunting sea mammals is only practiced by native people. In particular, walrus hunting is only allowed by scientific expeditions and local tribes for subsistence. Despite freezing, navigation is a major human activity on

1624-511: The funnel-like shape of the gulf. This tidal wave is then noticeable up to the unusually long distance of 500 km up to the Khatanga River – the tidal wave is damped at much shorter distance in other rivers of the Laptev Sea. The seasonal variations of the sea level are relatively small – the sea level rises up to 40 cm (16 in) in summer near the river deltas and lowers in winter. Wind-induced changes are observed all through

1680-406: The ice melting season, about 90% of the annual runoff occurs between June and September with 35–40% in August alone, whereas January contributes only 5%. Sea currents form a cyclone consisting of the southward stream near Severnaya Zemlya which reaches the continental coast and flows along it from west to east. It is then amplified by the Lena River flow and diverts to the north and north-west toward

1736-638: The islands and sea shores. The latter include little auk ( Alle alle ), black-legged kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla ), black guillemot ( Cepphus grylle ), ivory gull ( Pagophila eburnea ), uria , charadriiformes and glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ). Among other bird species are skua , sterna , northern fulmar , ( Fulmarus glacialis ), ivory gull ( Pagophila eburnea ), glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ), Ross's gull ( Rhodostethia rosea ), long-tailed duck ( Clangula hyemalis ), eider , loon and willow grouse ( Lagopus lagopus ). There are 39 fish species, mostly typical of braskish environment;

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1792-532: The islands, so the Semenovsky and Vasilievsky islands (74°12"N, 133°E) which were discovered in 1815 have already disappeared. The most significant groups of islands are Severnaya Zemlya , Komsomolskaya Pravda , Vilkitsky and Faddey , and the largest individual islands are Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km), Belkovsky (500 km), Maly Taymyr (250 km), Stolbovoy (170 km), Starokadomsky (110 km), and Peschanyy (17 km). (see Islands of

1848-706: The main land (see Russian chart No. 1484 of the year 1935). On the North A line joining Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ( 76°10′N 138°50′E  /  76.167°N 138.833°E  / 76.167; 138.833  ( Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ) ). On the East From the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island – through Kotelni Island to Cape Madvejyi. Then through Malyi Island [ Little Lyakhovsky Island ], to Cape Vaguin on Great Liakhov Island . Thence to Cape Sviatoy Nos on

1904-825: The main land. Using current geographic names and transcription this definition corresponds to the area shown in the map. The Lena River , with its large delta , is the biggest river flowing into the Laptev Sea, and is the second largest river in the Russian Arctic after Yenisei . Other important rivers include the Khatanga , the Anabar , the Olenyok or Olenek , the Omoloy and the Yana . The sea shores are winding and form gulfs and bays of various sizes. The coastal landscape

1960-519: The major ones are grayling and Coregonus (whitefishes), such as muksun ( Coregonus muksun ), broad whitefish ( Coregonus nasus ) and omul ( Coregonus autumnalis ). Also common are sardine , Arctic cisco , Bering cisco , polar smelt , saffron cod , polar cod , flounder and Arctic char and inconnu . In 1985, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was established in the delta (from Russian: устье – ust , meaning delta ) of

2016-542: The mouth of the Olenyok River . Unfortunately many members of his crew fell ill and died, mainly from scurvy . Despite these difficulties, in 1736, he reached the eastern shore of the Taymyr Peninsula and went north surveying its coastline. Pronchishchev and his wife succumbed to scurvy and died on the way back. Maria Pronchishcheva Bay in the Laptev Sea is named after the wife of Pronchishchev. During

2072-609: The mouth of the Khatanga River. Detailed mapping of the coast of the Laptev Sea and New Siberian Islands was performed by Pyotr Anjou , who in 1821–1823 traveled some 14,000 km (8,700 mi) over the region on sledges and small boats, searching for the Sannikov Land and demonstrating that large-scale coastal observations can be performed without ships. Anzhu Islands (the northern part of New Siberian Islands) were named after him. In 1875, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld

2128-402: The north and October on the south, though it has progressively begun later because of human-driven climate change . In 2020 Siberia experienced record-breaking heat and formation did not begin until late October, marking the latest start ever recorded. The ice formation results in a large continuous sheet of ice, with the thickness up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) in the south-eastern part of

2184-410: The north-west and south-east and often revealing remains of the mammoths. The ice formation varies from year to year, with the sea either clear or completely covered with ice. The sea is characterized by the low water temperatures, which ranges from −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) in the north to −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) in the south-eastern parts. The medium water layer is warmer, up to 1.5 °С because it

2240-644: The number of green algae , blue-green algae and flagellate species is about 10 each. The phytoplankton is characteristic of brackish waters and has a total concentration of about 0.2 mg/L. There are about 30 species of zooplankton with the concentration reaching 0.467 mg/L. The coastal flora mainly consists of mosses and lichens and a few flowering plants including Arctic poppy ( Papaver radicatum ), Saxifraga , Draba and small populations of polar ( Salix polaris ) and creeping ( Salicaceae ) willows. Rare vascular plants include species of Cerastium and Saxifraga . Non-vascular plants include

2296-547: The proximity of the South Pole. With two ships, sloop-of-war Vostok ("East") and support vessel Mirny ("Peaceful") were led by Mikhail Lazarev , the journey started from Kronstadt on 4 June 1819. Bellingshausen and Lazarev managed to twice circumnavigate the continent. Thus they disproved Captain Cook's assertion that it was impossible to find land in the southern ice fields. The expedition also made discoveries and observations in

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2352-432: The region seasonally. The walrus of the Laptev Sea is sometimes distinguished as a separate subspecies Odobenus rosmarus laptevi , though this attribution is questioned. There are several dozens species of birds. Some belong to permanent (tundra) species, such as snow bunting ( Plectrophenax nivalis ), purple sandpiper ( Calidris maritima ), snowy owl ( Bubo scandiacus ) and brent goose and other make large colonies on

2408-608: The sea as well as near the coast. The coastal sheet ends at the water depth of 20–25 m which occurs at several hundred kilometers from the shore, thus this coastal ice covers some 30% of the sea area. Ice is drifting north to this coastal band, and several polynyas are formed by the warm south winds around there. They have various names, such as the Great Siberian Polynya , and can stretch over many hundreds kilometers. The ice sheet usually starts melting from late May to early June, creating fragmented ice agglomerates on

2464-674: The sea, such as the prominent Lena River , the Khatanga , the Anabar , the Olenyok , the Omoloy and the Yana . The sea contains several dozen islands, many of which contain well-preserved mammoth remains. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Laptev Sea as follows: On the West The eastern limit of Kara Sea Komsomolets Island from Cape Molotov to South Eastern Cape; thence to Cape Vorochilov, Oktiabrskaya Revolutziya Island to Cape Anuchin. Then to Cape Unslicht on Bolshevik Island . Bolshevik Island to Cape Yevgenov . Thence to Cape Pronchisthehev on

2520-402: The sea. Many early explorations were likely unreported, as indicated by graves found on some of the islands by their official discoverers. In 1629, Siberian Cossacks went through the Lena River and reached its delta. They left a note that the river flows into a sea. In 1633, another group reached the delta of Olenyok. By 1712, Yakov Permyakov and Merkury Vagin explored the eastern part of

2576-666: The shallow areas. The Laptev Sea is bound to the south by the East Siberian Lowland , an alluvial plain mainly composed of sediments of marine origin dating back to the time when the whole area was occupied by the Verkhoyansk Sea , an ancient sea at the edge of the Siberian Craton in the Permian period. As centuries went by, gradually, most of the area limiting the sea to the south became filled with

2632-455: The south. The average temperature in January (coldest month) varies across the sea between −31 °C (−24 °F) and −34 °C (−29 °F) and the minimum is −50 °C (−58 °F). In July, the temperature rises to 0 °С (maximum 4 °С) in the north and to 5 °С (maximum 10 °С) in the south, however, it may reach 22–24 °С on the coast in August. The maximum of 32.7 °C (90.9 °F)

2688-685: The surface waters, which occurs only to the depth of 5–10 meters. The Laptev Sea is a major source of arctic sea ice . With an average outflow of 483,000 km per year over the period 1979–1995, it contributes more sea ice than the Barents Sea , Kara Sea , East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea combined. Over this period, the annual outflow fluctuated between 251,000 km in 1984–85 and 732,000 km in 1988–89. The sea exports substantial amounts of sea ice in all months but July, August and September. Usually, ice formation starts in September on

2744-539: The tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean. Bolshoy Begichev Island Bolshoy Begichev ( Russian : Большой Бегичев , lit.   'Big Begichev') is an island in the Laptev Sea , in the Sakha Republic , Russia . The area of the island is 1,764 square kilometres (681 sq mi). Bolshoy Begichev

2800-594: The weak winds and shallow waters, the sea is relatively calm with the waves typically within 1 meter (3 ft 3 in). In July–August waves up to 4–5 m are observed near the sea center, and they may reach 6 meters (20 ft) in autumn. The coast of the Laptev Sea was inhabited for ages by the native peoples of northern Siberia such as Yukaghirs and Chuvans (sub-tribe of Yukaghirs). Those tribes were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry , as reindeer sleds were essential for transportation and hunting. They were joined and absorbed by Evens and Evenks around

2856-625: The west. The coastal settlements are few and small, with the typical population of a few hundred or less. The only exception is Tiksi (population 5,873), which is the administrative center of the Bulunsky District. Fishery and hunting have relatively small volume and are mostly concentrated in the river deltas. Data are available for the Khatanga Bay and deltas of the Lena and Yana rivers from 1981 to 1991 which translate into about 3,000 tonnes of fish annually. Extrapolated, they give

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2912-424: The year, but are more frequent in autumn when the winds are strong and steady. In general, the sea level rises with northern and lowers with southern winds, but depending on the area, the maximum amplitude is observed for a specific wind direction (e.g. western and north-western in the south-eastern part of the sea). They average amplitudes are 1–2 m and may exceed 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) near Tiksi. Owing to

2968-489: Was "a growing town," though it was closed in the mid-1940s. After the break-up of the Soviet Union commercial navigation in the Siberian Arctic went into decline in the 1990s. More or less regular shipping is to be found only from Murmansk to Dudinka in the west and between Vladivostok and Pevek in the east. Ports between Dudinka and Pevek see next to no shipping at all. Logashkino was abandoned in 1998 and

3024-645: Was closed and its traces erased in the mid-1940s right before Americans arrived in Nordvik as allies of the Soviet Union . In 2017, Rosneft found oil in the Laptev Sea at its Tsentralno-Olginskaya-1 well. In the Anabar District of Sakha, in the village of Mayat there is one of the northernmost diamond mines. There are also tin and gold mines in the Ust-Yansky District. The meteorological station of Tiksi has been renovated in 2006 (for example, it has internet connection and security cameras with

3080-400: Was recorded in Tiksi . Strong winds, blizzards and snow storms are common in winter. Snow falls even in summer and is alternating with fogs. The winds blow from south and south-west in winter with the average speed of 8 m/s which subsides toward the spring. In summer, they change direction to the northerly, and their speed is 3–4 m/s. Relatively weak winds result in low convection in

3136-695: Was the first to travel across the whole sea on a steamship Vega . In 1892–1894, and again in 1900–1902, Baron Eduard von Toll explored the Laptev Sea in the course of two separate expeditions. On the ship Zarya , Toll carried out geological and geographical surveys in the area on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. In his last expedition Toll disappeared off the New Siberian Islands under mysterious circumstances. Toll noted sizable and economically significant accumulations of perfectly preserved fossil ivory in recent beaches, drainage areas, river terraces and river beds within

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