64-596: The Borough of Scarborough ( / ˈ s k ɑːr b ər ə / ) was a non-metropolitan district with borough status in North Yorkshire , England . In addition to the town of Scarborough , it covered a large stretch of the coast of Yorkshire, including Whitby and Filey . It bordered Redcar and Cleveland to the north, the Ryedale and Hambleton districts to the west and the East Riding of Yorkshire to
128-713: A Christian ministry and has a chapel, reading room and recreational facilities. The Bishop of Whitby is a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of York , in the Province of York . The town lies within the Central Vicariate of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough . Whitby is situated on the east coast of Yorkshire facing the North Sea in a deep valley at the mouth of
192-570: A coastal route and was built in 1885. It required construction of the red brick Larpool Viaduct across the Esk Valley into Whitby. The line closed as a result of the Beeching cuts in 1965; the trackbed is now used as a footpath, bridleway and by cyclists. The Whitby, Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway had a station at Whitby West Cliff and ran close to the cliffs to the north of the town. It opened in 1883 and closed in 1958. Whitby
256-449: A result of a strike at Hull docks in 1955, when six ships were diverted and unloaded their cargoes on the fish quay. Endeavour Wharf, near the railway station, was opened in 1964 by the local council. The number of vessels using the port in 1972 was 291, increased from 64 in 1964. Timber, paper and chemicals are imported, while exports include steel, furnace-bricks and doors. The port is owned and managed by Scarborough Borough Council since
320-764: A total of 64 schools and colleges in the Scarborough area, as of 2012. The Borough of Scarborough included many civil parishes and suburbs including: Brompton-by-Sawdon , Broxa-cum-Troutsdale , Cloughton , Commondale , Crossgates , Eastfield , Glaisdale , Houlsyke , Hunmanby , Hutton Buscel , Irton , Littlebeck , Muston , Newby and Scalby , Ravenscar , Ruston , Silpho , Snainton , Seamer , West Ayton , Wykeham and others. Wards of Scarborough town were Castle, Central, Eastfield, Falsgrave Park , Newby, North Bay, Northstead , Ramshill, Stepney, Weaponness, and Woodlands. Areas without namesake wards included Westborough (centre), Barrowcliff and Newlands. In 2016,
384-407: A two tier council system by Scarborough Borough Council , one of the seven district councils in North Yorkshire . For borough council purposes the town comprised three wards: Mayfield, Streonshalh and Whitby West Cliff. The borough council was a non-metropolitan district , responsible for housing, planning, leisure and recreation, waste collection, environmental health and revenue collection. Above
448-576: A two-tier arrangement. Non-metropolitan districts with borough status are known as boroughs , able to appoint a mayor and refer to itself as a borough council. Some shire counties now have no sub divisions so are a single Non-metropolitan district such as Cornwall. Typically a district will consist of a market town and its more rural hinterland. However districts are diverse with some being mostly urban such as Dartford, and others more polycentric such as Thurrock. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have
512-461: A two-tier structure of local government. Two-tier non-metropolitan counties have a county council and several districts, each with a borough or district council. In these cases local government functions are divided between county and district councils, to the level where they can be practised most efficiently: Many districts have borough status , which means the local council is called a borough council instead of district council and gives them
576-542: A unitary authority or those that transferred from one county to another, including those that changed name. Nor does it include unitary authorities that have been abolished ( Bournemouth and Poole ). Whitby Whitby is a seaside town, port and civil parish in North Yorkshire , England. It is on the Yorkshire Coast at the mouth of the River Esk and has a maritime, mineral and tourist economy. From
640-525: A year later the harbour was silted up. On 30 October 1914, the hospital ship Rohilla was sunk, hitting the rocks within sight of shore just off Whitby at Saltwick Bay . Of the 220 people on board, 74 died in the disaster. In a raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914, the town was shelled by the German battlecruisers Von der Tann and Derfflinger . In the final assault on
704-467: Is 47 miles (76 km) from York and 22 miles (35 km) from Middlesbrough . Whitby was called Streanæshalc , Streneshalc , Streoneshalch , Streoneshalh , and Streunes-Alae in Lindissi in records of the 7th and 8th centuries. Prestebi , from Old Norse býr ( village ) and presta ( of the priests ), is an 11th-century name. Its name was recorded as Hwitebi and Witebi , from
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#1732780276987768-626: Is a terminus of the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough , operated by Northern . It was formerly the northern terminus of the Whitby, Pickering and York Line. In 2007, the North Yorkshire Moors Railway began a summer service on that line between Pickering and Whitby operated by steam locomotives, as an extension of their long-standing Pickering- Grosmont service. The Scarborough and Whitby Railway followed
832-573: Is an ancient foundation, St Ninian's opened in Baxtergate in 1778 and St John's, also on Baxtergate, was consecrated in 1850. St Michael's was opened in 1856 and St Hilda's on the West Cliff was built in 1885. The Roman Catholic church dedicated to St Hilda was built in 1867 on Baxtergate. There are places of worship for nonconformists including a United Reformed Church; two Methodist chapels are no longer used. The Mission to Seafarers maintains
896-839: Is situated on the A171 road from Scarborough to Guisborough, which originally passed over the swing bridge . A high level bridge over the Esk Valley was built in 1980 to avoid the bridge and ease congestion in the town centre. The A174 accesses coastal towns to the north and the A169 crosses the North Yorkshire Moors to Pickering. Whitby is on the Yorkshire Coastliner bus route to Leeds , Tadcaster , York, Scarborough, Bridlington , Pickering and Malton . Arriva North East runs bus services connecting Whitby to Scarborough and Middlesbrough. The coastal section of
960-514: Is the mainstay of Whitby's economy in an isolated community with poor transport infrastructure and restricted by building constraints in the surrounding North York Moors National Park . The economy is governed by the changing fortunes of fishing, tourism and to some extent, manufacturing. Structural changes have led to concentrations of deprivation, unemployment and benefit dependence. A narrowing employment base and dependence on low wage and low skill sectors has resulted in younger age groups leaving
1024-436: Is used for shipping to Europe, especially Scandinavia, and mainly handles grain, steel products, timber and potash . Vessels limited to 3,000 tonnes deadweight tonnage can dock at the wharf, which is able to load or unload two ships simultaneously. As of 2004 , 54,000 square feet (5,000 m ) of dock space is used to store all-weather cargo, with a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m ) warehouse. Whitby railway station
1088-604: The District Councils' Network , special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association . The network's purpose is to "act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other national bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for local people." This is a list of two-tier non-metropolitan counties and their districts. All unitary authorities are also non-metropolitan districts, which, with
1152-640: The Freedom of the Borough of Scarborough. The political composition of the council at all-up elections, ignoring intervening by-elections, from the 2003 election to the final election in 2019 , is as follows: Non-metropolitan district Non-metropolitan districts , or colloquially " shire districts ", are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties (colloquially shire counties ) in
1216-656: The Middle Ages , Whitby had significant herring and whaling fleets, and was where Captain Cook learned seamanship. He first explored the southern ocean in HMS Endeavour , built there. Alum was mined locally, and Whitby jet jewellery was fashionable during the 19th century. Tourism started in Whitby during the Georgian period and developed with the arrival of the railway in 1839. The abbey ruin at
1280-513: The Old Norse from hvítr ( white ) and býr ( village ), in the 12th century, Whitebi in the 13th century and Qwiteby in the 14th century. A monastery was founded at Streanæshealh in 657 AD by King Oswiu or Oswy of Northumbria , as an act of thanksgiving, after defeating Penda , the pagan king of Mercia . At its foundation, the abbey was an Anglo-Saxon 'double monastery' for men and women. Its first abbess,
1344-428: The River Esk . It has been a bridging point since at least medieval times and several bridges have spanned the river. The current bridge, built in 1908, is a swing bridge with a 75-foot (23 m) span that separates the upper and lower harbours which have a total area of around 80.1 acres (32.40 ha). The houses are built of brick or stone, often with red pantiled roofs, in narrow, steep streets, on both sides of
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#17327802769871408-598: The ratepayers . A Local Board was formed in 1872, and lasted until Whitby Urban District Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 . The townships of Whitby, Ruswarp and Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre were formed into a Parliamentary borough under the Reform Act of 1832 returning one member until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 . From 1974 to 2023 Whitby was administered as part of
1472-458: The whaler , the Resolution' s catch produced 230 tons of oil. The carcases yielded 42 tons of whale bone used for ' stays ' which were used in the corsetry trade until changes in fashion made them redundant. Blubber was boiled to produce oil for use in lamps in four oil houses on the harbourside. Oil was used for street lighting until the spread of gas lighting reduced demand and
1536-467: The Borough council was North Yorkshire County Council, which was a non-metropolitan county providing education, transport, highways, fire, waste disposal, social and library services. In April 2023 both councils were replaced by North Yorkshire Council along with all district councils in North Yorkshire. The unitary authority now provides all the services previously provided separately by
1600-544: The Harbour Commissioners relinquished responsibility in 1905. A marina was started in 1979 by dredging the upper harbour and laying pontoons. Light industry and car parks occupy the adjacent land. More pontoons were completed in 1991 and 1995. The Whitby Marina Facilities Centre was opened in June 2010. By an Act of 1837 government of the town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by
1664-671: The Whitby Whale Oil and Gas Company changed into the Whitby Coal and Gas Company. As the market for whale products fell, catches became too small to be economic and by 1831 only one whaling ship, the Phoenix, remained. Whitby benefited from trade between the Newcastle coalfield and London, both by shipbuilding and supplying transport. In his youth the explorer James Cook learned his trade on colliers , shipping coal from
1728-583: The Whitby and Pickering Railway, was the Conservative MP for the town promoted by Hudson as a fellow protectionist . The black mineraloid jet , the compressed remains of ancestors of the monkey-puzzle tree , is found in the cliffs and on the moors and has been used since the Bronze Age to make beads. The Romans are known to have mined it in the area. In Victorian times jet was brought to Whitby by pack pony to be made into decorative items. It
1792-526: The Yorkshire coast, the ships aimed their guns at the signal post on the end of the headland. Whitby Abbey sustained considerable damage in the attack, which lasted ten minutes. The German squadron responsible for the strike escaped despite attempts made by the Royal Navy. During the early 20th century the fishing fleet kept the harbour busy, and few cargo boats used the port. It was revitalised as
1856-431: The abbey and descended with the liberty . Whitby Abbey surrendered in December 1539 when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries. By 1540 the town had between 20 and 30 houses and a population of about 200. The burgesses , who had little independence under the abbey, tried to obtain self-government after the dissolution of the monasteries . The king ordered Letters Patent to be drawn up granting their requests, but it
1920-601: The area. Smaller fossils include numerous species of ammonites , or "snake stones", from the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Alum Shale Member) and at Whitby Scar nautiloids in the lower beds of the lias strata. The town's folklore (similar to Keynsham 's in Somerset) has it that fossils were once living serpents that were common in the area. This was until the 7th century AD when Anglo-Saxon Abbess St Hilda of Whitby (614–680), first had to rid
1984-554: The area. There are few business start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises. Older people who make increasing demands on the area's health and social care capacity have moved into the area. Demographic changes, Whitby's relative isolation from the region's main growth areas and decline in traditional employment sectors pose an economic challenge. The town has a variety of self-catering accommodation, holiday cottages, caravans and campsites, and guest houses, inns, bed & breakfast establishments and hotels. The jet industry declined at
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2048-454: The areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, the term 'non-metropolitan district' does not apply to Wales. A similar system existed in Scotland , which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system . In England most of the district councils are represented by
2112-406: The beach. The rock strata contain fossils and organic remains including jet. Fossils include the petrified bones of an almost complete crocodile and a specimen of plesiosaurus measuring 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) in length, and 8 feet 5 inches (2.57 m) in breadth was discovered in 1841. The Rotunda Museum in Scarborough has a comprehensive collection of fossils from
2176-499: The borough ranked second in Visit England's survey of overall holiday trips and holiday spend, topped only by London. Since 1882, it has been served by The Scarborough News , which is published every Thursday. The Scarborough Borough receives a daily radio news services from these radio stations, BBC Radio York which covers Scarborough , BBC Radio Tees covering Whitby & Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast which
2240-467: The borough was threatened with extinction. In March of that year, North Yorkshire County Council was shortlisted by the Department for Communities and Local Government to become a unitary authority. If the bid had been successful then the Borough of Scarborough would — along with all other districts and boroughs in the present county of North Yorkshire — have been abolished then. The bid, however,
2304-467: The coast. Lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery. From May to August, salmon is found in the Esk, and small open boats are licensed to net these off the harbour entrance. There are around 40 licensed angling party boats. The commercial catch is no longer herring but has been replaced by cod, haddock, and other fish caught within 12 miles (19 km) of the coast. A fish market on
2368-531: The end of the 19th century, but eight shops sell jet jewellery, mainly as souvenirs to tourists. In 1996, Whitby West Cliff qualified for a 'Tidy Britain Group Seaside Award'. The town was awarded "Best Seaside Resort 2006", by Which? Holiday magazine. The harbour has a total area of about 80 acres (32 ha) and is used by commercial, fishing and pleasure craft. Inshore fishing, particularly for crustaceans and line fish, takes place along
2432-487: The exception of those of Berkshire , are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs , see Districts of England . This is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganisations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England . It does not include districts that still exist after becoming
2496-656: The expense of the Celtic one. The monastery was destroyed between 867 and 870 in a series of raids by Vikings from Denmark under their leaders Ingwar and Ubba . Its site remained desolate for more than 200 years until after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. After the Conquest, the area was granted to William de Percy who, in 1078 donated land to found a Benedictine monastery dedicated to St Peter and St Hilda. William de Percy's gift included land for
2560-635: The industry in Yorkshire, and alum was produced near Sandsend Ness 3 miles (5 km) from Whitby in the reign of James I . Once the industry was established, imports were banned and although the methods in its production were laborious, England became self-sufficient. Whitby grew significantly as a port as a result of the alum trade and by importing coal from the Durham coalfield to process it. Whitby grew in size and wealth, extending its activities to include shipbuilding using local oak timber. In 1790–91 Whitby built 11,754 tons of shipping, making it
2624-459: The local economy. The remaining shipbuilding firm, Parkol Marine , is a family-run business on the east side of the river. Founded in 1988, the boatyard has two berths for new build and a dry dock for repairs. St Hilda's Business Centre provides office space for a range of businesses. Whitby Business Park is a 49-acre (20 ha) site located by the A171 road, 2 miles (3 km) from the harbour on
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2688-565: The monastery, the town and port of Whitby and St Mary's Church and dependent chapels at Fyling , Hawsker , Sneaton , Ugglebarnby , Dunsley , and Aislaby , five mills including Ruswarp , Hackness with two mills and two churches. When the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086, Whitby was recorded being partially waste and a small settlement lying within the Langbaurgh Wapentake of Yorkshire. Further details reveal
2752-477: The port. HMS Endeavour , the ship commanded by Cook on his voyage to Australia and New Zealand, was built in Whitby in 1764 by Tomas Fishburn as a coal carrier named Earl of Pembroke . She was bought by the Royal Navy 1768, refitted and renamed. Whitby developed as a spa town in Georgian times when three chalybeate springs were in demand for their medicinal and tonic qualities. Visitors were attracted to
2816-605: The quayside operates as need arises. The ready supply of fresh fish has resulted in an abundance of " chippies " in the town, including the Magpie Cafe which Rick Stein has described as the best fish and chip shop in Britain. The Whitby Marina project, jointly funded by Scarborough Borough Council, Yorkshire Forward and the European Regional Development Fund , was developed to diversify
2880-543: The region of snakes. She did so by casting a spell that turned them to stone and then threw them from the cliff tops. Local collectors and dealers in fossils often carved heads on ammonites to increase curiosity value and improve sales. Since 1935, the Whitby Coat of Arms incorporates three snakestones due to this folklore. The Hildoceras genus of ammonite is named in St Hilda's honour. Tourism supported by fishing
2944-565: The right to appoint a mayor . Borough status is granted by royal charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority, which can date back centuries. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status , granted by letters patent , but this does not give the local council any extra powers other than the right to call itself a city council . By 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts , urban districts , municipal boroughs , county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs . This system
3008-660: The river. The town is surrounded on its landward sides by the moorland of the North York Moors National Park and the North Sea abuts it on the seaward side. The coastal areas are designated part of the North Yorkshire and Cleveland Heritage Coast . The harbour and the mouth of the River Esk are on a geological fault . On the east side the cliff is tall, 187 feet (57 m), and consists of alternating layers of shale, sandstone and clay . On
3072-548: The royal princess Hild , was later venerated as a saint. The abbey became a centre of learning, and here Cædmon the cowherd was "miraculously" transformed into an inspired poet whose poetry is an example of Anglo-Saxon literature . The abbey became the leading royal nunnery of the kingdom of Deira , and the burial-place of its royal family. The Synod of Whitby , in 664, established the Roman date of Easter in Northumbria at
3136-508: The south. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 . It was a merger of the urban district of Filey and part of the Bridlington Rural District , from the historic East Riding of Yorkshire , along with the municipal borough of Scarborough, Scalby and Whitby urban districts , and Scarborough Rural District and Whitby Rural District , from the historic North Riding . In 2007,
3200-603: The southern outskirts of the town. Companies on the park include Supreme Plastics, Whitby Seafoods Ltd and Botham's of Whitby alongside major retailers, Homebase and Sainsbury's . The east coast has limited conventional energy generation capacity, but Whitby is the closest port to a proposed development on Dogger Bank , ideally placed to provide the offshore wind power industry with support vessel operations and logistics. The Dogger Bank wind farm could include up to 2,600 giant 400-foot (120 m) turbines covering more than 3,300 square miles (850,000 ha). Whitby's port
3264-638: The state of Whitby's economic and agricultural decline (when compared with its pre-Conquest state under Earl Siward ) which were due to the depredations of William the Conqueror 's army during the Harrying of the North in 1069–70. In about 1128 Henry I granted the abbey burgage in Whitby and permission to hold a fair at the feast of St Hilda on 25 August. A second fair was held close to St Hilda's winter feast at Martinmas . Market rights were granted to
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#17327802769873328-411: The third largest shipbuilder in England, after London and Newcastle. Taxes on imports entering the port raised money to improve and extend the town's twin piers, improving the harbour and permitting further increases in trade. In 1753 the first whaling ship set sail to Greenland and by 1795 Whitby had become a major whaling port. The most successful year was 1814 when eight ships caught 172 whales, and
3392-471: The top of the East Cliff is the town's oldest and most prominent landmark. Other significant features include the swing bridge , which crosses the River Esk and the harbour sheltered by grade II listed east and west piers . There are statues of Captain Cook and William Scoresby , and a whalebone arch on the West Cliff. Whitby featured in literary works including Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula . Whitby
3456-618: The town leading to the building of "lodging-houses" and hotels, particularly on the West Cliff. In 1839, the Whitby and Pickering Railway connecting Whitby to Pickering and eventually to York was built, and played a part in the town's development as a tourism destination. George Hudson , who promoted the link to York, was responsible for the development of the Royal Crescent which was partly completed. For 12 years from 1847, Robert Stephenson , son of George Stephenson , engineer to
3520-635: The town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by the ratepayers. At the end of the 16th century Thomas Chaloner visited alum works in the Papal States where he observed that the rock being processed was similar to that under his Guisborough estate. At that time alum was important for medicinal uses, in curing leather and for fixing dyed cloths and the Papal States and Spain maintained monopolies on its production and sale. Chaloner secretly brought workmen to develop
3584-544: The two councils. At the lowest level of governance Whitby has a town council which, for election and administrative purposes, is divided into six electoral wards represented by 19 councillors responsible for burial grounds, allotments, play areas and street lighting. Elections to the town council are held every four years. In the UK Parliament , the town is represented by Alison Hume of the Labour Party , who
3648-526: The two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 192. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county and borough/district councils. In Wales , an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996 (see Districts of Wales ). In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with an entirely unitary system of local government, with one level of local government responsible for all local services. Since
3712-557: The west side the cliff is much lower and has a deep capping of boulder clay over a sandstone base making it less stable and liable to slippage. Both cliffs are being eroded quite rapidly. The town is a coastal stretch known as the Dinosaur Coast or the Fossil Coast, the area is around 35 miles (56 km) long and stretches from Staithes in the north and south to Flamborough . At Whitby dinosaur footprints are visible on
3776-620: Was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972 . Non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the non-metropolitan counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts. Initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in
3840-468: Was at the peak of its popularity in the mid-19th century when it was favoured for mourning jewellery by Queen Victoria after the death of Prince Albert . The advent of iron ships in the late 19th century and the development of port facilities on the River Tees led to the decline of smaller Yorkshire harbours. The Monks-haven launched in 1871 was the last wooden ship built in Whitby, and
3904-552: Was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Scarborough and Whitby constituency in 2024 . In the three wards that make up the Whitby district of North Yorkshire, out of a population of 13,596 there are 10,286 who stated that their religion was Christian in the 2001 UK census. There were 19 Muslims, 17 Buddhists, 12 Jews, 3 Sikhs and 499 people had no religious affiliations. St Mary's Church
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#17327802769873968-670: Was not implemented. In 1550 the Liberty of Whitby Strand , except for Hackness, was granted to the Earl of Warwick who in 1551 conveyed it to Sir John York and his wife Anne who sold the lease to the Cholmleys. In the reign of Elizabeth I , Whitby was a small fishing port. In 1635 the owners of the liberty governed the port and town where 24 burgesses had the privilege of buying and selling goods brought in by sea. Burgage tenure continued until 1837, when by an Act of Parliament, government of
4032-495: Was previously known as Yorkshire Coast Radio and used to have studios in Scarborough. This is The Coast broadcasts from Scarborough on DAB and provides regular local news bulletins. Local news and television programmes in Scarborough is covered by BBC Yorkshire & ITV Yorkshire from Leeds and Whitby receives their local news and television programmes from BBC North East & Cumbria & ITV Tyne Tees in Newcastle. The following people and military units have received
4096-600: Was unsuccessful and the districts remained as they were previously constituted. However, in July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the non-metropolitan county would be reorganised into a unitary authority . Scarborough Borough Council was abolished and its functions were transferred to a new single authority for the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire . There were
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