Tudor Revival architecture , also known as mock Tudor in the UK, first manifested in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century. Based on revival of aspects that were perceived as Tudor architecture , in reality it usually took the style of English vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into the Tudor period .
107-534: Sanjauli is a major populous locality of the city of Shimla , in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh , India. Sanjauli is located in the north-western ranges of the Himalayas , at an average altitude of 2,398 metres (7,867 ft) above mean sea level . As the main suburb of the city, the area comprises Cemetery Road, HB Colony, Chalaunthi, Bhatta Kuffar, Sanjay Van, Dhingu Dhar, Shanan, Navbhar, and areas on
214-608: A few short months ago, they looked so old and crooked". A very well-known example of the idealised half-timbered style is Liberty & Co. department store in London , which was built in the style of a vast half-timbered Tudor mansion. The store specialised, among other goods, in fabrics and furnishings by the leading designers of the Arts and Crafts movement. The interiors of the Tudor style building have evolved considerably along with
321-635: A general English vernacular style. When the style was revived, the emphasis was typically on the simple, rustic, and the less impressive aspects of Tudor architecture, imitating in this way medieval houses and rural cottages. Although the style follows these more modest characteristics, items such as steeply pitched-roofs , half-timbering often infilled with herringbone brickwork , tall mullioned windows , high chimneys , jettied (overhanging) first floors above pillared porches , dormer windows supported by consoles , and even at times thatched roofs , gave Tudor Revival its more striking effects. Although
428-425: A hill station famous for balls, parties, and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the population increased, several bungalows were built and a big bazaar was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from Sood and Parsi communities, arrived in
535-413: A much wider range of styles than the modernism associated with the mid-20th century, few architects are known for buildings which could be called "Tudorbethan". In modern structures, usually on estates of private houses, a half-timbered appearance is obtained by applied decorative features over the "real" structure, typically wood stud framing or concrete block masonry. A combination of boards and stucco
642-640: A panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion. In 1863, the Viceroy of India , John Lawrence , decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla. He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, even though it was difficult to reach. Robert Bulwer-Lytton ( Viceroy of India 1876–1880) made efforts to plan
749-563: A portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881. In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting between the Governor-General Lord William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh . In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote: Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah ( Ludhiana ), is easy to access, and proves
856-527: A similar vein, Henry Hutchinson & Thomas Rickman contributed the New Court and Bridge of Sighs at St. John’s College, Cambridge (1826–31). St. Luke's, Chelsea by James Savage (1824) is one of the finest early revivalist church buildings in England and shows the influence of Perpendicular Gothic design. In the early part of the 20th century, one of the exponents who developed the style further
963-582: A very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun ( Hindustan ). Combermere's successor Earl Dalhousie visited Shimla in the same year. After this, the town was under Nawab (King) Kumar Ghosal of Bally, West Bengal, and saw regular visits from the Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. Several young British officers started visiting the area to socialise with the higher-ups; they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their relatives. Shimla thus became
1070-467: Is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population is younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001 – is cause for concern, and much lower than the 974 versus 1,000 for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole. The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development. Hindi
1177-625: Is also situated atop a slope of a hill, which extends right from the temple at the top to the Dhalli bypass road at the bottom. Sanjauli is home to the Government College Sanjauli , earlier Government College Shimla. This was the first degree college set up in Shimla in 1969 and the first to be conferred with the status of Centre Of Excellence in 2006. The college is affiliated with Himachal Pradesh University and stands close to
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#17327878185681284-413: Is also used synonymously with Tudor Revival and mock Tudor . From the 1880s onward, Tudor Revival concentrated more on the simple but quaintly picturesque Elizabethan cottage, rather than the brick and battlemented splendours of Hampton Court or Compton Wynyates . Large and small houses alike with half-timbering in their upper storeys and gables were completed with tall ornamental chimneys, in what
1391-491: Is applied to obtain the desired appearance, here seen in the image to the right. To minimise maintenance, the "boards" are now commonly made of uPVC faux wood, plastic or fibre reinforced cement siding with a dark brown or wood effect finish. In the United States, the style is often further modified by painting the timbers colors such as blue or green. The Tudor Revival style was most popular for new American homes in
1498-405: Is around a 15-minute walk away and the other hospitals are also nearby. For residents of Sanjauli, health care is easily accessible and available due to the proximity with the city center of Shimla. Shimla Shimla ( English: / ˈ ʃ ɪ m l ə / ; Hindi: [ˈʃɪmla] ; also known as Simla , the official name until 1972 ) is the capital and the largest city of
1605-826: Is currently the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government. This was also the site of a series of talks held by Viceroy Wavell to discuss a plan for the independence of India with the Indian political leaders of the time. Known as the Simla Conference, the talks failed to bring about a resolution. Shimla was the capital city in exile of British Burma (present-day Myanmar ) from 1942 to 1945. The Kalka–Shimla railway line , opened in 1903, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels,
1712-403: Is on the south-western ranges of the Himalayas at 31°37′N 77°06′E / 31.61°N 77.10°E / 31.61; 77.10 . It has an average altitude of 2,206 metres (7,238 ft) above mean sea level and extends along a ridge with seven spurs . The city stretches nearly 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) from east to west. The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per
1819-409: Is only superficial. Artificially aged and blackened beams are constructed from light wood, bear no loads, and are attached to ceilings and walls purely for decoration, while artificial flames leap from wrought iron fire-dogs in an inglenook often a third of the size of the room in which they are situated. Occasionally, owners sought to replicate more closely the conditions of Tudor living; an example were
1926-405: Is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of Kalka , 116 km (72 miles) northeast of Chandigarh , 247 km (154 miles) south of Manali and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of Delhi , the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, and Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla. To the east of Shimla stand
2033-498: Is situated at a distance of 8 kilometers from the main Shimla town, but it also accessible by another path which comes through the Lakkar Bazaar bus stand. Additionally, it is reachable on foot from Mall Road through Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, which takes 35–40 minutes on a leisurely walk. It is one of the highly populated areas of Shimla, since it extends over a large distance. Much like other hill towns, it
2140-414: Is the lingua franca of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, Pahari languages are spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who form a major part of the population in the city. Punjabi language is prevalent among
2247-401: Is this mingling of styles that has led to the term Jacobethan which resulted in houses such as Harlaxton Manor which bore little if any resemblance to a building from either period. Hall notes the influence of Burghley House and Wollaton Hall , "fused with ideas drawn from Continental architecture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries". More often it is in the Tudor style houses of
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#17327878185682354-526: Is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring, and around 190 millimetres (7.5 in) in June as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,487 millimetres (59 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in December, has lately (over
2461-428: The 2023 North India floods . Highest recorded temperature: 32.4 °C (90.3 °F) on 28 May 2010 (A temperature of 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) was recorded on 22 May 2012 at Shimla airport . ) Lowest recorded temperature: −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 13 December 1963. Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors. Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of
2568-470: The Black and White House . The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects as Norman Shaw and George Devey , in what at the time was considered Neo-Tudor design. Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects of Jacobethan in favour of more domestic styles of " Merrie England ", which were cosier and quaint. It
2675-558: The Church of England and at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ) building additions and annexes were often designed to blend or harmonize rather than contrast with the archaic style of the older work. Christopher Wren 's steeple of St Dunstan-in-the-East (London,1668–71) and Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford (1681–82), and Nicholas Hawksmoor 's Codrington Library and Front Quad at All Souls College, Oxford (1751) are
2782-606: The Earthquake hazard zoning of India . Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region. There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the Sutlej , is about 21 km (13 mi) away. Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of Yamuna ). The green belt in
2889-655: The Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India. The original Peterhoff , another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the Mall Road , which ran along the length of the Ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the viceroy and his wife. Shimla
2996-720: The Governor-General of Bengal , visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, Stapleton Cotton , the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the same residence. During his stay, a three-mile road and a bridge were constructed near Jakhoo . In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding land from the chiefs of Keonthal and Patiala in exchange for the Rawin pargana and
3103-677: The Hill States , set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the Scottish civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first pucca house in the area named Kennedy Cottage in 1822, near Annadale , what is now the home for CPWD office. The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. In 1827, William Amherst ,
3210-602: The Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital. Navbhar is the location of the St.Bede's College and Convent of Jesus and Mary School There are also other Government schools, primary schools and play schools for little kids. Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals. In the town of Sanjauli, the only health care options are a Primary Health care center and private practitioners. The Indira Gandhi Medical College
3317-492: The Prime Minister of India . The agreement paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours on the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972. Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge , Assembly Chamber, Auckland House , Christ Church , Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and
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3424-769: The Ridge ground , it goes to the Arabian Sea via the Sutej River , and if water is poured on the southern slope, it meets the Bay of Bengal through the Yamuna River. Shimla was built on top of seven hills: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhu Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhu hill, which is at a height of 2,454 metres (8,051 ft). In recent times
3531-739: The Sugauli Treaty after the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16). The Gurkha leaders were quelled by storming the fort of Malaun under the command of David Ochterlony in May 1815. In a diary entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area, describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the Assistant Political Agent in
3638-602: The ethnic Punjabi migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from West Punjab , who settled in the city after the Partition of India in 1947. Tudorbethan The style later became an influence elsewhere, especially the British colonies. For example, in New Zealand , the architect Francis Petre adapted the style for the local climate. In Singapore , then a British colony, architects such as Regent Alfred John Bidwell pioneered what became known as
3745-400: The inglenook fireplaces and heavy oak panelling. the large airy rooms are in fact more redolent of the 18th century than the 16th. Cragside is slightly more true to its theme, although the rooms are very large, some contain Tudor style panelling , and the dining room contains are monumental inglenook, but this is more in the style of Italian Renaissance meets Camelot than Tudor. While in
3852-815: The vernacular tradition of the North-East of England, but the architectural historian Mark Girouard explained Shaw's picturesque motivation; desiring it for "romantic effect, he reached out for it like an artist reaching out for a tube of colour". At approximately the same time, Shaw also designed Leyswood near Withyham in East Sussex , which was a large mansion around a courtyard, complete with mock battlements, towers, half-timbered upper facades and tall chimneys – all features quite readily associated with Tudor architecture; in Shaw's hands, this less fantastical style achieved immediate maturity. Confusingly, it
3959-737: The 1970s and 1980s. Today, it is rarely considered for residential construction in that country as Italian , Mediterranean , and French villa style homes have superseded them in popularity. The Tudor Revival style was a reaction to the ornate Victorian Gothic Revival of the second half of the 19th century. Rejecting mass production that was introduced by industry at that time, the Arts and Crafts movement , closely related to Tudorbethan, drew on simple design inherent in aspects of its more ancient styles, Tudor , Elizabethan and Jacobean . The Tudor style made one of its first appearances in Britain in
4066-690: The Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length, was also built in 1905. The Simla Convention , an ambiguous treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China , Tibet and Great Britain was signed in Simla in 1913 and 1914. At the convention a demarcation line between Tibet and the North-east region of India was proposed by Sir Henry McMahon . The line came to be known as McMahon Line and
4173-526: The British, a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya , which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with several colleges and research institutions. One theory suggests that
4280-569: The Broadway Centre in the London borough of Ealing , "dressed out with brick and tile, arches, gables and small window panes, all to put a smile on a friendly face - the mask of tradition". Many British builders include variations on Tudorbethan in the range of styles they draw on, and the style tends to be associated with pastiche . Architects are rarely requested to work in the style, and though current postmodern architecture includes
4387-463: The Choor . The accompanying notes record that "During a considerable part of the year, the Choor is hoary with snow; and when moonlight falls upon the scene, an effect is produced as if floods of molten silver were poured over the surface. Moonlight in these regions assumes a novel charm." Shimla city is geographically uniquely positioned in such a way, that if water is poured on the northern slope at
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4494-760: The Choor Mountains (Chuor, 3647m ). A passage over these mountains, from the Tons River to Shimla is described in Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains , by George Francis White with accompanying drawings, Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor , and two that were subsequently the subject of poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon , namely Crossing the Choor Mountains , and Village of Koghera and Deodar Forest, near
4601-758: The Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged into the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. The legislative assembly
4708-660: The Gothic style remained popular in Britain well into the Renaissance and Baroque periods, by the end of the 16th century, it had subsided completely in the wake of classicism . While domestic and palace architecture changed rapidly according to contemporary taste, few notable churches were constructed after the Reformation ; instead, old gothic buildings were retained and adapted to Protestant use. In contexts where conservatism and traditionalism had great value (e.g., within
4815-512: The Moynes at Baliffscourt in West Sussex , a house which Clive Aslet describes as "the most extreme - and most successful - of all Tudor taste country houses". Lord Moyne's wife, Evelyn, a society hostess, employed the amateur architect Amyas Philips to create a house inspired by the medieval Baliffscourt Chapel which stood on the site. The cloister -like design required visitors to leave
4922-601: The National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla. Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the economy of the district as well as the state. The government is trying to promote the technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla. The administrative responsibilities of
5029-526: The Rothney Castle . Many believe that during the British period , the image of the goddess was shifted to a new place, the now-famous Kali Bari Temple . In 2018, the state government decided to change the city's name from Shimla to Shyamala. However, seeing the negative response of the general public, the state government dismissed the plan. Most of the area occupied by present-day Shimla city
5136-487: The Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres). The main forests in and around the city are of Pine , Deodar , Oak and Rhododendron . Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot. Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains. The city
5243-471: The Tudor Revival style such as "hung tiles and patterned brickwork". At St Alban's he also made use of rag-stone footings to create the impression of a Tudor mansion built "on the stone of medieval foundations". Some more enlightened landlords at this time became more aware of the needs for proper sanitation and housing for their employees, and some estate villages were rebuilt to resemble what
5350-448: The Tudor or Perpendicular Gothic period also influenced new institutional buildings beginning in the 1820s. The architect of Dalmeny, William Wilkins , followed the precedent of Wren and Hawksmoor in designing new quads for various Cambridge colleges in a historic mode including New Court , Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (1822–27); Front Court , King’s College, Cambridge (1824–28); and New Court , Trinity College, Cambridge (1825). In
5457-613: The area to cater to the needs of the growing European population. On 9 September 1844, the foundation of the Christ Church was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the construction of the Hindustan-Tibet road with a 560-feet tunnel was taken up in 1851–52. This tunnel, now known as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by Major Briggs in 1850 and completed in the winter of 1851–52. The 1857 uprising caused
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#17327878185685564-643: The area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of the Himalayas . As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Deputation of 1906 , the Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945 . After independence, the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 princely states . Even after independence,
5671-553: The centuries, which the architectural historian James Stevens Curl considered "one of the most significant of English contributions to architecture". An example is the "Tudor Village" constructed by Frank Loughborough Pearson for his client William Waldorf Astor at Hever Castle in Kent. Pearson went to considerable lengths to source genuine Elizabethan building materials for the cottages, including stone, tiles and bricks, leading Astor to comment; "I could not believe they had been built
5778-518: The church, which was likely to be Gothic, and because the larger windows patrons wanted were easier to work into the style than into a "pointed" Gothic. At this stage it was essentially a style for the country rather than houses in towns. Tudor style was "almost infinitely adaptable, particularly to low, spreading houses", After about 1850 "Old English" came to mean a rather different style based on vernacular architecture, although some Tudor features such as tall brick chimneys often remained. Examples of
5885-686: The city has spread past the initial seven hills. Shimla features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification . The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summer. The average temperature during summer is between 16 and 25 °C (61 and 77 °F), and between 3 and 11 °C (37 and 52 °F) in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 13.6 millimetres (0.54 in) in November and 350 millimetres (14 in) in August. It
5992-619: The city of Shimla and merged areas of Dhalli, Totu , and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07. Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 41 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the government of Himachal Pradesh . The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics, and other activities. 33% of
6099-411: The city remained an important political centre, hosting the Simla Agreement of 1972 . After the reorganisation of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing Mahasu district was named Shimla. Shimla is home to several buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches,
6206-451: The classical Euston Arch . The historian Michael Hall considers the hall and library among "the finest Tudor Revival buildings (of) the nineteenth century. Tudorbethan represents a subset of Tudor Revival architecture; the word is modelled on John Betjeman 's 1933 coinage of the " Jacobethan " style, which he used to describe the grand mixed revival style of circa 1835–1885 that had been called things like "Free English Renaissance". This
6313-446: The cottages at Mentmore the interiors are no different from those of any lower middle-class Victorian small household. An example of a Tudor Revival house where the exterior and interior were treated with equal care is Old Place, Lindfield, West Sussex . The property, comprising an original house of c.1590, was developed by the stained glass designer Charles Eamer Kempe from the 1870s. The architect George Frederick Bodley described
6420-399: The enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union. The Simla Agreement treaty was signed in Shimla by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto , the President of Pakistan , and Indira Gandhi ,
6527-427: The exterior in rooflines and setbacks to provide a visual variety to the street view. Owing to the smaller lots employed in modern developments (especially in the Western US ), Tudor Revival may be placed directly next to an unrelated style such as French or Italian Provincial, resulting in an eclectic mix. The style has also been deployed for commercial developments; the architectural historian Anthony Quiney describes
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#17327878185686634-503: The four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police. There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court. According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females. Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020. The effective literacy rate of city
6741-472: The group of nine cottages at Blaise Hamlet , built around 1810–1811 by a Bristol banker for his retired employees, John Nash demonstrated a remarkably forward-looking selective appropriation of Tudor vernacular architecture such as fancy twisted brick chimney-stacks to make picturesque and comfortable middle-class homes. Several have thatched roofs, some at two levels in a completely unnecessary but very picturesque way. Nash published an illustrated book on
6848-503: The group; this was a formula with a future. In contrast with Nash's Blaise Hamlet , Dalmeny House near Edinburgh, built in 1817 for Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery , is a large stately home in a revival of the early Tudor palace style, drawing in particular from East Barsham Manor in Norfolk , built c. 1520 . At this time the style was known as "Old English", and considered especially appropriate for vicarages and rectories, partly because they were usually next to
6955-480: The heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain . The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip, and intrigue". The 500-foot (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium Tunnel (now known as
7062-431: The house and access their bedrooms via external staircases. Chips Channon , the diarist and politician described the bedrooms themselves as "decorated to resemble the cell of a rather ' pansy ' monk". The novelist E. F. Benson satirised the style in his book Queen Lucia ; "the famous smoking-parlour, with rushes on the floor, a dresser ranged with pewter tankards, and leaded lattice-windows of glass so antique that it
7169-498: The house been planned that it seems to have grown out of the landscape rather than to have been fitted into it". An example of Tudorbethan architecture was that seen at Greaves Hall , which was built in 1900 as a mansion house for the Scarisbrick family. Many of the features of the original building could still be seen until it was demolished in 2009. Later came Mackay Hugh Baillie Scott (1865–1945) and Blair Imrie who made their names as Tudor style architects. Lutyens though took
7276-464: The last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year. The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow. On the weekend of 12–13 August 2023, torrential rains attributed to climate change caused major landslides in Shimla, killing at least 57 people. These were part of
7383-508: The late 1860s at Cragside , a hilltop mansion of eclectic architectural styles that incorporated certain Tudor features; Cragside was designed by the architect Norman Shaw . Shaw sketched out the whole design for the "future fairy palace" in a single afternoon, while his client Lord Armstrong and his guests were out on a shooting party. Pevsner noted its derivation from "the Tudor style, both in its stone and its black-and-white versions". The half-timbering has been criticised as unfaithful to
7490-441: The list of Indian cities with the highest-ranked hotels. Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present, namely Himachal Pradesh University and Indian Institute of Advanced Study . Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination ) and promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at
7597-436: The most notable examples of "Gothic survival" in the Baroque period. As the last and most recent phase of the Gothic period, the Tudor style had the most secular survivals in 17th and 18th-century England; many older buildings were rebuilt, added to, or redecorated with ornament in the Tudor period. As such, the Tudor style had perhaps an over-sized influence on the image formed by the Georgians of their medieval past. Before
7704-455: The name "Shimla" was derived from Shyamalaya , meaning 'blue house', a solitary house made of blue slate on Jakhu Hill, built by a fakir . According to another version, the city gets its name from Shamli or Shyamala , meaning 'blue lady', referring to the goddess Kali . It is believed that a temple dedicated to goddess Shamli, an incarnation of Kali, used to be on the Jakhu hillside near
7811-400: The northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of British India . After independence , the city became the capital of East Punjab and was later made the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. It is the principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of the state. Small hamlets were recorded before 1815 when British forces took control of
7918-590: The original medieval hall house , Crowhurst Place in Surrey , firstly for himself and latterly for Consuelo Vanderbilt . The result, "remarkable in its own right", saw Crawley add extensions, chimneys, gables, linenfold panelling and large amounts of half-timbering. Martin Conway , writing in Country Life , considered Crawley's reconstruction gave the remains of the original manor, "a beauty far greater than
8025-532: The other side of the Sanjauli-Dhali tunnel built at the time when Shimla was the summer capital of British India . An area of unique architecture, there is a wide and long market area from Sanjauli Chowk to the tunnel. Sanjauli is situated below the Jakhu Hill and since 2008 there has been a bypass to Dhalli, which diverts from the main road near Government College and passes through Chalaunthi. Sanjauli
8132-658: The outside to mimic the earlier functional and structural weight-bearing heavy timbers. An example of this is the "simple cottage" style of Ascott House in Buckinghamshire. This was designed by Devey for the Rothschild family , who were among the earliest patrons and promoters of this style. Simon Jenkins suggests that Ascott, "a half-timbered, heavily gabled, overgrown cottage, proves the appeal of Tudor to every era and condition of England". Devey's work at St Alban's Court and elsewhere incorporated other features of
8239-423: The outskirts of all our towns". It was also copied in many areas of the world, including the United States and Canada. New York City suburbs such as Westchester County , New York and Englewood and Teaneck , New Jersey feature particularly dense concentrations of Tudor Revival construction from this period. Brewery companies designed "improved" pubs , some in a mock Tudor style called Brewer's Tudor. The style
8346-707: The regional Government of the Punjab moved from Murree , in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed the Shimla Society, which, according to Charles Allen , "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from
8453-592: The remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers. In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals: Indira Gandhi Hospital (Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims to make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot. Major departmental headquarters of
8560-607: The replacement of the private castle by the country house as "the seat of power and the centre of hospitality" to be "one of the great achievements of the Tudor age". Subsequent changes in court fashion saw the emergence of Elizabethan architecture among the elite, who built what are now called prodigy houses in a distinctive version of Renaissance architecture . Elizabeth I herself built almost nothing, her father having left over 50 palaces and houses. Outside court circles styles were much more slow-moving, and essentially "Tudor" buildings continued to be built, eventually merging into
8667-532: The rooms as "a series of pictures" and an article in Country Life asking whether "anything could be more English in character than Old Place", was written when much of the house was barely 10 years old. In some of the larger Tudor style houses the Tudor great hall would be suggested by the reception hall, often furnished as a sitting or dining room. Large wooden staircases of several flights were often prominently positioned, based on Jacobean prototypes. It
8774-607: The seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councillors themselves. The administrative head of the corporation is the Commissioner who is appointed by the state government. The two major political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress with a third party, Communist Party of India (Marxist) , emerging. The city contributes one seat to
8881-430: The state are also located in Shimla such as Himachal Pradesh Government Printing and Stationery Press , Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board , and Himachal Pradesh Police Headquarters . The hotel industry is one of the major sources of income generation for the city. Shimla has up to 6500 hotels, including 5-star hotels, most popular is Oberoi Cecil , Peterhoff , Wildflower Hall and Hotel Holiday Home. Shimla leads
8988-507: The state assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) and one seat to the lower house of parliament ( Lok Sabha ). Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police Force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla. The Superintendent of Police , Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of
9095-540: The steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as a library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration. During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India , the head of the Indian Army , and many departments of the government . The summer capital of
9202-440: The style away from what is generally understood as Tudor Revival creating a further highly personalised style of his own. His buildings coupled with their often accompanying gardens by Gertrude Jekyll , while in a style thought of as "olde world" would not be recognisable to inhabitants of the 16th century. Another noted practitioner was George A. Crawley . A decorator and designer, rather than an architect, Crawley greatly expanded
9309-516: The style remained closer to its Tudor roots, in the USA it evolved into a form of architecture not instantly recognisable as that constructed in either the Tudor or Queen Anne period. The style was also utilised for public buildings; an early example was the Great Hall and Library at Lincoln's Inn in central London, built in the late 1840s. The architect was Philip Hardwick , better known for
9416-458: The style, all reflecting the taste for nostalgia for rural values. In the first half of the 20th century, increasingly minimal "Tudor" references for "instant" atmosphere in speculative construction cheapened the style. The writer Olive Cook had this debased approach firmly in her sights when she attacked, "the rash of semi-detached villas, bedizened with Tudor gables, mock half-timber work, rough cast and bay windows of every shape which disfigures
9523-424: The style, often becoming truer to the replicated era than were the first examples of the revival style, where the style "rarely went far indoors". At Ascott House, Devey's great masterpiece constructed throughout the last twenty years of the 19th century, the interior was remodelled thirty years later. The Tudor Revival style was considered passé and was replaced by the fashionable Curzon Street Baroque sweeping away
9630-514: The temples, and the natural environment of the city attract tourists. Major city centre's attractions include the Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue) , Jakhu Temple , Viceregal Lodge , Christ Church , Mall Road , The Ridge and Annadale . The city centre's northernmost point is Jakhoo and the southernmost location is Annadale, the easternmost point is Sanjauli and the western point is Chotta Shimla. The Kalka–Shimla Railway line built by
9737-478: The town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge , later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the Ridge ), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending
9844-634: The various phases of medieval architecture had been well identified and studied, and designers such as A.W.N. Pugin and George Gilbert Scott had advocated for the use of the Decorated gothic rather than the perpendicular, Tudor elements figured heavily in the early examples of the Gothic Revival . Horace Walpole 's Strawberry Hill House at Twickenham (1749–76; designed in collaboration with Richard Bentley , John Chute, and James Essex ) features elements derived from late gothic precedents. In
9951-447: The very early 20th century that a greater devotion to the Tudor period is found, with appropriate interior layout, albeit coupled with modern-day comforts. This can be seen in older upscale neighbourhoods where the lots are sufficiently large to allow the house to have an individual presence, despite variations in the style of neighboring houses. Whether of older or recent origin, the appearance of solid beams and half-timbered exterior walls
10058-516: Was Edwin Lutyens (1864–1944). At The Deanery in Berkshire, 1899, ( right ), where the client was the editor of the influential magazine Country Life , details like the openwork brick balustrade, the many-paned oriel window and facetted staircase tower, the shadowed windows under the eaves, or the prominent clustered chimneys were conventional Tudor Revival borrowings, some of which Lutyens
10165-437: Was 93.63% and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14%. The city area has increased considerably along with time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census, the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km . A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism. The largest demographic, 55%,
10272-400: Was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement . Today, the term ' Tudor architecture ' usually refers to buildings constructed during the reigns of the first four Tudor monarchs , between about 1485 and 1560, perhaps best exemplified by the oldest parts of Hampton Court Palace . The historian Malcolm Airs , in his study The Tudor and Jacobean Country House: A Building History , considers
10379-513: Was captured in John Betjeman 's 1937 poem Slough , where "bald young clerks" gather: And talk of sport and makes of cars In various bogus-Tudor bars And daren't look up and see the stars. The late 20th century has seen a change in the faithfulness of emulation of the style, since in a modern development it is common to have only a few basic floor plans for buildings, these combined with variations in interior surface treatment and in
10486-463: Was dense forest during the 18th century. The only sign of civilisation was the Jakhu Temple and a few scattered houses. The area was called 'Shimla', perhaps named after a Hindu goddess , Shyamala Devi , an incarnation of Kali . The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal in 1806. The British East India Company took control of the territory as per
10593-482: Was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956. Following areas of Punjab State namely Shimla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some areas of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Tehsil of Pathankot district ; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on
10700-541: Was ever theirs in the days of its newness". Ian Nairn , Nikolaus Pevsner and Bridget Cherry , in the 1971 revised Surrey Pevsner Buildings of England , note the sense of escapism which inspired much of the Tudor Revival, calling Crowhurst, "an extreme example of the English flight from reality around the 1914–18 war ". Following the First World War many London outer suburbs had developments of houses in
10807-410: Was generally modelled on the grand prodigy houses built by the courtiers of Elizabeth I and James VI. "Tudorbethan" took it a step further, eliminated the hexagonal or many-faceted towers and mock battlements of Jacobethan, and applied the more domestic styles of " Merrie England ", which were cosier and quaint. It was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement . Outside North America, Tudorbethan
10914-578: Was named its capital. After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya , known in full as the Shimla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by the issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of
11021-440: Was originally a simple cottage style. It was here that the influences of the arts and crafts movement became apparent. Tudor Revival houses are dissimilar to the timber-framed structures of the originals, in which the frame supported the whole weight of the house. Their modern counterparts consist of bricks or blocks of various materials, stucco, or even simple studwall framing, with a lookalike "frame" of thin boards added on
11128-415: Was then promptly named "Queen Anne style", when in reality it combined a revival of Elizabethan and Jacobean design details including mullioned and oriel windows. The style later began to incorporate the classic pre-Georgian features that are generally understood to represent "Queen Anne" in Britain . The term "Queen Anne" for this style of architecture is now only commonly used in the USA . While in Britain
11235-487: Was thought to be an idyllic Elizabethan village, often grouped around a village green and pond; Mentmore in Buckinghamshire is an example of this, Pevsner noting the "Arts-and-Crafts (and) cottage orné " building styles. The Tudor Revival, though, now concentrated on the picturesque. This combined with a desire for "naturalness", an intention to make buildings appear as if they had developed organically over
11342-446: Was to remake in his own style, that already predominates in the dark recessed entryway, the confident massing, and his signature semi-circular terrace steps. This is Tudorbethan at its best, free in ground plan, stripped of cuteness, yet warmly vernacular in effect, familiar though new, eminently liveable. The Deanery was another example of the "naturalistic" approach; an anonymous reviewer for Country Life in 1903 wrote; "So naturally has
11449-567: Was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient". In 2008, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site . Following the partition of India , it briefly served as the capital of East Punjab, until construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana ). Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla
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