Saiwai-ku ( 幸区 ) is one of the 7 wards of the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . As of 2010, the ward had an estimated population of 153,255 and a density of 15,250 persons per km. The total area was 10.05 km.
101-467: Saiwai Ward is located in eastern Kanagawa Prefecture, in the center portion of the city of Kawasaki, bordering on Tokyo to the north and Yokohama to the south. Archaeologists have found numerous Kofun period remains at numerous locations in what is now Saiwai-ku, indicating a long period of human settlement. Under the Nara period Ritsuryō system, it became part of Tachibana District Musashi Province . In
202-722: A Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang . The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations, all of which the Silla-Tang joint fleet won, that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Geum River or Dongjin river , the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo. The establishment of
303-497: A centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of King Goi , who may have first established patrilineal succession . Like most monarchies , a great deal of power was held by the aristocracy . King Seong , for example, strengthened royal power, but after he was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son. The ruler titles of Baekje were *eraγa ( 於羅瑕 ), mostly used by
404-642: A cohesive, recognized state. The society was most developed in the Kinai region and the eastern Setouchi region . Japan's rulers petitioned the Chinese court for confirmation of royal titles. While the rulers' title was officially "King", they called themselves "Ōkimi" (大王, "Great King") during this period. Inscriptions on two swords (the Inariyama and Eta Funayama Swords ) read Amenoshita Shiroshimesu (治天下; "ruling Heaven and Earth") and Ōkimi , indicating that
505-516: A key role in the transition, we need to sequence people with a higher rank." The study is known to be the most comprehensive analysis of the Japanese archipelago published to date. Daniel G. Bradley, co-leader of the research project, said, "Our insights into the complex origins of modern-day Japanese once again shows the power of ancient genomics to uncover new information about human prehistory that could not be seen otherwise." Takashi Gakuhari,
606-527: A kofun's circumference. The oldest Japanese kofun is reportedly Hokenoyama Kofun in Sakurai, Nara , which dates to the late 3rd century. In the Makimuku district of Sakurai, later keyhole kofuns ( Hashihaka Kofun , Shibuya Mukaiyama Kofun) were built during the early 4th century. The keyhole kofun spread from Yamato to Kawachi —with giant kofun, such as Daisenryō Kofun—and then throughout the country during
707-581: A military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo. Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods. In 538, King Seong moved the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County ), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. Temporarily, he changed the official name of
808-684: A passage in the Gwanggaeto Stele to establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea. Other historians have pointed out that there is no evidence of this Japanese account in any part of Korea, in addition to not being in any viable text in China or Korea. Regarding the Gwanggaeto Stele, because the lack of syntax and punctuation the text can be interpreted 4 different ways. Due to this problem in interpretation, nothing can be concluded. Also complicating
909-527: A relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate. Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with a contingent of 10,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County. In 663, Baekje revival forces and
1010-465: A researcher conducting the experiment and a professor at Kanazawa University , explained in an interview with Ishikawa TV that mostly 40% of modern Japanese genetic ancestry was found to come from migrants that arrived during the Kofun period, somewhat contradicting the aforementioned study. However, he remained confident that the Kofun strand played a large factor in Japanese genetics today. Following
1111-582: A sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with the Japanese rulers of the Kofun period , transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. The Chinese writing system , Buddhism , advanced pottery , ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship. During this period, the Han River basin remained
SECTION 10
#17328023491601212-666: A small number of Jin (Hanja: 辰人) were also admitted into the polities of Baekje. According to the Samguk sagi , Baekje was founded in 18 BCE by King Onjo , who led a group of people from Goguryeo south to the Han River basin. Jumong had left his son Yuri in Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong became Divine King Dongmyeong , and had two more sons with Soseono , Onjo and Biryu . When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him
1313-635: Is Japanese for the type of burial mound dating from this era. It was a period of cultural import. Continuing from the Yayoi period, the Kofun period is characterized by influence from China and the Korean Peninsula ; archaeologists consider it a shared culture across the southern Korean Peninsula, Kyūshū and Honshū . On the other hand, the most prosperous keyhole-shaped burial mounds in Japan during this period were approximately 5,000 in Japan from
1414-483: Is also observable from several imports, including Chinese mirrors and coins , Korean raw materials for iron production, and Chinese characters inscribed on metal implements. Several lines of archaeological evidence support the introduction of new large settlements to Japan, most likely from the southern Korean peninsula , during the Yayoi-Kofun cultural transition, which could reflect the general route taken by
1515-528: Is an era in the history of Japan from about 300 to 538 AD (the date of the introduction of Buddhism ), following the Yayoi period . The Kofun and the subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes collectively called the Yamato period . This period is the earliest era of recorded history in Japan, but studies depend heavily on archaeology since the chronology of historical sources tends to be distorted. The word kofun
1616-554: Is dominant. Other historians, such as those who collaborated on 'Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan' and Jonathan W. Best, who helped translate what was left of the Baekje annals, have noted that these princes set up schools in Yamato Japan and took control of the Japanese naval forces during the war with Goguryeo, taking this as evidence of them being more along the lines of diplomats with some kind of familial tie to
1717-609: Is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time. In 372, King Geunchogo paid tribute to the Jin dynasty of China , located in the basin of the Yangtze River . After the fall of Jin and the establishment of Song dynasty in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies. Baekje sent an envoy to Northern Wei of Northern Dynasties for
1818-453: Is seen in haniwa ( 埴輪 , "clay ring") , clay offerings placed in a ring on and around the tomb mounds of the ruling elite. The most important of these haniwa were found in southern Honshū (especially the Kinai region around Nara Prefecture ) and northern Kyūshū . Haniwa grave offerings were sculpted as horses, chickens, birds, fans, fish, houses, weapons, shields, sunshades, pillows, and male and female humans. Another funerary piece,
1919-519: Is unclear if the rival country was near the Yamato nucleus or further away. Kai Province is mentioned as a location where prince Yamato Takeru traveled on his military expedition. The period's northern frontier was explained in Kojiki as the legend of Shido Shōgun's (四道将軍, "Shōguns to four ways") expedition. One of four shōguns , Ōbiko set out northward to Koshi and his son Take Nunakawawake left for
2020-509: Is usually believed to have begun about 250 AD, and it is generally agreed that Yamato rulers had keyhole-kofun culture and hegemony in Yamato until the 4th century. Autonomy of local powers remained throughout the period, particularly in Kibi (the present-day Okayama Prefecture ), Izumo (current Shimane Prefecture ), Koshi (current Fukui and Niigata Prefecture ), Kenu (northern Kantō ), Chikushi (northern Kyūshū ), and Hi (central Kyūshū). During
2121-632: The Book of Sui , Silla and Baekje greatly valued relations with the Kofun-period Wa and the Korean kingdoms made diplomatic efforts to maintain their good standing with the Japanese. The Book of Song reported that a Chinese emperor appointed the five kings of Wa in 451 to supervise military Affairs of Wa, Silla, Imna , Gara, Jinhan and Mahan. According to the Nihon Shoki , Silla
SECTION 20
#17328023491602222-730: The Nihon Shoki as a son of Emperor Kōgen ). A number of clans claimed origin in China or the Korean Peninsula. During the 5th century, the Katsuragi clan (葛城氏, descended from the legendary grandson of Emperor Kōgen) was the most prominent power in the court and intermarried with the imperial family. After the clan declined, late in the century, it was replaced by the Ōtomo clan . When Emperor Buretsu died with no apparent heir, Ōtomo no Kanamura recommended Emperor Keitai (a distant imperial relative in Koshi Province ) as
2323-514: The Samguk Yusa , during the Sabi period, the chief minister ( Jaesang ) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this was a form of selection by lot or a covert selection by
2424-412: The kami Inari . Other immigrants who settled in Japan beginning in the 4th century were the progenitors of Japanese clans. According to Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , the oldest record of a Silla immigrant is Amenohiboko : a legendary prince of Silla who settled in Japan at the era of Emperor Suinin , possibly during the 3rd or 4th centuries. Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to
2525-585: The magatama ( 勾玉 , "curved jewel") , became symbolic of imperial power. Much of the material culture of the Kofun period demonstrates that Japan was in close political and economic contact with continental Asia (especially with the southern dynasties of China) via the Korean Peninsula; bronze mirrors cast from the same mould have been found on both sides of the Tsushima Strait . Irrigation , sericulture , and weaving were brought to Japan by immigrants, who are mentioned in ancient Japanese histories;
2626-628: The Edo period , it was administered as tenryō territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate , but administered through various hatamoto , and was the center of a prosperous farming area adjacent to Kawasaki-juku , a post station on the Tokaido highway connecting Edo with Kyoto . After the Meiji Restoration , the area urbanized due to its proximity to Kawasaki Station on
2727-408: The Gwanggaeto Stele , erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo , as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje. If this stele was a dedication to a Korean king, it can be argued that it would logically highlight Korea's conquests and not dedicate it to
2828-554: The Hata clan introduced sericulture and certain types of weaving. The introduction of Buddhism in 538 marked the transition from the Kofun to the Asuka period , which coincided with the reunification of China under the Sui dynasty later in the century. Japan became deeply influenced by Chinese culture, adding a cultural context to the religious distinction between the periods. According to
2929-551: The Nakatomi and Inbe clans handled rituals. The Soga clan provided the government's chief minister, the Ōtomo and Mononobe clans provided secondary ministers, and provincial leaders were called kuni no miyatsuko . Craftsmen were organized into guilds. In addition to archaeological findings indicating a local monarchy in Kibi Province as an important rival, the legend of the 4th-century Prince Yamato Takeru alludes to
3030-650: The Tamna Kingdom on modern-day Jeju before the arrival of Koreanic, noting the presence of a Japonic substratum in the Jeju language . Buddhism , a religion originating in what is now India , was transmitted to Korea via China in the late 4th century. The Samguk yusa records the following 3 monks among first to bring the Buddhist teaching, or Dharma , to Korea : Malananta (late 4th century) – an Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in
3131-665: The Tokaido Main Line . Saiwai Village within Tachibana District in the new Kanagawa Prefecture was created on April 1, 1889 through the merger of eight smaller hamlets. In the early twentieth century, the area was dominated by factories; notably Meiji Sugar and Toshiba. The area was largely destroyed by the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923, but was soon rebuilt. The area was annexed by the neighboring city of Kawasaki in two stages in 1927 and in 1937. The area
Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki - Misplaced Pages Continue
3232-462: The "Inariyama sword, as well as some other swords discovered in Japan, utilized the Korean ' Idu ' system of writing". The swords "originated in Paekche and that the kings named in their inscriptions represent Paekche kings rather than Japanese kings". The techniques for making these swords were the apparently similar to styles from Korea, specifically from Baekje. In Japan, the hostage interpretation
3333-568: The 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north as Pyongyang , and may have even held territories in China , such as in Liaoxi , though this view is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan . Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia,
3434-617: The 5th century. Keyhole kofun disappeared later in the 6th century, probably because of the drastic reformation of the Yamato court; Nihon Shoki records the introduction of Buddhism at this time. The last two great kofun are the 190-metre-long (620 ft) Imashirozuka kofun in Osaka (currently believed by scholars to be the tomb of Emperor Keitai ) and the 135-metre long (443 ft) Iwatoyama kofun in Fukuoka, recorded in Fudoki of Chikugo as
3535-485: The 6th century, the Yamato clans began to dominate the southern half of Japan. According to the Book of Song , Yamato relationships with China probably began in the late 4th century. The Yamato polity , which emerged by the late 5th century, was distinguished by powerful clans (豪族, gōzoku ). Each clan was headed by a patriarch (氏上, Uji-no-kami ), who performed sacred rituals to the clan's kami (objects of worship) to ensure its long-term welfare. Clan members were
3636-450: The Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo . The " Great Eight Families " (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin , Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the Sabi era, recorded in Chinese records such as Tongdian . Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks, the six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with
3737-459: The Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies. In exchange, Japan provided military support. According to mythical accounts in the controversial Nihon Shoki , Empress Jingū extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla , and Goguryeo . At the height of Japanese nationalism in the early 20th century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with
3838-455: The Japanese emperor during Emperor Ōjin 's reign. According to Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , Baekje had also sent a scholar by the name of Wani during the reign of Emperor Ōjin . He is said to be the pioneer of the introduction of the Chinese writing system to Japan. The Samguk sagi ( Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms ) reported that Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to
3939-643: The Japanese imperial family and as evidence against any hostage status. As is with many long-past histories and competing records, very little can be definitively concluded. Further research has been difficult, in part due to the 1976 restriction on the study of royal tombs in Japan (to include tombs such as the Gosashi tomb, which is allegedly the resting place of Empress Jingū ). Prior to 1976, foreign researchers did have access, and some found Korean artifacts in Japanese dig sites. Recently in 2008, Japan has allowed controlled limited access to foreign archaeologists, but
4040-560: The Kofun era. Japanese archaeologists emphasise that other regional chieftainships (such as Kibi ) were in close contention for dominance in the first half of the Kofun period; Kibi's Tsukuriyama Kofun is Japan's fourth-largest. The Yamato court exercised power over clans in Kyūshū and Honshū , bestowing titles (some hereditary) on clan chieftains. The Yamato name became synonymous with Japan as Yamato rulers suppressed other clans and acquired agricultural land. Based on Chinese models (including
4141-683: The Kofun people. However, a study that examines the genetic relationship between ancient Korea and the Kofun period is yet to be made. The researchers noted that ancestral heterogeneity exists across Japan today, which is not fully captured by this standard reference set. They also stated that with the limited resources they had as only three Kofun skeletons were available for examination, there are still many more questions that need to be answered. "The Kofun individuals sequenced were not buried in keyhole-shaped mounds [reserved for high-ranking individuals], which implies that they were lower-ranking people", Nakagome said. "To see if this East Asian ancestry played
Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki - Misplaced Pages Continue
4242-567: The Korean chronicle Samguk sagi , Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages. Whether the princes sent to Japan should be interpreted as diplomats as part of an embassy or literal hostages is debated. Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship (the question of whether the Baekje Koreans were family or at least close to the Japanese Imperial line or whether they were hostages) and
4343-503: The Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed centralized powers with modern iron weapons and were already utilizing horses for warfare. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla. The Nihon Shoki is widely regarded to be an unreliable and biased source of information on early relations with Korea, as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts. Some Japanese scholars interpret
4444-440: The Yamato court in exchange for military support to continue their military campaigns; King Asin of Baekje sent his son ( Jeonji ) in 397, and King Silseong of Silla sent his son Misaheun in 402. Hogong , from Japan, helped to found Silla. In mid 2021, The Nikkei published a new finding of the genetic makeup of modern Japanese and found much of Japanese make-up could be divided into two major groups, one being "Jomon" and
4545-549: The Yamato court in exchange for military support. King Muryeong of Baekje was born in Kyushu ( 筑紫 ) of Japan as the child of a hostage in 462, and left a son in Japan who was an ancestor of the minor-noble Yamato no Fubito ( 和史 , "Scribes of Yamato" ) clan. According to the Shoku Nihongi ( 続日本紀 ) , Yamato no Fubito's relative ( Takano no Niigasa ) was a 10th-generation descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje who
4646-433: The Yamato government gave preferential treatment to toraijin . According to the 815 book, Shinsen Shōjiroku , 317 of 1,182 clans in the Kinai region of Honshū were considered to have foreign ancestry. 163 were of Chinese origin (written as "Kan"), 104 from Baekje ("Paekche" in the older romanization), 41 from Goguryeo , 6 from Silla , and 3 from Gaya . They may have immigrated to Japan between 356 and 645. Some of
4747-470: The Yayoi period. A study published in the journal Science Advance s found that the people of Japan bore genetic signatures from three ancient populations rather than just two as previously thought. The study states that in addition to the previously discovered Jōmon and Yayoi strands, a new strand was hypothesized to have been introduced during the Yayoi-Kofun transition period that had strong cultural and political affinity with Korea and China. This group
4848-562: The adoption of the Chinese written language ), they began to develop a central administration and an imperial court attended by subordinate clan chieftains with no permanent capital. Powerful clans were the Soga , Katsuragi , Heguri and Koze clans in the Yamato and Bizen Provinces and the Kibi clans in the Izumo Province . The Ōtomo and Mononobe clans were military leaders, and
4949-599: The ancient Japanese text Nihonshoki , Baekje's expansion reached the Gaya confederacy to its east, around the Nakdong River valley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to the Nihon Shoki : 247). King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war against Goguryeo , while annexing
5050-434: The aristocracy, and the royal line which controlled the Yamato court was at its zenith. Clan leaders were awarded kabane , inherited titles denoting rank and political standing which replaced family names. The Kofun period is called the Yamato period by some Western scholars, since this local chieftainship became the imperial dynasty at the end of the period. However, the Yamato clan ruled just one polity among others during
5151-452: The borders of the Yamato and battlegrounds in the region; a frontier was near the later Izumo Province (eastern present-day Shimane Prefecture ). Another frontier, in Kyūshū , was apparently north of present-day Kumamoto Prefecture . According to the legend, there was an eastern land in Honshū "whose people disobeyed the imperial court" and against whom Yamato Takeru was sent to fight. It
SECTION 50
#17328023491605252-627: The capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states. King Gaeru is believed to have moved the capital north of the river to Bukhansanseong in 132, probably in present-day Goyang to the northwest of Seoul. Through the early centuries of the Common Era , sometimes called the Proto–Three Kingdoms period , early Baekje gradually gained control over
5353-497: The country as the Nambuyeo ( 남부여 ; 南扶餘 ; Korean pronunciation: [na̠m.pu.jʌ̹] ; lit. "Southern Buyeo "), a reference to Buyeo to which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth of Buddhism . Under pressure from Goguryeo to the north and Silla to the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on
5454-576: The crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king, Soseono left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms with their people, along with ten vassals. She is remembered as a key figure in the founding of both Goguryeo and Baekje. Onjo settled in Wiryeseong (present-day Hanam ), and called his country Sipje (십제, 十濟, meaning "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-day Incheon ), against
5555-439: The eastern states. The father moved east from northern Koshi, and the son moved north; they met at Aizu, in present-day western Fukushima Prefecture . Although the legend is probably not factual, Aizu is near southern Tōhoku (the northern extent of late-4th-century keyhole-kofun culture). During the Kofun period, an aristocratic society with militaristic rulers developed. The period was a critical stage in Japan's evolution into
5656-537: The elite is not clear. This Council was called the Jeongsaamhoeui (政事巖會議, The council of rocks with state affairs). The town leaders and its subjects participated in the military of Baekje on a local level, and loot and captives were distributed among them. The subjects usually worked in the supply division. The position of Jwajang led the military. Geunchogo established the division of central military and local militaries. The people of Baekje usually served in
5757-465: The fact that the Nihon Shoki , a primary source of material for this relationship, is a compilation of myth, makes it difficult to evaluate. The Samguk sagi , which also documents this, can also be interpreted in various ways and at any rate it was rewritten in the 13th century, easily seven or eight centuries after these particular events took place. Adding to the confusion is the discovery (in Japan) that
5858-490: The first time in 472, and King Gaero asked for military aid to attack Goguryeo . Kings Muryeong and Seong sent envoys to Liang several times and received titles of nobility. Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang's tomb style. To confront the military pressure of Goguryeo to its north and Silla to its east, Baekje ( Kudara in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to
5959-486: The former Baekje general Buyeo Boksin rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern Seocheon County , South Chungcheong ) as their headquarters. They put the Tang general Liu Renyuan (劉仁願) under siege in Sabi . Emperor Gaozong sent the general Liu Rengui , who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with
6060-545: The genome of the Japanese contains three ancestral groups: Jomon , Yayoi , and Kofun. He also said he would like to continue to study the mysterious origin of the Japanese people by examining the genomes of other ancient burial sites. Kenichi Shinoda, director of the National Museum of Nature and Science , added that the genetic information of the Yayoi people varies by region and time period with examples similar to that of modern Japanese people. In order to clarify
6161-689: The gold crown ornaments, gold belts , and gold earrings. Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of the Ungjin period. Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined pagodas reflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendid gilt-bronze incense burner ( 백제금동대형노 Baekje Geumdong Daehyeongno ) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo County , exemplifies Baekje art. Little
SECTION 60
#17328023491606262-461: The governing institution Japan established in Korea at that time. After the controversy, Japanese and South Korean historians agreed that there were Japanese in the south of Korea and that the term "Mimana Nihon-fu" was not used at the time and should not be used as it was misleading. However, they could not agree on the position of the Japanese people in Korea at that time. The Japanese side claimed that
6363-435: The heartland of the country. In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. Baekje's capital was located at Ungjin (present-day Gongju ) from 475 to 538. Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer to Silla than Wiryeseong had been, however, and
6464-408: The institutions established in Korea by the Japanese people were not under the control of Koreans, but were operated independently by the Japanese people and conducted diplomatic negotiations with the Gaya confederacy. On the other hand, the South Korean side claimed that the agency was the diplomatic office of Gaya, which employed the Japanese as bureaucrats of Gaya. The collaboration ended in 2010 with
6565-452: The international community still has many unanswered questions. National Geographic has written that Japan " the agency has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea – or that some tombs hold no royal remains at all. " In any case, these Koreans, diplomats and royal relatives or not, brought to Japan knowledge of
6666-422: The kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language . Historians and linguists, such as Juha Janhunen , also argue that Baekje had been predominantly Japonic-speaking (specifically Peninsular Japonic ), before it became linguistically 'koreanized'. A similar view was proposed by Alexander Vovin , who also noted that Japonic languages were spoken in
6767-422: The many immigrants that had significant influence in Kofun period Japan included Wani , Yuzuki no Kimi and Achi no Omi , the founders of Kawachinofumi clan / Kawachinoaya clan , Hata clan and Yamatonoaya clan , respectively. Despite being ethnically similar, many immigrants from Baekje and Silla had arrived in Japan during Emperor Ōjin 's reign carrying separate identities and foreign deities such as
6868-441: The matter is that in the Nihongi a Korean named Amenohiboko is described in Nihon Shoki as a maternal predecessor of Tajima-no-morosuku ( 但馬諸助 ) , This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly. Scholars believe that the Nihon Shoki gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes without sophisticated iron weapons, while
6969-454: The middle of the 3rd century in the Yayoi period to the 7th century in the Asuka period, and many of them had huge tombs, but in the southern Korean Peninsula there were only 13 from the 5th century to the 6th century, and the tombs were small. Wall decorations and Japanese-style armor, which are characteristic of older Japanese burial mounds, were excavated from 5th century burial mounds in the southern Korean Peninsula. This shows that Japan and
7070-475: The military for three years. As Baekje entered the Sabi period, the military was divided into the royal private guard, the capital central military and the local military. The royal private guard handled matters such as protecting the palace. The weapons available to the soldiers were diverse. The first ever bone remains of Baekje people were found in the eungpyeongri tombs in buyeo, which made possible reconstructions of appearances of Baekje people possible, and
7171-456: The navigable Geum River , made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during his reign and continuing on into the 7th century. In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline. In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, which was then allied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by General Gyebaek
7272-592: The new monarch. Kanamura resigned due to the failure of his diplomatic policies, and the court was controlled by the Mononobe and Soga clans at the beginning of the Asuka period . Toraijin refers to people who immigrated to Japan from abroad via the Ryukyu Islands or the Korean Peninsula. They introduced numerous, significant aspects of Chinese culture to Japan such as Chinese writing system and Buddhism from India. Valuing their knowledge and culture,
7373-616: The nobility committed suicide by jumping off a cliff near Sabi rather than be captured by the Silla-Tang Alliance. To memoralize this tragic event in history, a pavilion stands at the so-called "Rock of the Falling Flowers" commemorating Baekje's defeat and the suicide of the kingdom's court ladies and concubines who jumped off the cliff. Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement but faced Silla–Tang joint forces. A Buddhist monk Dochim ( 도침 ; 道琛 ) and
7474-411: The nobility, and *k(j)ə-n kici ( 鞬吉支 ), as he would be called by the commoners. The queen consort was called *oluk ( 於陸 ) and pasɨkasɨ (벗〯갓) meaning "woman companion". The Hae clan and the Jin clan were the representative royal houses who had considerable power from the early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The Hae clan was probably the royal house before
7575-531: The other Mahan tribes. The Baekje Kingdom, which initially belonged to the Mahan confederacy , first integrated the Han River (Korea) basin area, then overthrew Mokji state ( 목지국 ; 目支國 ), the dominant country, and then integrated Mahan as a territorial state. During the reign of King Goi (234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. In 249, according to
7676-519: The other being " Toraijin ", a group of people who entered Japan following the Jomon people. Jun Ohashi, the lead researcher and professor at Tokyo University , explained that 50 people's genetic samples were collected from each prefecture from a total of 47. The study explained that the Toraijin, who entered the Japanese archipelago from the southern Korean peninsula after the Yayoi people (who used
7777-410: The period, the literary skills of foreigners seem to have been increasingly appreciated by the Japanese elite. The Inariyama Sword , tentatively dated to 471 or 531, contains a Chinese-character inscription in a style used in China at the time. The cavalry wore armour, carried swords and other weapons, and used advanced military methods similar to those of Northeast Asia . Evidence of the advances
7878-472: The population expanded in areas such as Shikoku and Kinki." Archaeological sites in Aichi Prefecture have revealed that Jomon people and Toraijin coexisted for a long time throughout the Yayoi period. The differences between prefectures that remain in the modern Japanese archipelago as seen in this analysis may reflect events that no one knows yet that occurred in the process of mixed races during
7979-430: The publication of a final report describing the above. The full text of the minutes concerning the joint research is disclosed by the Japanese side. This period is part of the Yamato period of Japanese History . < Yayoi | History of Japan | Asuka period > Baekje Baekje or Paekche ( Korean : 백제 ; Hanja : 百濟 ; Korean pronunciation: [pɛk̚.tɕ͈e] )
8080-497: The publication, an interview with the research team was conducted by The Asahi Shimbun , in which the team explained that the remains of only three Kofun people excavated in Kanazawa City were used to study the genes of Kofun people and that it is necessary to study the genes of the remains of many other people in order to confirm the new hypothesis. Takashi Gakuhari said that this is the first study to provide evidence that
8181-570: The reign of Geunchogo (肖古王) was it renamed as Baekje. It is also attested as 居陀羅 Kudara, meaning "great place", which could have been a possible endonym that was later on borrowed into Old Japanese . Baekje was mainly composed of the native Han (Hanja: 韓人) and the Koreanic Yemaek (Hanja: 濊貊族) from Goguryeo and Buyeo. Those from the Lelang Commandery ( Korean : Nakrang, Hanja : 樂浪) came in through trade and conquest, and
8282-415: The remaining Mahan societies in the south. During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the western Korean Peninsula (except the two Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at Pyongyang . Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and technology. Buddhism became the official state religion in 384. Baekje also became
8383-411: The results, he said it is necessary to increase the number of human bones to be analyzed. Under an agreement reached at the 2001 Japan-South Korea summit, Japanese and South Korean historians conducted joint historical research in two phases, including the relationship between Japan and the Korean Peninsula during the Kofun period. The point at issue was the "Mimana Nihon-fu" (任那日本府) which was said to be
8484-566: The rulers invoked the Mandate of Heaven . The title Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi was used until the 7th century, when it was replaced by Tennō . Many of the clans and local chieftains who made up the Yamato polity claimed descent from the imperial family or kami . Archaeological evidence for the clans is found on the Inariyama Sword, on which the bearer recorded the names of his ancestors to claim descent from Ōbiko (大彦, recorded in
8585-558: The ruling class from the 3rd to the 7th centuries in Japan, and the Kofun period takes its name from the distinctive earthen mounds. The mounds contained large stone burial chambers, and some are surrounded by moats . Kofun have four basic shapes: round and square are the most common, followed by 'scallop-shell' and 'keyhole.' The keyhole tomb is a distinct style found only in Japan, with a square front and round back. Kofun range in size from several meters to over 400 meters long, and unglazed pottery figures ( Haniwa ) were often buried under
8686-452: The same route), were concentrated in a specific region of Japan contrary to popular belief. The researchers were intrigued that the genomes found in Kinki , Hokuriku , and Shikoku regions were mostly made up of Toraijin while the rest were mostly composed of Jomon strands. Professor Ohashi said "In northern Kyushu, the population of migrants did not increase much even after landing, but rather
8787-417: The southern Korean peninsula , Sundo – a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea and Ado monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea. Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into a unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatific Baekje smile found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses
8888-586: The southern Korean Peninsula influenced each other. According to the Nihon Shoki , Buddhism and the Chinese writing system were introduced near the end of the period from Baekje . The Kofun period recorded Japan's earliest political centralization, when the Yamato clan rose to power in southwestern Japan, established the Imperial House , and helped control trade routes across the region. Kofun (from Middle Chinese kú 古 "ancient" + bjun 墳 "burial mound") are burial mounds built for members of
8989-430: The tomb of Iwai (political archrival of Emperor Keitai ). Kofun burial mounds on the island of Tanegashima and two very old Shinto shrines on the island of Yakushima suggest that these islands were the southern boundary of the Yamato state ; it extended north to Tainai in the present-day Niigata Prefecture , where excavated mounds have been associated with a person closely linked to the Yamato kingdom. Yamato rule
9090-426: The tombs seem to have no sign of being looted. Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a Buyeo language , a hypothetical group linking the languages of Gojoseon , Buyeo , Goguryeo , and Baekje. In a case of diglossia , the indigenous Samhan people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variety of the same language. Kōno Rokurō has argued that
9191-540: The top official being elected every three years. In the Sol rank, the first ( Jwapyeong ) through the sixth ( Naesol ) officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In the Deok rank, the seventh ( Jangdeok ) through the eleventh ( Daedeok ) officials may have headed each field. Mundok , Mudok , Jwagun , Jinmu and Geuku from the twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators. According to
9292-430: The vassals' advice. The people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously, but the salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult. Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country Baekje ("Hundred Vassals"). King Onjo moved
9393-476: The warmth typical of Baekje art. Taoist influences are also widespread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the Liang dynasty in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period. The tomb of King Muryeong (501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of the Baekje tradition, such as
9494-489: Was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BCE to 660 CE. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , together with Goguryeo and Silla . While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people (760,000 households), which was much larger than that of Silla (850,000 people) and similar to that of Goguryeo (3,500,000 people). Baekje
9595-399: Was chosen as a concubine for Emperor Kōnin and was the mother of Emperor Kanmu . In 2001, Emperor Akihito confirmed his ancient royal Korean heritage through Emperor Kanmu. Chinese , Japanese , and Koreans wrote historical accounts primarily in Chinese characters , making original pronunciation difficult to trace. Although writing was largely unknown to the indigenous Japanese of
9696-553: Was classified under the "East Asian" ancestry, which was represented by the northern Han Chinese in Beijing . It is believed that modern Japanese people are composed of Jōmon, Northeast Asian (Yayoi) and the newly discovered East Asian ancestries. The Nikkei published an article that showed the Kofun strand in modern day Japanese was concentrated in specific regions such as Kinki , Hokuriku and Shikoku . Strong cultural and political affinity between Japan , Korea and China
9797-603: Was conquered by the Japanese Empress-consort Jingū in the third century. However, due to lack of evidence, this story is considered to be mythological in nature. It reported that the prince of Silla came to Japan to serve the emperor of Japan , and lived in Tajima Province . Known as Amenohiboko, his descendant is Tajima Mori . According to Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , Geunchogo of Baekje presented stallions, broodmares and trainers to
9898-472: Was defeated in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol near Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla . King Uija and his son Buyeo Yung were sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled to Japan . The fall of Sabi resulted in one of the infamous episodes in Korean history, as countless Baekje court ladies, concubines and women of
9999-404: Was founded by Onjo , the third son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong and Soseono , at Wiryeseong (present-day southern Seoul ). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo , a state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of Gojoseon 's fall. Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in
10100-740: Was heavily damaged by American bombing during World War II . Saiwai Ward was established with the division of Kawasaki into wards on April 1, 1972. The economy of Saiwai Ward continues to be dominated by industry, with Toshiba , Canon , Pioneer Corporation , and Hitachi . A number of companies are headquartered in Sawai Ward, including the Japanese subsidiaries of Dell Computer , Toys "R" Us as well as Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation , Universal Shipbuilding Corporation, and Fuji Sash. Municipal junior high schools: Municipal elementary schools: Former elementary schools: Kofun period The Kofun period ( 古墳時代 , Kofun jidai )
10201-460: Was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan. In 660, it was defeated by the Tang dynasty and Silla , and ultimately submitted to Unified Silla . The most common name used by most historians is Baekje ( 백제 ), meaning "hundred counties", but was originally founded by Onjo as 十濟, which figuratively means "tens of counties". Only during
#159840