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75-493: The name Sarikol has also been used to describe the local people who are historically known as Sarikolis ; the local Sarikoli language and Tashkurgan Town , which was historically known as Sarikol. The range divides Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and it runs parallel with the Muztagh Range to the east. The range extends 346 kilometres (215 mi) from

150-572: A Russian courier – invited local Uyghur prostitutes to a party in January 1902 in Kashgar . This caused a massive brawl between several Russians and local Uyghurs, the latter acting on the pretense of protecting Muslim women. Qing officials quickly dispersed the crowd and sought to end tensions immediately to prevent the Russians from building up a pretext to invade Xinjiang. After

225-417: A family member's age and sex, with the senior male acting as the head of the family. The responsibilities of the men tend to be providing for the family and looking after the children and elderly. The women's responsibilities are to raise the children, attend to household duties, and care for the elderly. The senior male is in charge of managing the entire household and the family's wealth through consulting with

300-801: A few Ismaili religious buildings to function in Tashkurgan, the clerics of whom are appointed by the secular Chinese authorities. Restrictions by the Chinese government bar foreign Ismaili preachers from openly working among the Chinese Tajiks. The religious leader of the Nizari Ismaili sect, the Aga Khan , was once barred from conducting business with Ismailis in China. From 2 to 4 April 2012, Aga Khan IV paid an official visit to Ürümqi ,

375-403: A few governmental wages available but salaried jobs are few and the demand is very high. Isma%27ilism States People Centers Other Isma'ilism ( Arabic : الإسماعيلية , romanized :  al-Ismāʿīliyya ) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam . The Isma'ili ( / ˌ ɪ z m ɑː ˈ ɪ l iː / ) get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as

450-432: A successful year. Each household bakes a cake for the occasion to share with guests. The guests are welcomed on the doorstep by dusting some putuk on their right shoulder. Meanwhile, Pilik is dedicated to commemorating the dead. Families light candles and pray for the souls of the dead while circling the light and pulling the flame towards their face. This ritual lasts two days. On the first day, families light candles inside

525-639: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Tajikistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tajiks in Xinjiang Chinese Tajiks ( Chinese : 中国塔吉克族 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Tǎjíkèzú ) are ethnic Pamiris who live in the Pamir Mountains of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County , in Xinjiang , China . They are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by

600-636: Is contrary to Sharia law . There were hundreds of slaves sold by Chinese Tajiks. Most foreign slaves in Xinjiang were Chinese Tajiks; they were referred to by Sunni Turkic Muslims as "Ghalcha". Chinese Tajiks made up the majority of slave trafficked and sold in Xinjiang to the Sunni Muslim Turkic inhabitants and they were seen as foreigners and strangers. Serfs were treated in a "wretched" manner. An anti-Russian uproar broke out when Russian customs officials – three Cossacks and

675-635: Is harming a gift from God. After being set free by Yazid, Zaynab bint Ali , the daughter of Fatimah and Ali and the sister of Hasan and Husayn, started to spread the word of Karbala to the Muslim world, making speeches regarding the event. This was the first organized daʿwah of the Shia, which would later develop into an extremely spiritual institution for the Ismāʿīlīs. After the poisoning of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 713,

750-537: Is your opinion and we are in the palm of your right hand." The early followers of Ali seem to have taken his guidance as "right guidance" deriving from Divine support. In other words, Ali's guidance was seen to be the expression of God's will and the Quranic message. This spiritual and absolute authority of Ali was known as walayah , and it was inherited by his successors, the Imams. In the 1st century after Muhammad,

825-906: The Assassins . After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo had his general, Saladin , seize Egypt in 1169, forming the Sunni Ayyubid dynasty . This signaled the end of the Hafizi Mustaali branch of Ismailism as well as the Fatimid Caliphate. Very early in the empire's life, the Fatimids sought to spread the Isma'ili faith, which in turn would spread loyalty to

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900-812: The Black Stone from the Kaaba in Mecca in 930 under Abu Tahir al-Jannabi . Following the arrival of the Al-Isfahani, they changed their qibla from the Kaaba in Mecca to the Zoroastrian-influenced fire. After their return of the Black Stone in 951 and a defeat by the Abbasids in 976 the group slowly dwindled off and no longer has any adherents. The political asceticism practiced by

975-565: The High Middle Ages . The Fatimids promoted ideas that were radical for that time. One was a promotion by merit rather than genealogy. Also during this period, the three contemporary branches of Isma'ilism formed. The first branch ( Druze ) occurred with the al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah . Born in 985, he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. A religious group that began forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismailism and refused to acknowledge his successor. Later to be known as

1050-680: The Sarikoli language , which has been heavily influenced by Chinese , Uyghur , and Wakhi . A minority speak the Wakhi language . Sarikoli and Wakhi are Iranian languages , commonly classified in the Pamir or Eastern Iranian areal groups. The Chinese Tajiks are adherents of Nizari Ismaili sect of Shia Islam and are still a little isolated from the rest of the worldwide Ismaili community, though their communication with other Pamiri (Ismaili) peoples has never stopped. The Chinese authorities allow

1125-803: The Taiyabi and the Hafizi , the former claiming that the 21st Imam and son of al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah went into occultation and appointed a Da'i al-Mutlaq to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Isma'ili had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Isma'il. The latter claimed that the ruling Fatimid caliph was the Imām. However, in the Mustaali branch, Dai came to have a similar but more important task. The term Da'i al-Mutlaq ( Arabic : الداعي المطلق , romanized :  al-dāʿī al-muṭlaq ) literally means "the absolute or unrestricted missionary ". This da'i

1200-543: The Tayyibi branch. The community with the highest percentage of Ismailis is Gorno-Badakhshan , but Isma'ilis can be found in Central Asia , Afghanistan , India , Pakistan , Yemen , Lebanon , Malaysia , Syria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Jordan , Iraq , Kuwait , East Africa , Angola , Bangladesh , and South Africa , and have in recent years emigrated to Europe , Russia , Canada , Australia , New Zealand ,

1275-564: The United States , and Trinidad and Tobago . Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shia sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali , cousin of Muhammad , to have both political and spiritual control over the community. This also included his two sons, who were the grandsons of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima . The conflict remained relatively peaceful between

1350-563: The 2nd century does the Sunni jurist al-Shafi'i first argue that only the sunnah of Muhammad should be a source of law, and that this sunnah is embodied in hadith s. It would take another one hundred years after al-Shafi'i for Sunni Muslim jurists to fully base their methodologies on prophetic hadith s. Meanwhile, Imami Shia Muslims followed the Imams' interpretations of Islam as normative without any need for hadith s and other sources of Sunni law such as analogy and opinion. After

1425-671: The 53rd, is Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin, and he and his devout followers tread the same path, following the same tradition of the Aimmat Fatimiyyeen. The Sulaymani are mostly concentrated in Yemen and Saudi Arabia with some communities in the South Asia . The Dawoodi Bohra and Alavi Bohra are mostly exclusive to South Asia, after the migration of the da'wah from Yemen to India. Other groups include Atba-i-Malak and Hebtiahs Bohra . Mustaali beliefs and practices, unlike those of

1500-524: The China's crackdown on Muslims that has taken place since 2017, despite the fact that they have tended to be not politically active. Only a single mosque is allowed to operate in Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, and children under 18 are not permitted to attend it. At least three generations of relatives live under the same household in a traditional Chinese Tajik family. Each family has a familial hierarchy determined by

1575-701: The Chinese Tajik population reside in Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County . As of 2016, more than 4,000 Chinese Tajiks lived in nearby Poskam County (Zepu). Some Chinese Tajiks live in Kokyar (Kekeya) and Kargilik County (Yecheng). Tar Township in Akto County , Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture , is a Chinese Tajik township. The languages of the Chinese Tajiks have no official written form. The vast majority speak

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1650-586: The Chinese Tajiks as "Mountain Tajiks", or by the Turkic exonym "Ghalcha". Sarikoli- and Wakhi-speaking Chinese Tajiks were also referred to as "Sarikolis" and " Wakhis ", respectively. The Pamiri peoples are believed to be the descendants of the Saka-Scythians who inhabited modern-day Xinjiang . The Pamiri languages are descended from various Scythian languages . The town of Tashkurgan

1725-492: The Chinese government. Most Chinese Tajiks speak an Eastern Iranian language ; the vast majority speak Sarikoli while a minority speak Wakhi . Despite the Chinese government's official name for the group, Chinese Tajiks are not ethnic Tajiks but ethnic Pamiris , a different Iranian ethnic group who speak the Eastern Iranian Pamiri languages . Early 20th-century CE travelers to the region referred to

1800-560: The Da'i al-Mutlaq. Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office. The office of da'i continued in Yemen up to 24th da'i Yusuf who shifted da'wat to India. . Before the shift of da'wat in India, the da'i's representative were known as Wali-ul-Hind. Syedi Hasan Feer was one of the prominent Isma'ili wali of 14th century. The line of Tayyib Da'is that began in 1132 is still continuing under

1875-646: The Da'i teachings, a group that mingled Persian nationalism and Zoroastrianism surfaced known as the Qarmatians. With their headquarters in Bahrain , they accepted a young Persian former prisoner by the name of Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani , who claimed to be the descendant of the Persian kings as their Mahdi, and rampaged across the Middle-East in the tenth century, climaxing their violent campaign by stealing

1950-628: The Da'i, and even acted as Da'i themselves. After raising an army and successfully defeating the Aghlabids in North Africa and a number of other victories, al-Mahdi Billah successfully established a Shia political state ruled by the Imāmate in 910. This was the only time in history where the Shia Imamate and Caliphate were united after the first Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib. In parallel with

2025-790: The Druze, they believe Al-Hakim to be the manifestation of God and the prophesied Mahdi, who would one day return and bring justice to the world. The faith further split from Ismailism as it developed unique doctrines which often class it separately from both Ismailism and Islam. Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam al Mustansir. She appointed Da'i in Yemen to run religious affairs. Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abadullah (in about 1067 CE (460 AH)) were also sent to India in that time. They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan , India. The second split occurred following

2100-577: The Imamate in Egypt. One of their earliest attempts was taken by a missionary by the name of Hassan-i Sabbah . Hassan-i Sabbah was born into a Twelver family living in the scholarly Persian city of Qom in 1056 CE. His family later relocated to the city of Tehran, which was an area with an extremely active Isma'ili Da'wah. He immersed himself in Ismāʿīlī thought; however, he did not choose to convert until he

2175-543: The Imāms during the period after Muhammad ibn Ismail was to be short-lived and finally concluded with the Imāmate of Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, who was born in 873. After decades of Ismāʿīlīs believing that Muhammad ibn Ismail was in the Occultation and would return to bring an age of justice, al-Mahdi taught that the Imāms had not been literally secluded, but rather had remained hidden to protect themselves and had been organizing

2250-540: The Islamic religion. With the eventual development of Usulism and Akhbarism into the more literalistic ( zahir ) oriented, Shia Islam developed into two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismaili, Alevi , Bektashi , Alian , and Alawite groups focusing on the mystical path and nature of God , along with the "Imam of the Time" representing the manifestation of esoteric truth and intelligible divine reality, with

2325-566: The Isma'ili Imams according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas where they would be able to be safe from the recently founded Abbasid Caliphate , which had defeated and seized control from the Umayyads in 750 CE. At this point, some of the Isma'ili community believed that Muhammad ibn Isma'il had gone into the Occultation and that he would one day return. A small group traced the Imamate among Muhammad ibn Isma'il's lineal descendants. With

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2400-427: The Ismāʿīlīs argue that either the death of Ismaʻil was staged in order to protect him from Abbasid persecution or that the Imamate passed to Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil in lineal descent. For some partisans of Isma'il, the Imamate ended with Isma'il ibn Ja'far. Most Ismailis recognized Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil as the next Imam and some saw him as the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached about. However, at this point

2475-596: The Kyrgyz were enslaved in retaliation for Kyrgyz slave raids against the Chinese Tajiks. Sunni slaves were also brought from Hunza (also known as Khujund), Gilgit , and Chitral . Slaves from Chitral and Hunza passed through the Pamir Mountains on their way to Bukhara , present-day Uzbekistan . The Chinese Tajiks were labelled "Rafidites" by the Sunnis, who did not consider them Muslims as enslaving fellow Muslims

2550-700: The Markansu River in the north to the Beyik Pass in the south. Its average elevation is roughly 5,000 metres (16,500 ft) and the highest point in the range is Mount Lyavirdyr at 6,351 m (20,837 ft). On the Tajik part of the range there are 240 glaciers with a total area of 144 km. The range's drainage basin feeds both the Amu Darya and Tarim River . The range is composed of schist , granite and gneiss . This Xinjiang location article

2625-540: The Nizari Isma'ili tradition, Hasan was "an Entrusted Imam" ( Arabic : الإمام المستودع , romanized :  al-imām al-mustawdaʿ ) Husayn was the "Permanent Imam" ( Arabic : الإمام المستقر , romanized :  al-imām al-mustaqar ). The Entrusted Imam is an Imam in the full sense except that the lineage of the Imamate must continue through the Permanent Imam. However, the political Caliphate

2700-679: The Nizari and Druze, are regarded as compatible with mainstream Islam, representing a continuation of Fatimid tradition and fiqh . In the 1040s, the Zirid dynasty (governors of the Maghreb under the Fatimids) declared their independence and their conversion to Sunni Islam , which led to the devastating Banu Hilal invasions. After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria

2775-407: The Sunni madhhabs . However, following al-Sadiq's poisoning in 765, a fundamental split occurred in the community. Ismaʻil ibn Jafar , who at one point was appointed by his father as the next Imam, appeared to have predeceased his father in 755. While Twelvers argue that either he was never heir apparent or he truly predeceased his father and hence Musa al-Kadhim was the true heir to the Imamate,

2850-490: The appointed spiritual successor ( imām ) to Ja'far al-Sadiq , wherein they differ from the Twelver Shia , who accept Musa al-Kazim , the younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imām . After the death of Muhammad ibn Isma'il in the 8th century CE, the teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning ( batin ) of

2925-573: The area to continue to aid and preach to the local converts about Ismailism . Many contemporary pirs (holy men) claim descent from these early disciples. The Chinese Tajiks were administered by the Qing under a system of Begs (chiefs) like the rest of Xinjiang. The Qing claimed suzerainty over the Taghdumbash Pamir in the southwest of Xinjiang, but permitted the Mir of Hunza to administer

3000-545: The capital of Xinjiang, at the invitation of the then governor of Xinjiang, Nur Bekri . Delegations of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) and the Xinjiang government met to discuss future cooperation. Bekri agreed to collaborate in several thematic areas of mutual interest, including poverty alleviation, education, investment in tourism, and financial services. The Aga Khan IV had last visited China in 1981. Chinese Tajiks have been caught up in

3075-527: The cities, where they would be able to blend in with the rest of the population. While he was unable to do this, he nonetheless defeated their forces in subsequent battles. Regardless of these defeats, the Kharijites survived and became a violently problematic group in Islamic history. After plotting assassinations against Ali, Mu'awiya, and the arbitrator of their conflict, a Kharijite successfully assassinated Ali in 661 CE. The Imāmate then passed on to his son Hasan and then later his son Husayn . According to

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3150-562: The citizens of the empire. However, he was stopped by Yazid's army in Karbala during the month of Muharram . His family was starved and deprived of water and supplies, until eventually the army came in on the tenth day and martyred Husayn and his companions, and enslaved the rest of the women and family, taking them to Kufa. This battle would become extremely important to the Shia psyche. The Twelvers as well as Musta'li Isma'ili still mourn this event during an occasion known as Ashura . The Nizari Isma'ili, however, do not mourn this in

3225-453: The closing of divine revelation with Muhammad , whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity". The Isma'ili and the Twelvers both accept the same six initial Imams; the Isma'ili accept Isma'il ibn Jafar as the seventh Imam. Isma'ili thought is heavily influenced by Neoplatonism . The larger sect of Ismaili are the Nizaris , who recognize Aga Khan IV as the 49th hereditary Imam, while other groups are known as

3300-418: The conversion of his student as well as the mental and spiritual well-being. The Da'i was a guide and light to the Imam. The teacher-student relationship of the Da'i and his student was much like the one that would develop in Sufism . The student desired God, and the Da'i could bring him to God by making him recognize the Imam, who possesses the knowledge of the Oneness of God. The Da'i and Imam were respectively

3375-456: The death of al-Mustansir Billah in 1094 CE. His rule was the longest of any caliph in both the Fatimid and other Islamic empires. After he died, his sons Nizar , the older, and al-Musta'li , the younger, fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizar was defeated and jailed, but according to Nizari sources his son escaped to Alamut , where the Iranian Isma'ilis had accepted his claim. The Musta'li line split again between

3450-422: The death of Imam Hasan, Imam Husayn and his family were increasingly worried about the religious and political persecution that was becoming commonplace under the reign of Mu'awiya's son, Yazid . Amidst this turmoil in 680, Husayn along with the women and children of his family, upon receiving invitational letters and gestures of support by Kufis, wished to go to Kufa and confront Yazid as an intercessor on part of

3525-420: The deceased. This is followed by the family who burn incense and close any room or ceiling windows as this is believed to purify the path for the deceased. Every family member is expected to attend the funeral or make up for it with a visit to the family. For forty days after the burial, the closest relatives of the deceased will begin to abstain from personal comforts like by keeping their hair unkempt or uncut. On

3600-411: The dowry amount, plan the engagements and wedding dates, and choose who can attend. About three days before the wedding, the families come together and initiate a feast for the people in the area who have lost relatives in the last year or so. These people then approve of the celebration by tapping on a hand drum. Funerals are conducted by first doing the Islamic rites of cleansing the body and praying for

3675-489: The dynasty's claim of descent from ʻAlī and Fāṭimah , the empire was named "Fatimid". However, this was not without controversy, and recognizing the extent that Ismāʿīlī doctrine had spread, the Abbasid Caliphate assigned Sunni and Twelver scholars the task to disprove the lineage of the new dynasty. This became known as the Baghdad Manifesto , which tries to trace the lineage of the Fatimids to an alleged Jewish blacksmith . The Fatimid Caliphate expanded quickly under

3750-412: The earliest text of the Ismaili school of thought is said to be the Umm al-kitab (The Archetypal Book), a conversation between Muhammad al-Baqir and three of his disciples. This tradition would pass on to his son, Ja'far al-Sadiq , who inherited the Imāmate on his father's death in 743. Ja'far al-Sadiq excelled in the scholarship of the day and had many pupils, including three of the four founders of

3825-416: The fields by reciting verses from the Quran . Because of the harsh and scarce environment in which the locals live in, Chinese Tajiks mostly rely on cultivating whatever arable land is available and engage in small-scale animal husbandry. Other types of subsistence also include selling traditional embroidery, clothes, hats, and other arts and crafts. However, this is only a seasonal operation. There are also

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3900-672: The first succession crisis of the Shia arose with Zayd ibn ʻAlī 's companions and the Zaydīs who claimed Zayd ibn ʻAlī as the Imām, whilst the rest of the Shia upheld Muhammad al-Baqir as the Imām. The Zaidis argued that any sayyid or "descendant of Muhammad through Hasan or Husayn" who rebelled against tyranny and the injustice of his age could be the Imām. The Zaidis created the first Shia states in Iran, Iraq, and Yemen. In contrast to his predecessors, Muhammad al-Baqir focused on academic Islamic scholarship in Medina , where he promulgated his teachings to many Muslims, both Shia and non-Shia, in an extremely organized form of Daʿwah. In fact,

3975-399: The house. On the second day, they visit the local cemetery and light a candle for each deceased relative and place it on their graves. Seasonal rituals such as Zuwur zoht (irrigation) and Teghm zuwost (seed sowing) used to be commonplace but presently a pir (a local religious master) or khalifa (a religious functionary who is trained under a pir) blesses the agricultural implements in

4050-433: The last day, friends and family come together to bathe and clean the mourners and to convince them to return to their daily lives. The two main celebrations of the Chinese Tajiks are Nowruz (the Persian New Year; ched chader in Sarikoli, meaning "cleaning the house") and the Pilik festival. Right before Nowruz begins, families rigorously clean their homes and sprinkle the inner walls with putuk (wheat flour) to wish for

4125-599: The local population to Yarkand so they could avoid being harassed by the Russians. In the mid-1940s around 9,000 Chinese Tajiks lived in Xinjiang, while others moved to other Central Asian countries and provinces of China. During the Ili Rebellion from 1944 to 1949, Uyghur forces butchered the livestock of the Chinese Tajiks as they advanced south. Uyghur rebels who were backed by the Soviets destroyed Chinese Tajik crops and acted violently against Chinese Tajiks and Kyrgyz. The population of Chinese Tajiks in Xinjiang numbered 41,028 in 2000 and 50,265 in 2015. Sixty percent of

4200-465: The main sect known as Dawoodi Bohra (see list of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra ). The Musta'li split several times over disputes regarding who was the rightful Da'i al-Mutlaq, the leader of the community within The Occultation . After the 27th Da'i, Syedna Dawood bin Qutub Shah, there was another split; the ones following Syedna Dawood came to be called Dawoodi Bohra, and followers of Suleman were then called Sulaimani. Dawoodi Bohra's present Da'i al Mutlaq,

4275-419: The more literalistic Usuli and Akhbari groups focusing on divine law ( sharia ) and the deeds and sayings ( sunnah ) of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams who were guides and a light to God. Isma'ilism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shia Islam, climaxing as a political power with the Fatimid Caliphate in the 10th through 12th centuries. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God , as well as

4350-472: The partisans of Ali and those who asserted a semi-democratic system of electing caliphs, until the third of the Rashidun caliphs , Uthman was killed, and Ali, with popular support, ascended to the caliphate. Soon after his ascendancy, Aisha , the third of Muhammad's wives, claimed along with Uthman's tribe, the Umayyads , that Ali should take qisas (blood for blood) from the people responsible for Uthman's death. Ali voted against it, as he believed that

4425-404: The post of hujjah long before by Imām Mustansir at the death of her husband. She ran the da'wat from Yemen in the name of Imaam Tayyib. She was instructed and prepared by Imam Mustansir and ran the dawat from Yemen in the name of Imaam Tayyib, following Imams for the second period of Satr. It was going to be on her hands, that Imam Tayyib would go into seclusion, and she would institute the office of

4500-431: The region in return for their tributes . The Hunzas were tributaries and allies to Qing China, acknowledging China as suzerain from 1761 onward. The Chinese Tajiks practiced slavery, selling some of their own as a punishment. Submissive slaves were given wives and settled with the Tajiks. They were considered property and could be sold anytime. Their slaves came from numerous sources; for example, Sunni captives such as

4575-428: The relationship of esoteric Shia with early Islamic mysticism. Likewise is the book an important source of information regarding the various movements within tenth-century Shīa leading to the spread of the Fatimid-Isma'ili da'wa throughout the medieval Islamicate world and the religious and philosophical history of post-Fatimid Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism in Yemen and India. While many of the Isma'ili were content with

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4650-440: The remaining eastern Iranians who still resided in the Pamir Mountains of Xinjiang. This claim is supported by medieval Chinese literature, documents and modern archaeological evidence. According to oral tradition, Nasir Khusraw led a mission to the region with four of his disciples: Sayyid Hassan Zarrabi, Sayyid Surab Wali, Sayyid Jalal Bukhari, and Jahan Malikshah. Khusraw purportedly told some of his disciples to settle down in

4725-410: The rest of the men in the house. The young men are discouraged from seeking an independent life outside the household unless they receive collective consent from the family. Failure to do so can forfeit them from inheritance. Marriages are usually arranged by the parents of the prospective groom and bride from the asking of the daughter's hand up to the wedding. The families of the couple also decide on

4800-426: The riot, the Russians sent troops to Tashkurghan and demanded that local postal services be placed under Russian supervision. The Russians attempted to negotiate with the Begs of Tashkurgan, but the Begs feared that the Russians would not stop at their demands of the postal services and would aim to seize the entire area from the Qing. Tashkurgan officials even went as far as to petition the Amban of Yarkand to evacuate

4875-505: The same way because of the belief that the light of the Imam never dies but rather passes on to the succeeding Imām, making mourning arbitrary. However, during commemoration they do not have any celebrations in Jama'at Khana during Muharram and may have announcements or sessions regarding the tragic events of Karbala . Also, individuals may observe Muharram in a wide variety of ways. This respect for Muharram does not include self-flagellation and beating because they feel that harming one's body

4950-446: The side of Mu'awiya held copies of the Quran against their spears and demanded that the issue be decided by Islam's holy book. Ali accepted this, and an arbitration was done which ended in his favor. A group among Ali's army believed that subjecting his legitimate authority to arbitration was tantamount to apostasy, and abandoned his forces. This group was known as the Khawarij and Ali wished to defeat their forces before they reached

5025-436: The situation at the time demanded a peaceful resolution of the matter. Though both parties could rightfully defend their claims, due to escalated misunderstandings, the Battle of the Camel was fought and Aisha was defeated, but was respectfully escorted to Medina by Ali. Following this battle, Mu'awiya I , the Umayyad governor of Syria, also staged a revolt under the same pretences. Ali led his forces against Mu'awiya until

5100-405: The spiritual mother and spiritual father of the Isma'ili believers. Ja'far bin Mansur al-Yaman's The Book of the Sage and Disciple is a classic of early Fatimid literature, documenting important aspects of the development of the Isma'ili da'wa in tenth-century Yemen. The book is also of considerable historical value for modern scholars of Arabic prose literature as well as those interested in

5175-422: The status and location of the Imams not known to the community, the concealed Isma'ili Imams began to propagate the faith through Da'iyyun from its base in Syria. This was the start of the spiritual beginnings of the Daʿwah that would later play important parts in the all Ismaili branches, especially the Nizaris and the Musta'lis. The Da'i was not a missionary in the typical sense, and he was responsible for both

5250-421: The subsequent Imams. Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa , Sicily , Palestine , Syria , the Red Sea coast of Africa, Yemen , Hejaz and the Tihamah . Under the Fatimids, Egypt flourished and developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean , which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during

5325-456: The term 'sunnah' was not specifically defined as " Sunnah of the Prophet", but was used in connection to Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and some Umayyad Caliphs. The idea of hadith , or traditions ascribed to Muhammad, was not mainstream, nor was hadith criticised. Even the earliest legal texts by Malik b. Anas and Abu Hanifa employ many methods including analogical reasoning and opinion and do not rely exclusively on hadith . Only in

5400-731: Was challenged by first Turkish invasions, then the First Crusade , so that Fatimid territory shrunk until it consisted only of Egypt. Damascus fell to the Seljuk Empire in 1076, leaving the Fatimids only in charge of Egypt and the Levantine coast up to Tyre and Sidon . Because of the vehement opposition to the Fatimids from the Seljuks, the Ismaili movement was only able to operate as a terrorist underground movement, much like

5475-478: Was soon taken over by Mu'awiya, the only leader in the empire at that time with an army large enough to seize control. Even some of Ali's early followers regarded him as "an absolute and divinely guided leader", whose demands of his followers were "the same kind of loyalty that would have been expected for the Prophet". For example, one of Ali's supporters who also was devoted to Muhammad said to him: "our opinion

5550-593: Was the capital of the Sarikol Kingdom ( 色勒庫爾 ) in the Pamir Mountains. Xinjiang and its eastern Iranian-speaking peoples underwent gradual Turkification following the region's conquests and settlements by Turkic peoples such as the Uyghurs and Qarakhanids . By the Mongol period , most of these eastern Iranian peoples had assimilated into the Turkic community. The Chinese Tajiks claim to be descended from

5625-502: Was the only source of the Imam's knowledge after the occultation of al-Qasim in Musta'li thought. According to Taiyabi Ismaili tradition, after the death of Imam al-Amir, his infant son, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim , about 2 years old, was protected by the most important woman in Musta'li history after Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. She was Arwa al-Sulayhi , a queen in Yemen. She was promoted to

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