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67-622: Saint Raphael often refers to Saint Raphael the Archangel . Saint Raphael , Saint-Raphaël , or St. Raphael may also refer to: Saint Raphael the Archangel In the Hebrew Bible , the word 'מַלְאָךְ' ( malʾāk̠ ) means messenger or representative; either human or supernatural in nature. When used in the latter sense it is translated as " angel ". The original mal'akh lacked both individuality and hierarchy, but after

134-557: A collection of originally independent texts from the 3rd century BCE, and the Book of Tobit , from the early 2nd century BCE. In the oldest stratum of 1 Enoch (1 Enoch 9:1) he is one of the four named archangels, and in Tobit 12:11–15 he is one of seven . His name derives from the Hebrew root רפא ( r-p-ʾ ) meaning "to heal", and can be translated as "God has healed". In Tobit he goes by

201-929: A procession on 7 May in Cordoba, Spain. In the Diocese of Warsaw-Praga he is commemorated on 3 October (with Michael and Gabriel ); the feast was transferred from 29 September ( Dedication of St. Florian's Cathedral ). The archangel Raphael is commemorated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on 8 November in the Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers. In the Oriental Orthodox Churches dedication of church of Saint Raphael on

268-516: A question introduced with the words Yelammedenu rabbenu "May our teacher instruct us", and of a reply beginning with the phrase "Kak shanu rabbotenu" (Thus have our teachers instructed us); the replies are always taken from either a mishnah or a baraita . Many of the homilies close with words of hope and encouragement regarding the future of the Jews ; but several of them are abbreviated and not entirely completed, this curtailment being apologized for in

335-406: A quote from Ahai of Shabha 's She'iltot (8th century). This passage says that two amoraim differed in their interpretations of the words "and they looked after Moses , until he was gone into the tabernacle " One amora interpreted the words in a complimentary sense while the other held that the people looked after Moses and made unfavorable remarks about him. The favorable interpretation

402-611: A righteous man to exist in the world without sin, Satan asks God how He views Rabbi Matthew; He sees him as completely righteous. Satan then asks for permission to test R. Matthew, which is granted to him. Satan then takes the form of a beautiful woman upon finding the Rabbi studying Torah. After seeing that Satan would continue to try and tempt him from all sides; he used hot pins to blind himself lest his evil inclination prevail. Satan then trembled in dismay and reported back to God. Immediately upon hearing this, God called Raphael, Prince of

469-578: A significant portion of the Tanhuma material can be dated as pre-Islamic. More recently, Marc Bregman posited that the shared material between the printed and Buber recensions originates from the sixth or seventh century in Palestine (which is also where Buber placed its location of origins). The Buber recension then originates from northern Italy in the time of the Lombards between 559 and 774. Finally,

536-474: A single figure is often depicted holding a staff. He is also often depicted holding or standing on a fish, which alludes to his healing of Tobit with the fish's gall. Early mosaics often show him and the other archangels in the clothing of a Byzantine courtier. The feast day of Raphael was included for the first time in the General Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on October 24. With

603-431: A specific mission, Gabriel to destroy Sodom , Michael to inform Sarah that she would give birth to Isaac , Raphael to heal Abraham from his recent circumcision and save Lot . Rashi writes, "Although Raphael's mission included two tasks, they were considered a single mission since they were both acts that saved people." The Life of Adam and Eve lists him with the archangels Michael, Gabriel, Uriel , and Joel, and

670-565: A typical textual unit in the text. The earliest manuscript may be from the late 8th or 9th century. The most significant publication on the text so far was an edited volume of studies by Nikolsky and Atzmon from 2022. There are many different recensions of Midrash Tanhuma, although the main ones are the standard printed edition, first published in Constantinople in 1520/1522 (and then again in Venice in 1545 and Mantua in 1563), and

737-564: Is Thy name in all the earth! Do as is pleasing in Thy sight." For not a few of the Angels their opposition bore fatal consequences. When God summoned the band under the Archangel Michael, and asked their opinion on the creation of man, they answered scornfully: "What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou visitest him?" God thereupon stretched forth His little finger, and all were consumed by fire except their Chief Michael. And

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804-548: Is also referred to in Rebbe Nachman of Breslov 's (1772–1810) Likutei Etzot. In this work, he refers to the invocation of the Four Archangels as " binding the chariot ". The New Testament names only two archangels, Michael and Gabriel (Luke 1:9–26; Jude 1:9; Revelation 12:7), but Raphael, because of his association with healing, became identified with the unnamed angel of John 5:1–4 who periodically stirred

871-623: Is assigned by God to re-warn Adam concerning the sin of eating of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil . He also expounds to Adam the War in Heaven in which Lucifer and the demons fell, and the creation of the Earth . In the Japanese light novel series Date A Live , Raphael is a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Kaguya Yamai and Yuzuru Yamai. Raphael takes

938-491: Is brought up as being one of Tobias Hankel's personalities. In the Yogscast YouTube series Shadow of Israphel , the main antagonist and titular character derives his namesake from that of St. Raphael. Tanhuma Midrash Tanhuma ( Hebrew : מִדְרָשׁ תַּנְחוּמָא , romanized :  miḏraš tanḥumā ), also known as Yelammedenu , is the name given to a homiletic midrash on the entire Torah , and it

1005-567: Is called Nuriel. In the same context, the Sefer HaBahir calls Raphael the "Prince of Peace" ( Hebrew : שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם Śar Šālōm ). The text states that his reconciliation between Michael, the prince to God's right, and Gabriel, the prince to God's left is the meaning of the verse, "He imposes peace in His heights" (Job 25:2). With Raphael being the Archangel of Air that establishes peace between Fire and Water. In kabbalistic astrology , Raphael

1072-630: Is given in the Talmud; the adverse opinion is referred to with the words "ki de-ita" (”as it is said”). Inasmuch as the adverse view is given in the Tanḥuma Pequḏe , it is probable that the words ki de-ita in the Talmud have reference to the former work, or that the reference originally read ki de-ita be-Tanḥuma ("as it is said in the Tanḥuma"). The homilies contained in Midrash Tanḥuma B begin with

1139-439: Is known in several different versions or collections. Tanhuma bar Abba is not the author of the text but instead is a figure to whom traditions are frequently attributed to (indicated by the formula "Thus began R. Tanḥuma" or "Thus preached R. Tanḥuma"), though he may have preserved a collection of midrashim used by other midrash editors. The name Yelammedenu derives from the Hebrew phrase yelammedenu rabbenu , which initiates

1206-409: Is lost and largely known through later quotations. Only a few authorities, like Hai ben Sherira and Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw , know it under the name "Tanhuma". This confusion may be because the standard version included a significant portion of this text into it. Several rabbinic authorities have also referred to it by the name "Aruk". [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1273-575: Is most commonly associated with the Sun (alongside Michael) and the planet Mercury . The Zohar also associates him with the image of man in the tetramorph of the four holy living creatures of the Prophet Ezekiel 's vision, alongside the zodiac sign of Aquarius , and in relation to the image of man; the Sephirah of Malkhuth (Kingdom) and the Earth . As well as Tiphereth and Malkhuth,

1340-557: Is not specifically written in the Quran , although there is mention of an unnamed trumpet-angel assumed to identify this figure: And the trumpet shall be blown, so all those that are in the heavens and all those that are in the earth shall swoon, except him whom Allah will; then it shall be blown again, then they shall stand up awaiting. Certain Islamic sources indicate that, created at the beginning of time, Israfil possesses four wings, and

1407-493: Is said to correspond to the Sephirah of Tiphereth (Beauty). He is said to act as an intermediate conduct between Chesed (Kindness) corresponding to Michael , and Din (Judgement) corresponding to Gabriel . Uriel (alternatively named Nuriel ) is also said to act as an intermediate conduct alongside Raphael. It is further explained that when he inclines toward Chesed he is called Uriel, but when he inclines toward Din he

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1474-525: Is said to have met Dhu al-Qarnayn who is mentioned in the last part of Surah 18 of the Quran, al-Kahf ("The Cave"). Dhu al-Qarnayn (The Two Horned One) is believed by some to be Alexander The Great . The angel told Dhu al-Qarnayn about the Water of Life (Ayn al-Hayat). Hearing that there was such a spring, Dhu al-Qarnayn wanted to drink the Water of Life, but the only one who had succeeded in drinking it

1541-521: Is so tall as to be able to reach from the earth to the pillars of heaven . A beautiful angel who is a master of music, Israfil sings praises to God in a thousand different languages, the breath of which is used to inject life into hosts of angels who add to the songs themselves. Further he is probably the highest angel, since he also mediates between God and the other archangels, reading on the Preserved Tablet ( al-lawh al-mahfooz ) to transmit

1608-588: Is the collection published by Salomon Buber , who gathered the material from several manuscripts. Buber claimed that this collection, consisting of homilies on and aggadic interpretations of the weekly sections of the Torah, was the oldest of the three, perhaps even the oldest compilation of its kind arranged as a running commentary on the Pentateuch , and he identified several passages which he saw as being quoted by Genesis Rabbah . Buber postulated that this midrash

1675-414: The 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar , the feast was transferred to September 29 for celebration together with archangels Saints Michael and Gabriel. Pope Benedict XVI 's Summorum Pontificum permitted, within certain limits for public use, the General Roman Calendar of 1960 , which has October 24 as Raphael's feast day. He is commemorated in some Spanish dioceses on the old date and with

1742-686: The Babylonian exile they were graded into a Babylonian-style hierarchy and the word archangelos , archangel , first appears in the Greek text of 1 Enoch. At the same time the angels and archangels began to be given names, as attested in the Talmudic statement that "the names of the angels were brought by the Jews from Babylonia", attributed to Shimon ben Lakish or Rabbi Hanina respectively. Raphael first appears in two works of this period, 1 Enoch,

1809-490: The Book of Tobit , showing him walking with Tobias and his dog through a landscape. The subject became very popular in Italy from about 1450 for a century, as devotion to Raphael increased, at least partly though confraternities dedicated to him. In altarpieces and the like, Tobias, his fish and his dog may be used as identifying attributes of Raphael. Raphael is said to guard pilgrims on their journeys, and when depicted as

1876-586: The Midrash Rabbot , Pesiḳta de-Rab Kahana , Pesikta Rabbati , and in the midrashim to Book of Samuel , Proverbs , and Psalms , which all quote passages from it. The Geonim also and the older rabbinical authorities made use of it, and cited halakhic as well as aggadic sentences from it. The first to refer to this midrash by the name of "Tanḥuma", however, was Rashi , who mentions it in several passages of his commentary, and quotes from it. Most of Rashi's quotations are taken from Tanḥuma B. This version

1943-488: The Vayakhel and Pekudei sections, which contain homilies not embodied in the lost work. For the portions to the books of Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy the redactor of this midrash has made extensive use of the material that he found in the standard version, which he has revised and supplied with numerous additions. The first authority to cite this midrash was Rashi . Because the third midrash contains much of

2010-508: The pool of Bethesda "[a]nd he that went down first into the pond after the motion of the water was made whole of whatsoever infirmity he lay under". The Catholic Church accordingly links Raphael with Michael and Gabriel as saints whose intercession can be sought through prayer. Due to his actions in the Book of Tobit and the Gospel of John, Raphael is considered a protector and healer, and so

2077-460: The Angel of Peace opposed his creation however, as he would be full of lies and be quarrelsome. To invalidate his protest, God cast the Angel of Truth down from Heaven to Earth, and when the others cried out against the treatment of their companion, He said, "Truth will spring back out of the earth." Before their objections, God had only told the Angels of the good there would be among Humans, but not of

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2144-803: The Archangel Libbiel's name to Raphael, the Rescuer, because his Host of Angels had been rescued by his sage advice. He was appointed the Angelic Prince of Healing, who has in his safe-keeping all the celestial remedies, the types of the medical remedies used on Earth. In the Midrash Tanhuma , Satan becomes envious of the righteous R. Matthew bar Heresh after seeing him sitting occupied in Torah study, without looking at anyone's wife or any other woman. Believing it to be impossible for

2211-591: The Buber recension as well as a third now-lost version of Tanhuma. Its homilies on Genesis are original, although they contain several revised passages from the standard version as well as from the Yelammedenu, the Babylonian Talmud being largely drawn upon for additional interpretations and expositions. The part referring to Exodus is borrowed almost entirely from the Yelammedenu, with the exception of

2278-465: The Buber recension, published by Salomon Buber in 1885 based on the manuscript MS Oxford Neubauer 154 for the base text as well as four other Oxford manuscripts. One study collects the following list of recensions: Previously, it was thought that the Tanhuma may be as late as the High Middle Ages and many favored a 10th-century date. However, no extensive research had then been done on

2345-676: The Five Wounds , is also said to have seen apparitions of Raphael. Raphael ( Arabic : إسرافيل , romanized :  ʾIsrāfīl , alternate spellings: Israfel , Esrafil ) is a venerated archangel according to Islamic tradition. In Islamic eschatology , Israfil will blow the trumpet from a holy rock in Jerusalem to announce the Day of Judgment ( Yawm al-Qiyāmah ). The trumpet is constantly poised at his lips, ready to be blown when God so orders. The name "Israfil" (or "Israfel", "Esrafil")

2412-512: The Healing Arts, commanding him to heal the eyes of R. Matthew bar Heresh. When Raphael goes to R. Matthew and reveals his identity and mission, the Rabbi states that he does not wish to be healed. Raphael then returns to God informing Him of this. Upon hearing this God commands Raphael to tell the Rabbi not to fear, for his evil inclination will not prevail. When he heard this from the mouth of

2479-940: The Philippines; also San Rafael de El Moján and San Rafael de Orituco in Venezuela. More recent examples include: Elsewhere: The Arcangelo Raffaello youth confraternity functioned in Florence, Italy from its founding in 1411 to its suppression in 1785. St. John of God Catholic Church in Chicago, Illinois, was disassembled, moved and reassembled as St. Raphael the Archangel Church in Mill Creek, Illinois. Raphael, along with many other prominent angels, appears in John Milton 's Paradise Lost , in which he

2546-654: The Zohar also has Raphael corresponding to the Sephirah of Hod (Majesty), the Euphrates river ( Hebrew : פְרָת Pərāt , Tiberian : Părāṯ; the fourth river of Eden in Genesis ) the left leg of the body, and the Israelite Tribe of Ephraim . The text states: "The fourth (river) is Hod (Majesty), the "left leg" (referred to in what was said of Jacob , that "he halted on his left thigh"), and from it shall drink

2613-638: The angel, he accepted his healing and was not afraid. In Rabbeinu Bahya, a commentary on the Torah written by Rabbi Bahya ben Asher (1255–1340), the Camp of Ephraim , situated to the west of the Tabernacle (Numbers 2:18), corresponded to the celestial camp headed by the archangel Raphael supported by the angels Zavdiel and Achziel. It is also said that this was the camp that Moses alluded to when he prayed that Miriam be healed from her tzaraath by saying "please God heal her" (Numbers 12:13). He appealed to

2680-413: The aphorisms and proverbs may be cited here: "One may not give an honest man an opportunity to steal, much less a thief". "The office seeks those that would escape it". "If you yield not to wickedness, it will not follow you nor dwell by you". "Do the wicked no good, in order that thou reap not that which is evil". This Tanḥuma midrash has been referred to in many other midrashim , as, for example, all

2747-621: The attribute represented by Raphael. It is said in Kav HaYashar by Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanover (1648–1712), that when the angels appointed to bring infirmity and sickness upon people behold the angel Raphael, they take fright and flee. Then Raphael extends healing to the invalid. In the Beginning of Wisdom, an introduction to kabbalistic thought composed by Rabbi Aharon Meir Altshuler (1835–1905) in Warsaw between 1887–1893; Raphael

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2814-580: The back of a whale is commemorated on 26 August (3 Pagumen ). The Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates Raphael's feast on Kouji Nabot 3 and Koiak 13. In the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate Saint Raphael the Archangel is commemorated on 24 October. The Archangel Raphael is said to have appeared in Cordoba , Spain, during the 16th century; in response to the city's appeal, Pope Innocent X allowed

2881-591: The camp of Raphael, whose mission is to heal the ills of the captivity, and with it the tribe of Ephraim and his two accompanying tribes ( Manasseh and Benjamin )." It is also customary in Judaism to invoke Raphael as one of the Four Archangels after one recites the Shema before going to bed; with Michael by your right side, Gabriel by your left side, Uriel before you, and Raphael behind you. This practice

2948-520: The commands of God. Although disputed, some reports assert he visited Muhammad prior to the archangel Gabriel. According to Sufi traditions reported by Imam Rafa'il, the Ghawth or Qutb ('perfect human being'), is someone who has a heart that resembles that of the archangel Israfil, signifying the loftiness of this angel. The next in rank are the saints who are known as the Umdah or Awtad, amongst whom

3015-487: The dating and provenance of the text, and so conclusions remain tentative. Townsend believed the Buber recension relies on the mid-8th century Sheʾilot by R. Ahai of Shabba and so dates at least to the 9th century. On the other hand, Tzvi Meir Rabbinowitz has concluded that Yannai , who operated in Palestine prior to the Islamic conquests, made use of the two extant and one lost Tanhuma, and his findings suggest that

3082-428: The evil too. Despite not knowing the whole truth, the Angels were nevertheless prompted to cry out: "What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou visitest him?" God replied: "The fowl of the air and the fish of the sea, what were they created for? Of what avail a larder full of appetizing dainties, and no guest to enjoy them?" And the Angels could not but exclaim: "O Lord, our Lord, how excellent

3149-570: The flagship was named São Rafael at the insistence of King Manuel I of Portugal . When the flotilla reached the Cape of Good Hope on October 22, the sailors debarked and erected a column in the archangel's honor. The little statue of Raphael that accompanied Da Gama on the voyage is now in the Naval Museum in Lisbon. He is perhaps most often seen in depictions of Tobias and the Angel , from

3216-457: The form of a lance and a pendulum, becoming a bow and arrow when combined. It has the ability to manipulate wind. In Joseph Haydn 's Creation , Raphael (bass) is one of the three angelic narrators, along with Gabriel (soprano) and Uriel (tenor). Raphael features as one of the four archangels in the TV series Supernatural . In season 2 of the TV series Criminal Minds , the archangel Raphael

3283-577: The formation of the printed edition is dated to after the Islamic conquests , although the collection was still completed prior to any impact of Islamic influence on Palestinian society, as Islamic influences are entirely absent from the text. Some other scholars favor origins in southern Italy because (i) all manuscripts are European (ii) the presence of many Greek and Latin words which were typical in use of language in Italy (iii) an unlikelihood of stemming from northern Italy due to its misunderstanding of

3350-422: The geography of that region. On the other hand, Palestinian roots of the text are reflected by its use of Palestinian rabbinic traditions, including its familiarity with the Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud but not the Babylonian Talmud . The first English translation of the Buber recension of the Tanhuma was published by John Townsend in 1989. Then, in 1996, Samuel Berman published an English translation of

3417-445: The highest ones have their hearts resembling that of archangel Mikhail (archangel Michael), and the rest of the lower ranking saints having the heart of Jibrail (archangel Gabriel), and that of the previous prophets before the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The earth is believed to always have one of the Qutb. In another account, Rafāʾīl (Arabic: رفائيل) is mentioned by name in the Islamic tradition narrated by Ath-Tha'labi from Ali . He

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3484-463: The local celebration of a feast in the Archangel's honor on May 7, the date of the principal apparition. Saint John of God , founder of the Hospital order that bears his name , is also said to have received visitations from Saint Raphael, who encouraged and instructed him. In tribute to this, many of the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God's facilities are called "Raphael Centers" to this day. The 18th century Neapolitan nun, Saint Maria Francesca of

3551-437: The material of the lost Yelammedenu, the two works were often confounded. Some authorities believed that it was this version as opposed to the Yelammedenu which had been lost. Others erroneously considered this midrash identical with the Yelammedenu, thinking the work had a double title; and the first editions of this version appeared, therefore, under the title "Midrash Tanḥuma, Called Also the Yelammedenu." The standard edition

3618-584: The medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides included his name in his Jewish angelic hierarchy . In Midrash Konen , it is revealed that Raphael was originally once named Libbiel ( Hebrew : לִבִּיאֵל Lībbīʾēl; Meaning: "God is my heart"). In the Midrash, God takes council with His Angels before he creates Adam the first Man. The Angels were not all of one opinion however, with differing views and reasons. The Angel of Love and Angel of Justice both favoured Man's creation as he would be affectionate and loving, alongside practicing Justice. The Angel of Truth and

3685-420: The name Azariah ( Hebrew : עֲזַרְיָה/עֲזַרְיָהוּ ʿĂzaryāh/ʿĂzaryāhū, " Yah/Yahu has helped") while disguising himself as a human. In the text he acts as a physician and expels demons, using an extraordinary fish to bind the demon Asmodeus and to heal Tobit's eyes, while in 1 Enoch he is "set over all disease and every wound of the children of the people", and binds the armies of Azazel and throws them into

3752-513: The original manuscripts and also from the Yalquṭ . Ezra indicated the added matter by marking it with open hands, but in the following editions these marks were omitted, so that it is no longer possible to distinguish between original contents and material added by revisers. Ezra of Fano further added to his edition an index of all halakhic decisions, as well as of the legends and parables contained in this midrash; this index has been retained in all later editions. Tanhuma Buber, also called Tanhuma B,

3819-410: The patron of travelers, the blind, happy meetings, nurses, physicians, medical workers, matchmakers, Christian marriage, and Catholic studies. On a corner of the Doge's Palace in Venice is a relief depicting Raphael holding a scroll on which is written: " Efficia fretum quietum " ("Keep the Gulf quiet"). On July 8, 1497, when Vasco da Gama set sail from Lisbon with his four-ship fleet to India,

3886-415: The same dire punishment. For God will not refrain from doing in the end what He has planned. Therefore it is advisable for us to yield to His wishes." Thus warned, the Angels spoke: "Lord of the world, it is well that Thou hast thought of creating man. Do Thou create him according to Thy will. And as for us, we will be his attendants and his ministers, and reveal unto him all our secrets." Thereupon God changed

3953-414: The same fate befell the band under the leadership of the Archangel Gabriel; he alone of all was saved from destruction. The third band consulted was commanded by the Archangel Libbiel. Taught by the horrible fate of his predecessors, he warned his troop: "You have seen what misfortune overtook the Angels who said 'What is man, that Thou art mindful of him?' Let us have a care not to do likewise, lest we suffer

4020-438: The standard printed edition. Tikkun-Sofrim, a system that integrates automatic handwritten text recognition with manual, crowdsourced error correction has been used to digitize several manuscripts of the Midrash Tanhuma. The standard published edition was known as the "Yelammedenu" from the opening words of the halakhic introductions to the homilies— Yelammedenu rabbenu . It is considered by many to be an amended edition of

4087-412: The valley of fire. According to the Babylonian Talmud , Raphael ( Hebrew : רְפָאֵל Rəfāʾēl , Tiberian : Răp̄āʾēl ) was one of the three angels who appeared to Abraham in the oak grove of Mamre in the region of Hebron (Genesis 18; Bava Metzia 86b); Michael , as the greatest, walked in the middle, with Gabriel to his right, and Raphael to his left (Yoma 37a). Each was commanded to carry out

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4154-422: The words "As the Scriptures say" or sometimes "As it is written." Then follow a verse (in most cases taken from the Ketuvim ), its explanation, and a homily on the particular passage of the Pentateuch referred to. Several of the homilies on the first, third, and fourth books of the Pentateuch begin with brief halakhic dissertations bearing on the passages to which the homilies refer. The halakhic treatises consist of

4221-504: The words "Much more might be said on this subject, but we shall not tire you", or "This passage has been elucidated by several other interpretations and expositions, but in order not to tire you we quote only that which is necessary for today's theme". Although essentially an aggadic midrash , Tanḥuma A contains many halakhic sayings. In addition to its 61 introductions to homilies, which contain halakhic questions and answers, there are several halakhic rules and decisions quoted throughout

4288-664: The work. These halakhic passages were taken from the Mishnah or the baraita, and not from the Babylonian Talmud; indeed, many of the decisions given are in opposition to those of the latter work. The aggadic contents of the midrash are also very extensive and varied; it contains, too, simple explanations of scriptural passages; several refutations of heretics ; explanations of the differences between "ḳere" and "ketib" and between words written " plene " (" male ") and defectively (" ḥaser "); interpretations according to noṭariḳon and gematria ; several narratives and parables; and numerous aphorisms, moral sayings, and popular proverbs. Some of

4355-410: Was edited in the fifth century, before the completion of the Babylonian Talmud . Buber cites a passage in the Babylonian Talmud that seems to indicate that the redactor of that work had referred to the Midrash Tanḥuma. Other scholars disagree, however, and do not see the Buber recension of Tanhuma as being older than the other versions. Townsend cites a section from Buber's recension which appears to be

4422-416: Was first published at Constantinople in 1522, and was reprinted without emendation at Venice in 1545. The third edition, which served as a basis for all the later editions, was published at Mantua in 1563 by Meïr ben Abraham of Padua and Ezra ben Isaac Fano . This edition contains several additions, consisting of single sentences as well as of entire paragraphs, which Ezra ben Isaac selected from two of

4489-438: Was his cousin, Khidr . In Islamic tradition, Khidr is the mystical guide popularly quoted especially in Sufi traditions who has attained a long life and appears to selected Islamic saints throughout the times. The following places have been named in honor of Raphael: Saint Raphaël, France; Saint Raphaël, Quebec, Canada; and San Rafaels in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Peru, and

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