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28-563: Banners were a common organization of nomadic groups on the Eurasian Steppe including the early Turks , Mongols , and Manchus and were used as the name for the initial first-level territorial divisions at the formation of the Ottoman Empire. Upon the empire's expansion and the establishment of eyalets as larger provinces, sanjaks were used as the second-level administrative divisions . They continued in this purpose after

56-640: A vilayet, just on a smaller scale. The mutesarrif was appointed by Imperial decree and represented the vali , corresponding with the government through him except in some special circumstances where the sanjak was independent. In such cases, the mutesarrif then corresponded directly with the Ministry of the Interior . Most of the sanjaks throughout the Empire were under the rule of non-hereditary appointees, who had no permanent family of territorial connections with

84-552: Is a type of administrative division . Used in conjunction with the Ottoman –era term sancağı , denoting a region or district. See also [ edit ] Banner (disambiguation) Notes and references [ edit ] ^ Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu way: the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN   978-0-8047-4684-7 . ^ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of

112-532: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Sanjak-bey Sanjak-bey , sanjaq-bey or -beg ( Ottoman Turkish : سنجاق بك ) ( lit.   ' lord of the standard ' ) was the title given in the Ottoman Empire to a bey (a high-ranking officer, but usually not a pasha ) appointed to the military and administrative command of a district ( sanjak , in Arabic liwa’ ), hence

140-524: Is one English transcription of the Ottoman Turkish name sancak ( سنجاق ). The modern transcription varies as modern Turkish uses the letter ⟨c⟩ for the sound [dʒ] . The name originally meant "flag" or "banner", derived from Proto-Turkic reconstructed as * sančgak ("lance", "spear") from the streamers attached by Turkish riders. Shared banners were a common organization for Eurasian nomads, were used similarly by

168-514: The Baghdad , Al-Hasa , Egypt , Tripoli , Tunis and Algiers . He adds to the list Yemen , with the note that ‘at the moment the Imams have usurped control’. These eyalets were, however, exceptional: the typical pattern was the eyalet subdivided into sanjaks. By the 16th century, these presented a rational administrative pattern of territories, based usually around the town or settlement from which

196-534: The Byzantine Empire 's banda , and continue to be used as the name for administrative divisions in Inner Mongolia and Tuva . Alternative English spellings include sanjac , sanjack , sandjak , sanjaq , sinjaq , sangiaq , and zanzack , although these are now all obsolete or archaic. Sanjaks have also been known as sanjakships and sanjakates , although these more appropriately refer to

224-627: The Van Eyalet where the Khans of Bitlis ruled independently until the 19th century. There were other areas, too, which enjoyed autonomy or semi-autonomy. In the second half of the 16th century, Kilis came under the hereditary governorship of the Janbulad family, while Adana remained under the rule of the pre-Ottoman dynasty of Ramazanoghlu . In Lebanon, Ayn Ali refers to the Druze chieftains with

252-514: The battalion level of administrative/military subdivision in the Mongol army. Banner (Inner Mongolia) as an administrative division of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China , equivalent to a Chinese county ( 縣 | 县 [ xiàn ]) in the rest of China. An Autonomous banner is an area associated with one or more ethnic minorities designated as autonomous within

280-419: The beylerbey on a more modest scale. Like the beylerbey , the sanjak-bey drew his income from a prebend, which consisted usually of revenues from the towns, quays and ports within the boundary of his sanjak . Within his own sanjak, a governor was responsible above all for maintaining order and, with the cooperation of the fief holders, arresting and punishing wrongdoers. For this, he usually received half of

308-463: The 1864 round of reforms, their administrative duties were given to kaymakams instead. Under the timar system of the early empire, fiefs held by timariot sipahis were also an important feature of each sanjak. Sanjaks were initially carried over into the Republic of Turkey before being reorganized as provinces ( Turkish : il ) in the 1920s. Sanjak ( / ˈ s æ n dʒ æ k / )

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336-499: The People's Republic of China. Kozhuun , subdivisions of former Tannu Uriankhai and now Russian Tuva . Anatolia [ edit ] A Bandon (Byzantine Empire) was the lowest Byzantine administrative-cum-military unit. "Bandon" means "banner". Sanjak , literally "a banner, flag", was the original first level subdivision of the Ottoman Empire. Arab world [ edit ] Liwa , an Arabic term meaning "banner"

364-2040: The Steppes: A History of Central Asia . New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p.  530 . ISBN   978-0-8135-0627-2 . ^ Kazhdan, Alexander , ed. (1991). "Bandon". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press. p. 250. ISBN   978-0-19-504652-6 . v t e Designations for types of administrative division English terms Common English terms Area Insular area Local government area Special area Unincorporated area Unorganized area Borough County borough Metropolitan borough Canton Half-canton Capital Federal capital Imperial capital City Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city-county County seat County town Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan county Regional county municipality Viscounty Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Local government district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Service district Educational service district Local service district School district Intermediate school district Special district in

392-4431: The US Urban district Division Census division Police division Subdivision of India Indian reserve/reservation Indian reservation (United States) Indian reserve (Canada) Municipality City municipality County municipality Direct-controlled municipality District municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Mountain resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Special administrative region Autonomous region Capital region National capital region Development region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Subregion State Proto-state City-state Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory National capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Incorporated territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Regional unit Territorial unit Autonomous territorial unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Exclusion zone Military exclusion zone Free speech zone Neutral zone Self-administered zone Trade zone Free-trade zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy District Eldership Emirate Enclave and exclave Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Viceroyalty Non-English terms or loanwords Current Amt Apskritis Bakhsh Barangay Bashki Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comarca Comune Frazione Freguesia Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Hromada Județ Kampong Kommun/Kunta Finland Sweden Län (Sweden) Landskap Finland Località Maakunta Megye Muban Mukim Njësi administrative Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Qark Raion Savivaldybė Selsoviet Sitio Seniūnija Shahrestān Sum China Sýsla Tehsil Townlet Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Komunë Köping Korale Län/Lääni Landskap Sweden Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Rreth Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics . See also Autonomous administration Census division Electoral district List of administrative divisions by country Slavic administrative divisions [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with

420-617: The area. A sanjak was typically divided into kazas , each overseeing a major city and its surrounding hinterland. Initially, the civil administration was headed by an Islamic judge ( kadi ) and the area equivalent to his jurisdiction ( kadiluk ). During the Tanzimat reforms, the kadis were eventually restricted to judicial functions and administration ceded to a kaymakam and treasurer. The kazas were further divided into subdistricts ( nahiye ) and villages, each overseen by an appointed official or local council. Following World War I ,

448-400: The cavalrymen holding fiefs ( timars or ziamets ) in the specific district gathered. The sanjakbey was in turn subordinate to a beylerbey ("bey of beys") who governed an eyalet and commanded his subordinate sanjak-beys in war. In this way, the structure of command on the battlefield resembled the hierarchy of provincial government. The office of sanjak-bey resembled that of

476-627: The command of a sanjak-bey . The number of sanjaks in each eyalet varied considerably. In 1609, Ayn Ali noted that Rumelia Eyalet had 24 sanjaks, but that six of these in the Peloponnesos had been detached to form the separate Morea Eyalet . Anatolia had 14 sanjaks and the Damascus Eyalet had 11. There were, in addition, several eyalets where there was no formal division into sanjaks. These, in Ayn Ali's list were Basra and part of

504-434: The equivalent Arabic title of amir liwa ( أمير لواء ’amīr liwā’ ) He was answerable to a superior wāli or another provincial governor. In a few cases the sanjak-bey was himself directly answerable to Istanbul . Like other early Ottoman administrative offices, the sanjak-bey had a military origin: the term sanjak (and liva ) means "flag" or "standard" and denoted the insigne around which, in times of war,

532-474: The eyalets were replaced by vilayets during the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Sanjaks were typically headed by a bey or sanjakbey . The Tanzimat reforms initially placed some sanjaks under kaymakams and others under mutasarrifs ; a sanjak under a mutasarrif was known as a mutasarriflik . The districts of each sanjak were known as kazas . These were initially overseen by Islamic judges ( kadi ) and thus identical to their kadiluks . During

560-939: The former Sanjak of Alexandretta , known in Arabic as Liwāʾ Iskenderun and still claimed by the Syrian state. The unofficial geocultural region of Sandžak in Serbia and Montenegro derives its name from the former Ottoman Sanjak of Novi Pazar . Banner (administrative division) Banner is a type of administrative division , and may more specifically refer to: Compilation from Qing Dynasty era [ edit ] The Eight Banners are former administrative divisions of China into which all Manchu households were placed, primarily for military purposes. Banner (Qosighun or khoshun) as former division of all Mongols under Qing rule (includes Inner/ Outer Mongolia ) grouped in aimag (league), sometimes transcribed by hoshuns or khoshuns, were

588-631: The names of the dynasties that had ruled there before the Ottoman conquest. In 1609, Ayn Ali made a note on their formal status. In listing the sanjaks in the Diyarbekir Eyalet , he notes that it had ten ‘Ottoman districts’ and, in addition, eight ‘districts of the Kurdish lords’. In these cases, when a lord died, the governorship did not go to an outsider, but to his son. In other respects, however, they resembled normal Ottoman sanjaks, in that

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616-413: The note: ‘there are non-Muslim lords in the mountains.’ There were other autonomous enclaves in the Empire, whether or not they received formal recognition as sanjaks but, by the 16th century, these were exceptional. In the 1840s, the boundaries of sanjaks were redrawn to establish equal units of comparable population and wealth. Each of these sanjaks was headed by a muhassil . The sanjak was governed as

644-1030: The office of a sanjakbey . Sanjaks were also known as livâ ( لوا ) from their name's calque in Arabic ( لواء , liwāʾ ) and Persian . In the other languages of the Ottoman Empire , they were known as nahang ( նահանգ , "province") in Armenian ; as okrǔg ( окръг , "province") in Bulgarian ; as santzáki ( σαντζάκι ), libás ( λιβάς ), dioikēsis ( Διοίκησις , "diocese"), eparchia ( επαρχία , "eparchy") in Greek ; and as sancak in Ladino . The first sanjaks appear to have been created by Orhan c.  1340 or earlier. These were Sultan-öyügü (later Sultan-önü), Hudavendigar-eli, Koca-eli and Karasi-eli. The districts which made up an eyalet were known as sanjaks, each under

672-419: The revenues were registered and allocated to fief holders who went to war under their lord. In addition, however, Ayn Ali noted that there were five ‘sovereign sanjaks’, which their lords disposed of ‘as private property’, and which were outside the system of provincial government. Ayn Ali records similar independent or semi-independent districts in the Çıldır Eyalet in north-eastern Turkey and, most famously, in

700-576: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banner_(administrative_division)&oldid=1175478264 " Categories : Set index articles Types of administrative division Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with short description Short description

728-415: The sanjak took its name, and with a population of perhaps 100,000. However, this had not always been the case. It seems more likely that before the mid-15th century, the most important factor in determining the pattern of sanjaks was the existence of former lordships and principalities, and of areas where marcher lords had acquired territories for themselves and their followers. Some sanjaks in fact preserved

756-517: The sanjaks were used as the basis for the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration . OETA South was formed from the sanjaks of Jerusalem , Nablus , and Acre . OETA North—later renamed OETA West—was formed from the sanjaks of Beirut , Lebanon , and Latakia , along with a number of surrounding subdistricts. OETA East was formed from the sanjaks of Syria Vilayet and Hejaz Vilayet . The Sanjak of Alexandretta

784-574: Was ceded by the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon to Turkey in 1939, becoming its Hatay Province . After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, the liwa was used by some of its Arab successor states as an administrative divisions until it was gradually replaced by other terms like mintaqah . It is still used occasionally in Syria to refer specifically to

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